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— We continue the taxonomic reevaluation of Aphyllon sect. Aphyllon by describing a widespread species throughout western North America previously recognized within a polyphyletic A. fasciculatum. To support our description and revised key, we analyzed fifteen continuous and discrete characters sampled from 186 herbarium specimens and iNaturalist observations representing the geographic and host ranges. Principal component and multiple correspondence analyses reveal clear variation in floral characters. Discriminant analyses show that three aspects of floral color, corolla lobe tip shape, the calyx cup to calyx lobe ratio, calyx lobe length, and degree of bend in the corolla tube are useful distinguishing features, but not diagnostic in every case.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) US National Science Foundation A species previously treated in Staurogyne (S. nitida) is elevated to the category of a new genus of Acanthaceae, subfamily Nelsonioideae, based on morphological and molecular data. The sole species, Aymoreana nitida, occurs in the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, from southern Bahia to northern Espirito Santo. Aymoreana differs from other genera of Nelsonioideae by the combination of the calyx with subequal segments, the slightly zygomorphic corolla, the four didynamous stamens, and the asymmetric gynoecium. Morphological information is accompanied by a molecular phylogenetic tree, ecological data, a preliminary conservation assessment, and Univ Fed Rural Rio de Janeiro UFRRJ, Inst Ciencias Biol & Saude, Dept Bot, BR 465,Km 7, BR-23890000 Seropedica, RJ, Brazil Calif Acad Sci, Bot, 55 Mus Concourse Dr, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA Claremont Grad Univ, Rancho Santa Ana Bot Garden, 1500 North Coll Ave, Claremont, CA 91711 USA Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Biol Vegetal, Inst Biociencias, Av 24 A,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Biol Vegetal, Inst Biociencias, Av 24 A,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 00/05881-5 US National Science Foundation: DEB 1754845

—A new gesneriad species, Didymocarpus vickifunkiae is described here from the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. The new species is morphologically similar to D. aureoglandulosus, but differs from it in having a corolla tube with indumentum, eglandular and ovate to oblanceolate bracteoles, slightly broader calyx lobes, and a bearded anther. We provide a detailed morphological description of the newly described species along with images and compare it with species that are morphologically similar to it. Here, we also lectotypify D. aureoglandulosus and provide a brief history on its collection and taxonomy. Finally, we provide a dichotomous identification key for all the Didymocarpus species from Mizoram, India.

—Solanum confertiflorum (Solanaceae), a new species for the Cyphomandra clade, is described and illustrated. The species is endemic to Bahia state, in Brazil, restricted to few localities, inhabiting seasonal forests and outcrops in the Caatinga biome. It is morphologically related to S. luridifuscescens, sharing the papillose anthers without swollen connectives, but distinguished by the forked cymes with flowers congested at the apex, swollen calyx with shorter lobes, as well as shorter, sessile stamens. The morphology, geographic distribution, ecology, and conservation status are discussed and a key for the Brazilian species without swollen connectives belonging to the Cyphomandra clade is presented.

—Psidium involutisepalum, a new species of Myrtaceae, is described and illustrated. The species is easily recognized by the combination of floral buds with calyx minute, truncate or rounded, 0.2‐0.5 × 0.5‐1 mm, involute in fruit, facing the receptacle. The fruits are rounded to pyriform, 20‐30 × 13‐20 mm, yellow when mature, glabrous, striate, sepals involute, facing the receptacle, seeds 1‐6, 7‐9 × 6‐7 mm, rounded to angular. Based on the types and specimens examined, literature survey and the rules of international code of nomenclature, Psidium turbinatum is recognized here as a legitimate name. The relationship of Psidium involutisepalum, P. myrtoides, and P. turbinatum is discussed and comments concerning their taxonomy and ecology are also provided.

—Molecular and morphological evidence supports a new species in the genus Antiphytum from the Sierra Madre del Sur, in the state of Guerrero, Mexico, here described as Antiphytum brevicalyx. This species is unique in the genus by possessing a calyx shorter than the corolla tube at anthesis; it is similar to A. floribundum in inflorescence arrangement, but differs from that species in lacking a basal leaf rosette and having appendages on the corolla throat. According to phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ITS and plastid ndhF-rpl32 sequences representing seven of the eight North American species of the genus besides the proposed new species, accessions of A. brevicalyx form a well-defined clade within Antiphytum, corroborating its distinctive morphology. However, the analyses do not resolve the phylogenetic position of A. brevicalyx within the genus.

