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Zones of fluid-bearing anomalies occur in volcanic regions, on a plate interface, or in the mantle wedge of a subduction zone. The various causes include slab dehydration, serpentinization or metamorphic reactions in different thermal regimes. To reveal the impact factors that might have contributed to slab melting and arc magmatism behind the Japan Trench, we determined high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) structures of seismic velocities (Vp, Vs), Vp/Vs ratio and temperatures. The temperatures (T) were calculated from the inverted seismic structures, and two petrological models of the upper mantle: a peridotite assemblage and a pyrolite assemblage, which differ from the results of the thermal simulation. The multi-parameter structures obtained for Vp, Vs, Vp/Vs and T show good consistency in the upper mantle behind the Japan Trench. The temperatures derived from the peridotite assemblage were found to match the mean geotherm and simulated temperature of the upper mantle more closely than those from the pyrolite model. A layer approximately 10 km thick with low-Vp and Vs, high-Vp/Vs, and slightly high-T anomalies was observed on the upper boundary of the subducting Pacific slab. This distinctive anomalous layer is interpreted as partial melting of the oceanic crust due to deep-seated metamorphic reactions whose characteristics are dependent on the source of fluids, mineral composition, and the thermal regime. Such a process enriches the peridotite content of the basalt underneath the island arc in the mantle wedge. Localized zones of significantly low-Vp and low-Vs, high-Vp/Vs and high-T perturbations were imaged in the mantle wedge under the active volcanoes, suggesting partial melting of peridotite-rich mantle material to produce tholeiitic magma. The present study demonstrates that fluids released from slab dehydration, mineral composition and the thermal regime play crucial roles in both arc magmatism, and slab melting in the subduction zone. [Display omitted] • High resolution seismic and thermal structures are imaged in the NE Japan subduction zone. • Slab melting is controlled by the source of fluids and thermal regime behind the Japan Trench. • Fluids and mineral composition play a key role in slab melting and arc magmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]