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This paper deals with the role of a public university located in the second cordon of Greater Buenos Aires: The National University of José C. Paz (unpaz). The objective of the work is to address the experience of unpaz, its actions, interventions and articulations with the different levels of statehood in the context of the pandemic in José C. Paz, one of the municipalities with the highest levels of impoverishment and vulnerability. On the one hand, the support and accompaniment strategies of the university to the student community are addressed in order to promote the continuity of the course, and on the other, the specific actions in socio-sanitary matters aimed at the entire La Paz community. Thus, the university is understood not only as a physical installation in a place, but as a central component as an urban facility and a social agent with implications for the local territory and in relation to its community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this text is to share a reflection on the different ways social space and state space are defined. With the evolution of history, notions have undergone various changes. The main discussion object refers to the coarseness in the terminology associated with both concepts. In particular, how theorists construct and account for their particularities. From a brief theoretical account, the forms that exist to account for their respective structures are explained. It should be noted that the contribution of this paper lies in the fact that it rescues part of the definitions that have been constructed and that various specialists have coined from their perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Programa de Crédito Argentino del Bicentenario para la Vivienda Única Familiar (pro.cre.ar) on implementation processes, created in 2012 by the National Government. pro.crear programm generated expectations among citizens and different economic sectors. However, it got around several obstacles in its implementation and some of its lines were more effective than others. This paper offers a "bottom-up" view that recovers experiences and residential trayectories of Program beneficiaries. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with beneficiaries and successful bidders (who could effectively access and use the credit) of pro.cre.ar (2012-2015) in the Municipality of La Matanza, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process described in this paper aims to improve the urban mobility analysis and planning, such as revealing levels of equity and inclusion of a part of the city and identifying deficiencies in the accessibility to urban facilities related to settings systems of land use and transport. Therefore, a Social Sustainability of Urban Mobility (ssum) approach and Open Source Geographical Information System are applied. The methodology sets two urban facilities' analyses of levels of services to different scales. First, using the Central Places theory, the Metropolitan San Salvador Area is the first scale to analyze. Secondly, it studied the accessibility condition to urban facilities in San Salvador Municipality (Capital city of El Salvador) from Optimal Location Models (olm). Those models allow spatial equity and efficiency indicators. Results are implementing the ssum approach, applying technics of multiscalar analysis, and setting a metropolitan organizational structure which categorizes municipalities by urban facilities' levels of services. In addition, the characterization of municipal accessibility with proxy indicators to vulnerable groups and identifying areas to take action to improve daily mobility have been developed. Finally, a discussion is opened to identify the following steps to improve this research and strength future planning processes in the scarcity context of the global south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the differences in homeownership of international migrants in Buenos Aires, from a demographic perspective still little applied to the subject in Latin America, which explores the intensity and calendar of the phenomenon in specific generations, groups and territories. Birth cohorts of different national groups were reconstructed based on variables such as age and place of birth from the Argentine population censuses from 1970 to 2010. As a main result, it was found that the older the population, the more widespread is homeownership, but access to land has become more restrictive. This has affected recent generations in general, including the Argentine population, but especially migrants from neighboring countries of lower social sectors and in the most disputed territories of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to describe the geographical patterns and the incidence of residential segregation in daily mobility at the urban agglomerations of Bogotá, Cali and Medellín. Starting from a conceptual reflection on residential segregation, the impact on daily mobility and the need to undertake comparative studies, different geostatistical techniques are used to calculate a quality of life indicator at a micro scale. Moreover, the relationship with daily mobility is evaluated in order to compare the incidence of residential segregation in the social groups commuting trips. As a result, it is obtained that segregation presents particularities in its geographical patterns in the three case studies and that there is a low probability of interaction between low and high quality of life social groups, also, there is a daily mobility of non-work trips that is significantly restricted to an interaction between the population with the same quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial inequality associated with the location of population and activities, access to infrastructure and services, employment and material living conditions, is a historical reality in Latin America. This phenomenon has accompanied the demands of successive development models, and since the mid-twentieth century it has begun to be recognised in its full complexity with the installation of developmentalist governments. As a result, various public policies were adopted that failed to have a significant impact on these inequalities or to address their social consequences. Given the need to reformulate approaches, optimise resources and overcome obstacles in the implementation of public policies, this paper seeks to analyse the policies on the government agenda in Argentina from the change of management materialized at the end of 2019, identifying the limitations, achievements and potentialities of the policies proposed in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico and their effects on territorial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the new land occupations of the common land located in the dry forest, over the northern Peruvian coast, in the context of forced displacement due to extreme climatic events and severe flooding. Peruvian peasant communities in the area go back to the sixteenth century, having customary rights over thousands of acres. However, over