—Inga kursarii is a new species collected in the terra firme forests of the northwestern Amazon, one of the regions with the highest tree species diversity in the world. According to morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the new species is morphologically similar and sister to Inga gracilifolia Ducke, but it can be distinguished by having 5‐6 pairs of caducous leaflets, elliptical leaflets with acute apex and slightly asymmetrical base, spiked inflorescence, subsessile flowers, calyx tube with 4 lobes, tufts of hairs at the apex of calyx lobes, corolla tube with non-reflexed lobes, shorter staminal tubes, and capitate stigma. In addition, analyses of the chemical defensive profile (chemocoding) show that both taxa are chemically different, with I. kursarii having a chemistry based on gallocatechin/epigallocatechin gallates, and I. gracilifolia producing a series of dihydroflavonols. Finally, we present a table with a comparison of diagnostic characters that allows separation of the two species.

—A new distylous Waltheria species from Bahia, Brazil, is described and illustrated. Waltheria saundersiae is endemic to the campos rupestres from Bahia and is a shrub with erect to flexuous branches. It can be confused morphologically with Waltheria cinerescens, W. maritima, and W. selloana, however, it is distinguished mainly by the bark ornamentation, leaf arrangement, leaf blade margin, inflorescence position, stylar polymorphism type, calyx size, and staminal tube indument.

—We describe Aspidosperma huberianum, a new species from the Brazilian Amazon. The new taxon is morphologically similar to A. darienense, but can be distinguished readily by characters of the leaf (including venation), flower (including calyx lobe number and indument of the corolla and ovary), pollen, fruit, and seed. We provide a taxonomic description, pollen characterization, illustration, photographs, and a distribution map for the new taxon, as well as information on its conservation status, habitat, and phenology.

Varronia mariana (Cordiaceae, Boraginales), a new species from the Brazilian semiarid region, is described here. The new species is distinguished from other known Varronia species with cephaloid inflorescences by the indumentum with uncinate trichomes, calyx lobes that are acute to slightly acuminate, and a shorter corolla. A complete morphological description, illustration, data on distribution, habitat, and phenology, and comparisons with morphologically related species are provided.

Eriotheca bracteolata (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae), a new species from Espirito Santo State, Brazil, is here described and illustrated. The new species is restricted to the mountainous region around Santa Teresa city, where it occurs on slopes and in riparian areas in the Atlantic Forest. Eriotheca bracteolata includes arboreal individuals up to 12 m (rarely 16 m) tall and has widely-obovate and strongly coriaceous leaflets, a calyx with non-floccose, adpressed, brown scales and three persistent bracteoles at the base, and oblong flower buds. Morphological characters are sufficient to recognize E. bracteolata as a new species. A key to E. bracteolata and similar species in Espirito Santo State is provided.

A new species of Fritzschia is described and compared with its probable relatives. Fritzschia rupestris is characterized by its sprawling habit with elongate internodes, absence of trichomes on vegetative and floral organs, ovate to subcordate glutinous leaf blades with serrulate margins, solitary pedunculate flowers, magenta petals, dimorphic stamens with well-developed staminal appendages, calyx lobes that become thicker in fruit, and ovary apex with a few scattered sessile glands. Diagnostic line drawings, field images, SEM photos of seeds, a distribution map, and a conservation assessment are provided, along with a key to all the species currently recognized in the genus Fritzschia.

Ladenbergia shawistigma (Rubiaceae) is a new species from the Andean tepuis on the boundary of Loreto and San Martin departments in Peru. This new species is morphologically similar to L. moritziana and L. pauciflora, which are distributed in the Andean regions of Venezuela and Colombia, respectively. Ladenbergia shawistigma can be distinguished from these by the inflorescence resembling an umbelliform cyme with a short peduncle and three sessile flowers; hypanthium puberulous outside; small and deeply lobed calyx; and hirsute style. Ladenbergia shawistigma is only known from the Cordillera Escalera, Loreto, Peru.

