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Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article refers to the refusal of the Commercial Registry to register the annual accounts when the audit report has a denied or unfavorable opinion. It is mentioned that the Capital Companies Law establishes that the annual accounts must be audited to obtain a technical opinion on the financial situation of the company. The Audit of Accounts Law establishes four types of opinions in the audit report: favorable, with qualifications, unfavorable, and denied. The Commercial Registry determines whether or not the annual accounts should be filed based on the legal assessment of the audit report. Two cases are analyzed in which the filing of the annual accounts was denied due to denied opinions in the audit reports. The General Directorate of Legal Security and Public Faith confirmed the denial in both cases. An appeal was filed against the qualification of the Commercial Registrar arguing the following: 1. The denied opinion should not be confused with the unfavorable opinion. 2. Not all denied opinions imply the rejection of filing the annual accounts. 3. Qualifications in the audit report refer to specific and quantified issues. 4. The purpose of filing accounts is to provide publicity to the companies' accounting. 5. The Commercial Registry states that limitations in the audit report are the responsibility of the company, but this is not inferred from the content of the report. The General Directorate upheld the appeal and revoked the qualification of the Commercial Registrar. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers insight into the application of the latest amendments to Spanish accounting regulations. It mentions that Royal Decree 1/2021 modified the General Accounting Plan, the General Accounting Plan for small and medium-sized enterprises, the Norms for the formulation of the Consolidated Annual Accounts, and the norms for adapting the General Accounting Plan to non-profit entities.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on reform of the General Accounting Plan in the model of recognition and valuation of income from ordinary activities and recognition of income. It mentions financial information of the new accounting standards and need to preserve reasonable homogeneity between both financial reporting frameworks. It also mentions recycling of income and expenses recognized in equity in the portfolio of securities.

The article focuses on reform of the Plan General de Contabilidad (PGC) of 2021 which is main objective the harmonization of the Spanish accounting regulations with the International Financial Reporting Standards. It mentions simplification of various aspects that presented an excessive level of complexity. It also mentions mpractical effect of this reform on small and medium-sized companies is very limited since most of the modified aspects do not usually affect them.

The article focuses on changes introduced by article one that regulates the new wording of the NRV 9th Financial Instruments of the Plan General de Contabilidad (PGC) It mentions internal financial instruments to International Information Standards Financial adapted by the European Union and replacing the previous International Accounting Standard (IAS). It also mentions classification and evaluation criteria of financial assets and liabilities.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines Spanish laws governing ways in which information is communicated in financial statements, focusing on information about the performance of the income statement. The article discusses h laws governing accounting treatment being susceptible to amortization. It also discusses importance of determining both the real value of its assets and the future evolution of the company, whether it is viable or not.

The article reports on the distribution dividend between group companies after successive exchanges of securities in Spain. Company A is the parent company of a group of companies in which it has participated since its incorporation in year X-20. The acquisition cost of all subsidiaries X is CU40, and at January 1 of year X the capital and aggregate accumulated reserves amount to CU40 and CU200, respectively.

The article reports on the implications in year-end loan adjustments in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic in Spain. The consultant raises whether adjustments should be made at the end of the year ended on December 31, 2019, considering the modification of the legal term for the formulation of accounts provided for in section 3 of article 40 of Royal Decree-Law 8/2020, of March 17, 2020.

The article reports on the classification between current and non-current loan liabilities in Spain. It refers to a case consultant has received a loan from a bank on October 20, 20X0 for an amount of 100,000 euros with repayment in 7 years, lack of capital for the first 3 years and 4 constant annual installments. Explicit interest is charged to account 527. Short-term interest on debts with credit institutions and implicit interest is collected in the account representing the debt.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on the valuation of separate operations and adjustments including provisional financial accounting, accounting law and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Topics include financial statements, separate transactions for owners and adjustment in the cost of the combination.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on the general accounting plan of Spanish government in 2019. Topics discussed here include, local accounting regulations of the state, changes and dificiencies in general accounting laws of the government, and commercial codes for higher accounting standards for businesses.

