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AbstractImidazole, a five-membered heterocyclic compound, has multipurpose applications for its bioactivity, uses in charge transport materials, and NLO materials. The review provides a comprehensive survey of the synthetic strategies of imidazole from various starting materials, highlighting their percentage yield and mechanistic insights. The most popular starting materials for the syntheses of imidazole include diketones, cyanides, imines, amidines, imidamides, di-amines, and oximes. Although the selection of a particular synthetic strategy will depend largely on the desired imidazole derivative, the survey consists of more than a century of research on imidazole synthetic procedures, starting with Heinrich Debus synthesis in 1858 till the present day. Most recent advancements and future perspectives in the field have been explored. The study will help researchers choose the most suitable starting material, catalyst, solvent, or reaction conditions for the synthesis of various imidazole derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple syntheses of diverse bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes and related compounds as the minimal substructure of bioactive natural products via Michael, aldol, and alkylation reactions from diketones are described herein. The structures of the synthesized compounds were determined by infrared spectroscopy, NMR (1H and13C), and electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry. We also show the in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The qualitative analysis has revealed that the new synthesized compounds5, 6, 9,and11present antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An efficient and environmentally benign process for the synthesis of quinoxalines has been developed using glycerine–cerium chloride as a reaction medium. This method is applicable to a variety of diketones and 1,2-phenylenediamines to afford the corresponding quinoxaline derivatives in excellent yields. The reaction medium was recovered and reused for further reactions without any problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camphor-derived a-dicarbonyl compounds and 3-oxo-camphorsulfonylimine have been synthesized from the corresponding ketones or sulfonylimine by microwave-assisted oxidation with selenium dioxide. Compared to the classical reaction conditions, good yields were obtained in much shorter reaction times. Additionally, the selenium precipitation is more quantitative, and its removal from the reaction mixture is easier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe 3+ -montmorillonite clay catalyst was used for the first time for pyrroles preparation by Paal–Knorr condensation. The features of this catalytic system are improved yields, mild conditions, a simple procedure, and high catalytic efficiency. The catalyst could be easily recycled and reused for three times without visible losing of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of a new variety of nitroso-N-arylsulfonylaminated pyridones and nitroso-N-substitutedamino pyridones via the reaction of oxime derivatives of β-diketones and β-ketoesters with N-cyanoacetoarylsulfonylhydrazides and substituted cyanoacetohydrazides has been investigated. The synthetic potential of the method is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]