Miconia bradeana is described from the state of Rio de Janeiro, in southeastern Brazil. It is endemic to the municipality of Santa Maria Madalena and to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, occurring in dense montane tropical rainforest. The main diagnostic characteristics of this new species are the rigid-membranaceous to chartaceous and narrowly elliptic to lanceolate leaves, 5(-6)-merous flowers, well-defined, deltoid calyx lobes, apiculate petals, stamens 14–16, connectives with dorsal-basal, usually glandulose appendages, and glandulose ovary apex. Miconia bradeana is an endangered (EN) species.

Aeschynomene fluvialis , a new species from the North region of Brazil, is described and illustrated here and has its morphological relationships, systematic position, geographic distribution, ecology, conservation status, and period of flowering and fruiting provided. It can be differentiated from its congeners, especially A. pratensis and A. montevidensis, by a set of characters such as cespitose habit, venation and margin of leaflets, size of flowers, diadelphous androecium, and loment characters. A key to identify all Aeschynomene species with medifixed stipules, fruit with articles separated by septa, and bilabiate calyx, which are common in swampy or aquatic environments from the North region of Brazil, is also provided.

A new myrmecophytic species, Neonauclea viridiflora, is described from Eastern Samar, Philippines. It bears similarity to N. formicaria, but is easily distinguished by having obovate leaves, smaller flowering heads of 30–35 mm, persistent calyces that are glabrous inside the tube, calyx shafts that are connate at the bases for 0.8–2.5mmor sometimes entirely connate with the adjacent lobe, apical portions of the calyces that are bluntly turbinate but globose to clavate when dry, calyx summits that are bluntly conical but the apex is somewhat flattened when dry, and smaller and slender light green corollas. Comparative illustrations of the calyx lobes, a key to the Philippine myrmecophytic Neonauclea species, and a map for these species' distributions in the Philippines are provided in the study.

A new species of Rubiaceae, Mycetia fangii, is described and illustrated from Guangxi, South China. The new species morphologically resembles M. mukerjiana but differs in the calyx bearing one short gland on each sinus, the calyx lobes much shorter than the corolla, and shorter bracts and bracteoles. It is one of the species with cauliflorous inflorescences in Mycetia. Further examination of herbarium specimens shows that M. apoensis, M. yatesii, and M. lanceolata (Ridl.) Ridl. (non Miq.) are conspecific with M. cauliflora, the type species of the genus. Thus the three names are here reduced to synonymy of the type species. A key to the species of the genus with cauliflory is provided at the end of this paper.

Two new Salvia species from Durango are described and illustrated. These were revealed while preparing a preliminary list of Salvia for this Mexican state. Salvia durangensis is characterized by ovate leaves, subcordate at the base, deciduous floral bracts, calyx less than 8 mm long, 3-veined upper calyx lip, red corollas without white nectar guides, corolla tube less than 21 mm long, shortly deflexed lower corolla lip, included stamens, glabrous style, and acute lower stigmatic branch. Whereas, Salvia odam can be distinguished by its oblong-lanceolate to ovate leaves with white abaxial surface, deciduous floral bract, yellowish-green calyces, 3 (or sub-5) veined upper calyx lip, white upper corolla tube and lip, dark blue lower corolla lip with white nectar guides, included stamens, pilose style, and acute lower stigmatic branch. Both species are compared with other morphologically similar species and an identification key to native Salvia species of Durango is provided.

Valeriana serratifolia, a new species from the Andean region of northwestern Argentina, is described and illustrated. It can be distinguished from its closest morphological taxon, V. macrorhiza, by its entire, spathulate leaves with serrulate margin, and falcate fruits, 2–2.5 mm long, crowned by the reduced annular calyx shifted toward the ventral face. A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of plastid markers trnL-F and trnK intron supported V. macrorhiza as its closest related species. We also provide a key to differentiate V. serratifolia from the epappose species of Valeriana from Argentina.

A new species of Pleurothallis from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, is described and illustrated. Pleurothallis ottocari is similar to the Ecuadorian P. scoparum, but differs in the widely elliptic leaf, the smaller flowers, the incurved dorsal sepal, the purplish-tinted petals, which are conspicuously curved downwards above the middle, and the basally sub-truncate lip. Brief comments are given as to the reason for not using the generic names Ancipitia and Colombiana, to which the new species would otherwise belong.

