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Abstract Bovine serum albumin (BSA) imprinted polyampholyte hydrogels (PAHs) were prepared by free radical polymerization using acrylamide (Am) as structural monomer, N -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm), [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) as functional monomers and N , N′ -methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker in aqueous solution. The morphology of imprinted hydrogels and non-imprinted hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adsorption and recognition properties were evaluated as functions of Am monomer concentration, NIPAm/Am molar ratio, crosslinking structure and charge density ratio etc. The adsorption capacity and association constant of specific interaction between hydrogel and template protein were analyzed by Langmuir isotherm model and Freundlich model. The fitting experimental data suggested that this adsorption was better described as a monolayer adsorption. The specific adsorption on hydrogel with different crosslinking structure was investigated by selective binding BSA from single solution and binary mixture solution. The charge density ratio in molecular imprinting hydrogel had obvious influence for protein adsorption and recognition. The resultant of regeneration tests showed that elution had large impact on deterioration of the imprinting structure. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Reversible electrostatic binding sites with high specificity have been constructed. • Polymerized electrical charge minimizes non-specific adsorption. • High imprinting efficiency is acquired in polyampholyte MIP hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]