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Since the French Revolution, the French concept of the separation of powers has been dominated by mistrust of judges and confidence in the law. It was against this complex background that the Constitutional Council was created in 1958 and has developed over the last 65 years, culminating in the introduction of a constitutional review of enacted legislation. By virtue of this history, the organization, composition and perception of the Constitutional Council remain predominantly political, despite progress towards greater "judicialization". The challenge for the Constitutional Council is therefore to try to overcome these constraints of the past, in order to fully fulfil its role as a counterweight and guardian of rights and freedoms, for example in times of crisis or to resolve environmental issues. In the future, the Constitutional Council will inevitably be confronted with social emergencies and the question of the effectiveness of social rights, as well as the consequences of scientific progress and new demands concerning, for example, artificial intelligence, algorithms, animals or robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

France is generally considered a monolingual or linguistically unitary country, but this reality is highly nuanced. Alongside French, the only official language, there are many other «languages of France» which are constitutionally considered as «patrimony of the Republic», and whose legal status is far from clear, focusing on the ideas of protection and promotion. This has given rise to various problems, such as that of linguistic immersion in education, which have recently been subject to regulation and analysis by the Conseil Constitutionnel, with a result that may be confusing and has been very controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]