Manihot veadeirensis, from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goias, Brazil, is described, illustrated, and assigned to Manihot section Quinquelobae. This new species is similar to Manihot mossamedensis, differing from it in the gamosepalous calyx of its pistillate flowers, lanceolate, persistent, and uninerved bracts and bracteoles, exserted staminate flowers, and wingless capsules. The distribution, habitat, conservation status, and systematic position of the new species are presented. A key to all species of Manihot section Quinquelobae is also provided.

During a floristic survey of Melastomataceae carried out in Biribiri State Park and around Diamantina, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, we found a new species of Microlicia, which is endemic to campos rupestres from the Espinhaco Mountain Range. Microlicia longicalycina has flowers with long calyx lobes, a dense indumentum of glandular trichomes on the hypanthium, leaves with a light green and ciliate margin, and with a mix of glandular trichomes and pale, thickened, long trichomes. A discussion on the leaf anatomy of the species is provided.

Miconia nordestina has been collected 80 times in four Brazilian states (Ceara , Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Bahia) since 1939, but remained undescribed. It shares its glabrescent leaves, lax inflorescences, and small flowers with white stamens with several species of Miconia that are difficult to distinguish from one another. It can be recognized by the decorticant branches covered with sessile-stellate trichomes, opposite leaves with basal nerves, entire margins, and glabrous or glabrescent abaxial surface, panicles without additional lateral branches and without accessory branches at the nodes, 5-merous flowers with regular, well-defined calyx lobes, the calyx tube glabrous inside, rounded to emarginate petals, weakly dimorphic stamens with appendaged connectives, and large and ventral inclined anther pores that are equal to or broader than the anther thecae, glabrous ovary and style. It always occurs in montane habitats between 250 and 1,100 m where it usually grows in riparian forests associate...

A new species from montane Colombia is described and illustrated: Gonolobus murphyae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae). The new species is morphologically similar to G. antioquensis (both exhibit caudate corolla lobes), but can be differentiated by a number of characters including vegetative pubescence, calyx pubescence, flower size, and shape of the laminar dorsal anther appendages.

A new species from St. Eustatius, Gonolobus aloiensis (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae), is described and illustrated. This new species is endemic to St. Eustatius (northern Leeward Islands) and represents the first record of the genus for the island. It exhibits morphological similarity to continental G. albomarginatus, but can be distinguished in part by abaxial leaf surfaces glabrous, calyx and corolla lobes shorter and narrower, and abaxial corolla lobes completely lacking glandular indumentum and with eglandular indumentum restricted at most to only the top two-thirds of the lobes. An amplified key to species of Gonolobus s. s. in the West Indies is provided.

This paper presents descriptions and illustrations for two new species of Gentianaceae, Tripterospermum maculatum from Sichuan Province (China) and T. tanatorajanense from Sulawesi (Indonesia). Based on literature search, Tripterospermum maculatum is morphologically close to T. pingbianense and T. lanceolatum, and T. tanatorajanense resembles T. luzonense and T. alutaceifolium. To test if the new species differ from their morphologically most similar species, we measured various traits on herbarium specimens and performed a principal component analysis (PCA). This analysis showed that the new species differ from similar species in gross morphology for several diagnostic traits. Tripterospermum maculatum differs from T. pingbianense and T. lanceolatum by having calyx lobes longer than calyx tubes, a whitish-yellow corolla maculated with purple dots, and a gynophore shorter than the ovary. Tripterospermum tanatorajanense is distinct from T. luzonense by having a narrowly winged calyx. It differs fr...

During the preparation of a monographic treatment for a group of Miconia from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, a new species was detected and is presented here. Miconia ruschiana can be recognized among other species of Miconia sect. Glossocentrum by the terete branches, shortly plinerved leaves abaxially covered by non-lepidote stellate trichomes, panicles with glomerulate ending branches, large flowers with the calyx bearing long, caducous, external lobes, and ovaries that are densely covered by trichomes at the apex. The new species is known from the mountains of the state of Espirito Santo in eastearn Brazil.