The article presents information on the conceptual frameworks for accounting in Spain in 2019. Topics discussed here include, the preparation and presentation of financial statements for external users, interpretation of norms for making financial statements, and applicable standards for accounting.

The article reports on the valuation methodology called cost amortization in Spain. Topics discussed include, half-yearly payments of interests, functional currency of an entity, and the international financial information standard for general accounting. Also being discussed are the economic terms for financial instruments.

The article offers information on the concept of distributable profit and the calculation of the theoretical book value in Spain in 2019. Topics discussed include, criteria for submission of financial instruments and other aspects of accounting, regulation of capital companies, and international standard for auditing of accounts.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the law for consolidated accounts in Spain in 2019. Topics discussed include, subsidiary companies, Spanish legislation for non-financial information of state for individuals, and the commercial codes for consolidated accounts. Also being discussed are the topics like the public interest entities in Spain.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes how to classify and treat accounting instruments issued by entities, in accordance with International Accounting Standards, specifically, in accordance with IAS 32, through a series of questions and practical examples. The issuer of a financial instrument will classify its components as an instrument of net equity or financial liability, in accordance with its economic fund.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the Resolution of March 5, 2019, of the Institute of Accounting and Auditing of Accounts in Spain, which develops the criteria for the presentation of financial instruments and other accounting aspects related to the commercial regulation of the capital companies. It lists and summarizes the news contained in the Resolution, applicable from January 1, 2020.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the internal organization and the work of the auditors in the preliminary draft of the audit regulation. Topics discussed include the publication by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean (ICAC) of the Draft Regulation that develops the current Audit Law; important changes in the current regulation of the audit in Spain; and the new requirements contained in its Chapter IV regarding the internal organization and work of the auditors.

The article presents information on the accounting treatment of the tax on companies in small and medium business enterprises (SMEs). Topics discussed include the tax accounting treatment about companies in SMEs; a practical analysis of the fiscal regulations; and the practical analysis of accounting regulations.

The article reports on the article 23 of the Project of Resolution and Recapitulation. Topics discussed include the sale of shares of the parent company; the complete block of own stock accounting based on the proposal of the Draft Resolution; and accounting of own actions and participations including the alienation of the shares of the dominant company in the Project.

The article discusses the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean (ICAC)'s definition of the concept of distributable profit. Topics discussed include accounting aspects of the application of the definition of the benefit concept distributable; its inclusion in the financial expenses recorded at the end of the period as a minimum dividend or preferential; and three different concepts: accounting result, profit distributable and distribution base.

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Técnica Contable y Financiera is the property of Wolters Kluwer Espana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses in what cases a contract is considered a lease under the IFRS 16 of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS). Topics discussed include how IFRS 16 standard will regulate the accounting of leases in the scope of IFRS as of the 2019 financial year; whether the expected impact is significant from an accounting point of view; and the scope of IFRS 16 including practical examples.

The article reports on the new international accounting standard about recognition of income (IFRS 15) and the reform of the PGC standard in 2018. Topics discussed include the relevant conceptual change regarding the planned modifications for the national accounting regulations; laws that regulate the recognition in accounting of income for sales and service provision; and the amendments intend to adapt the national accounting regulations to IFRS 15.

The article discusses assessment of waste in a provision of services in Spain. Topics discussed include cost incurred by a company which provides waste removal service to other companies and subsequently uses the waste as raw material in the elaboration of a product; the Fifth Standard of the Resolution of April 14, 2015, of the Institute of Accounting and Auditing of Accounts; and established criteria for the determination of the production cost.

The article discusses the accounting of the purchase and sale of own shares. Topics discussed include the Draft Resolution of the Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoria de Cuentas (ICAC) dated April 11, 2018; concerns regarding the Article 21 of ICAC, which deals with the sale of own shares or participations; and the accounting of the acquisition and alienation of own shares and participations.