The first new species of Denscantia from the caatinga biome is described and illustrated. Denscantia calcicola is easily distinguished by its plicate-nerved and scabrous leaves, axillary inflorescences with 7–15 glomerules, calyx tube 0.85–1.2 mm long, bifid stigma and pollen grains with only one endocingulum.

A new species Strychnos dantaensis was discovered in lowland forest of Poco das Antas Biological Reserve, and is the unique tree species of the genus Strychnos in Rio de Janeiro State. The new species is related to S. trinervis (Vell.) Mart., but differs by its arborescent growth form, absence of tendrils on branches, ovate calyx lobes, and oblong anthers. Strychnos dantaensis should be treated as endangered under IUCN red list criteria due to its restricted geographical distribution in the Atlantic Rain Forest, an ecosystem in continuous decline.

A new Hedythyrsus species from Katanga (D. R. Congo), Hedythyrsus katangensis , is described and illustrated based on classic herbarium taxonomy. The generic placement of the new species was determined by comparing it to African genera of the Hedyotis-Oldenlandia complex of the Spermacoceae s. l. that share the terminal position of the inflorescences and the capsular fruits opening by four valves, i.e. Agathisanthemum, Dibrachionostylus, Hedythyrsus, Mitrasacmopsis, and Pseudonesohedyotis. The new species differs from the known Hedythyrsus species in being geoxylic herbs instead of shrubs, and in having bifid, not multifid, stipules. Within Hedythyrsus katangensis two varieties are recognized. Variety ternifolius is distinguished from the type variety by the position of the leaves (often ternate in var. ternifolius, always opposite in var. katangensis) and the pubescence of stems, ovary, and calyx (scabrous to shortly hairy in var. ternifolius, glabrous in var. katangensis). Following the IUCN re...

Graffenrieda glandulosa can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the 3-nerved leaves with barbate nerve bases on the abaxial surface, the calyptrate calyx, and the short connective appendages covered with glandular trichomes. This new species has been collected only in the western tip of the state of Acre, Brazil, near the border with Peru.

During germplasm explorations within Zambia in 1984, seven Cucumis accessions were collected that could not be identified to species. Two of the accessions were studied in-depth. Based on phenotypic characters, they were closest to Cucumis pustulatus. In ITS analyses of all available Cucumis species and the accessions, the two accessions grouped with 100% bootstrap support in a clade comprising C. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. insignis, and C. pustulatus. The accessions differed from these four Cucumis species by the following characters: plants pilose, male inflorescences paniculate with 6-30 flowers, staminate-flower calyx lobes linear, pistillate-flower pedicels long and cylindrical, and a genetic difference of 4 base pairs in their ITS sequences. Controlled crosses were made within and between the two accessions and between each of them and C. pustulatus. Fruits were produced from crosses made within and between the two accessions, but attempts involving C. pustulatus were unsuccessful. The two accessions are described as a new species, Cucumis zambianus. Six of the seven unidentified Cucumis collections from Zambia are identified as C. zambianus herein. They were all collected in the northwestern corner of Zambia, but the new species is also expected to occur in eastern Angola and southern Zaire.

During a revision of Solanum section Erythrotrichum, four species, two from Brazil and two from Peru, were recognized as new and are described here. Solanum absconditum, from northeastern and northern Brazil, is similar to S. paludosum. It differs in its cordate to cordate-lanceolate, acuminate, and weakly bicolorous leaf blades that are yellowish to ferruginous above, the corolla tube 4–6 mm long, and the epicarp with stipitate-stellate trichomes. Solanum eitenii, from the “cerrado” of Maranhão, Brazil, resembles both S. decompositiflorum and S. rhytidoandrum, from which it can be distinguished by its long and pendent inflorescence and its calyx with a very short tube and oblanceolate lobes. Solanum megaspermum, from Peru, has similarities with S. mesopliarthrum, from which it differs by the triangular and very short calyx lobes (1.5–2 mm) and the scabrous and deciduous indumentum with somewhat stiff porrect-stellate trichomes. Solanum urubambaense from Cuzco, Peru, is similar to the Bolivian S. abutilifolium, but differs by its oblong-lanceolate anthers, strigose ovary, and trichomes with a reduced central ray. The species are described, illustrated and compared with similar species; commentaries on their affinities and distribution are also included. A key to the species of the section Erythrotrichum is provided.

A new morning glory from the northern-most reaches of tropical forests in North America, Merremia cielensis, is described and illustrated. This narrow endemic from Tamaulipas, Mexico, shares close relationships with a complex of yellow-flowered merremias that produce indehiscent capsules with translucent pericarps. Merremia cielensis can be readily distinguished from all other Mexican merremias on the basis of cordate leaves, a ruddy, accrescent calyx during fruition, and a four-seeded capsule.

Morphological and molecular data were analyzed using parsimony to trace character evolution within Anagallis s.l., including Anagallis, Asterolinon, Pelletiera, Lysimachia nemorum, and L. serpyllifolia, which are distributed among two sister clades. The first clade, comprising Anagallis arvensis, A. foemina, A monelli, Asterolinon, Pelletiera, Lysimachia nemorum, and L. serpyllifolia is supported by synapomorphies such as an annual, repeatedly branching habit, sessile leaves, flowers in almost all leaf axils, and membraneous slightly dentate calyx margins, of which all but the last are homoplasious within Anagallis s.l. The second clade, comprising Anagallis species only, is supported by a large number of synapomorphies, of which the majority are floral features. Placement of then taxa, for which no DNA was available, is porposed based on morphological characters evaluated in the ligth of the result of the phylogentis analysis of sequenced taxa.

Under the criterion of limited homogenizing gene flow as evidenced through specimen aggregation analysis, and genetic evidence of a barrier to gene exchange with its closest relatives, we describe a new species in Polemoniaceae, Collomia wilkenii. Collomia wilkenii superficially resembles Collomia tinctoria and Collomia linearis in some features, but, upon examination, has consistent, unique character combinations that distinguish it from both species, as well as from sympatric Collomia renacta and Collomia tenella. These features include particulars of calyx morphology, corolla morphology, stamen insertion and exertion, numbers of flowers in inflorescence clusters, and the kinds and distribution of glandular and eglandular trichomes. Comparative DNA sequencing of chloroplast genes indicates Collomia wilkenii has the chloroplast genome of Collomia tenella. Nuclear ITS sequences show additivity in Collomia wilkenii between Collomia linearis and Collomia tenella, a pattern confirmed by cloning this...

The monotypic genus Algrizea is described from the Chapada Diamantina highlands, in Bahia, Brazil, and a new combination, Algrizea macrochlamys, is proposed. This species was well-known from flowering material but fruits and seeds, essential for accurate generic placement, were unknown until 2000. Treated successively as Myrcia, Myrtus, and more recently as Psidium, it combines characters usually considered primitive in the Myrtaceae with an unusual embryo unlike any hitherto described in the Myrtaceae. Morphological and preliminary molecular data suggest that it is best accommodated in the Myrciinae sensu stricto. Algrizea is distinguished by the combination of 3-flowered dichasia, persistent bracteoles, 5 well-developed calyx lobes, bilocular ovaries with 3–6(-8) ovules per locule, seeds 2–3 with membranous, shiny testa, and an embryo in which the hypocotyl assumes an internal position to the unequal, sheathing cotyledons.

Multivariate and univariate analyses were used to investigate patterns of floral and foliar morphological diversification among the eight taxonomic varieties of Pedicularis bracteosa (Orobanchaceae). Canonical discriminant analysis supported six varieties but not without considerable morphological overlap. Discrimination was most strongly based upon three floral characters: galea shape, throat length, and calyx tip length; and secondarily on three foliar characters: subtending bract width, longest leaflet width, and longest leaflet length. Analysis of variance on the ratio between calyx length and the length of the connate portion of the calyx did not corroborate a taxonomic difference among all varieties. Because galea shape is associated with specific pollination syndromes that promote reproductive isolation in other Pedicularis species, selection by the different pollinating behaviors of queens versus worker castes of the same species of bumblebees may be driving the diversification of floral morphology. While the taxa are largely allopatric and supported by several strong morphological discriminators, the high degree of morphological overlap among them does not justify their re-ranking above variety. Lack of discrimination between varieties siifolia and canbyi argues for their merger into a single taxon. A revised key to the varieties reflecting the results of this study is presented.