the last decade, agribusinesses have expanded their industry over communal land, creating new conflicts. Through ethnographic fieldwork, observations, and in-depth interviews between the years 2013 and 2018, this paper analyzes the case study of the peasant community of Catacaos. It presents the different territorial techniques used by the agribusiness for taking control over common lands, as well as emergent new narratives amongst local families looking to legitimize negotiations with private actors, showing the progressive loss of control over common lands and communal territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents part of the work carried out in the framework of the Modural project "Sustainable mobility practices in Latin American metropolises: a comparative study of Bogota and Lima", launched in January 2020. Modural is an international and multidisciplinary project financed by the anr (French National Research Agency). It focuses on sustainable mobility practices and on the specific situation of deprived outskirts. The paper has two objectives. First, to highlight the socio-spatial patterns of mobility inequalities and the struggles in the peripheries in Lima and Bogotá. Second, to present the methodology for selecting the areas with the greatest social disadvantage and the greatest difficulties in daily mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is analyzed how territorial marginalization affects water distribution in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico. Making irreversible damage, the water supply has been obtained by the exploitation of the Mexico Valley aquifers. This research establishes that the water distribution has been prioritized for the center of the country: Mexico City. The shortage of water and socio-environmental problems in the Mexico State are magnifying due to the unfair water distribution with the suburbs even though the population growth increases rapidly in the area. The objective is to describe, by primary documentary sources, how territory influences the water distribution while analyzing the governmental and citizen intervention for improving this situation. In the end, we discuss some viable proposals to lead to territorial sustainability and environmental justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a survey conducted in two large areas of Gran La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, after the tragic flood of April 2, 2013. Our objective is to analyze the perceptions the inhabitants of these neighborhoods had regarding social and environmental problems to apply in the design of scientific intervention and transformation agendas. In this paper, we retake the territorial approach of the critical social theory of space and partially apply the Territorii method, which provides an integral vision of the territories incorporating participation of community actors, politicians and scientists. Finally, we present the advances obtained in scientific agendas in execution, that point to concrete micro-transformations from an integral vision and management, based on the results obtained with the survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the dynamics of a medium-sized city, Pelotas, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It aims to problematize the analysis of migratory flows, which impact the morphology of the city, resulting from state interventions with private initiative. To highlight this reality, data from the research linked to the City Conflict Observatory of the Graduate Program in Social Policy and Human Rights of the Catholic University of Pelotas will be presented. The contributions of the authors Henri Lefebvre, David Harvey and Raquel Rolnik determined the critical perspective of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how, in the context of creating a protected natural area, new territorializations are generated that overlap existing territories and territorializations. Each of these territorializations is embedded in particular territorial knowledge, which responds to sometimes conflicting interests and valuations of nature. We analyzed how the creation of a protected natural area, based on expert territorial knowledge, impacted the modalities and possibilities of access to forest resources that were essential for the family economy of several populations. We show that around the harvest of a non-timber forest resource existing in the mountain, the peasants created their territorial knowledge. The change from the resource's extraction to its cultivation disrupted this territorial knowledge. The results presented here are the product of a long-field work that combined action-research and ethnographic work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects the process of legitimization prior to the deployment of urban renewal policies in the south of Buenos Aires. It analyzes the process of symbolic and material hollowing out of a property in the neighborhood of Barracas, in which authorities planned the construction of the civic center. In this sense, this paper dialogues with other works that study the production of urban vacuum as part of the capitalist dynamics of city production. It especially analyses how discourse produces it and how the notion of urban renewal emerges as its associated pair, as its necessary and indisputable answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the territorialities present in the Eje Cafetero's city region, an urban system located in Colombia's center-west expressed in the relations of appropriation and identity manifested by its inhabitants. Through the semi-structured interview applied to social actors, the existence of a territorial belonging anchored in the past (colonization, coffee culture) was evidenced, but it is renewed with the current phenomena and redefined from them: the city region as a territory for development acquires importance in the discourse of the actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to identify the demographic trends, especially mobility, of the growth of small towns in a southeastern Mexico region. The urbanization processes observed are characterized by the limited resources available, not only in term of services but also in regards to employment or provision of housing. However, the four urbanization patterns observed in this paper play a bridging role between two chapters in migration stories and between productive rural area and urban employment market. It is in this way, by settlement far from the center, at the edge of small rural towns that families look for a compromise between the declining family farming and rural economies and the difficulty in accessing urban resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article sets out to trace a conceptual history of the right to the city in Latin America. Based on a critical reading of Lefebvre's work, the essay reconstructs the theoretical frameworks that accompany the practical transformations of the right to the city in the region. The paper covers a period that starts with the publication of the book in 1968 and finishes with the decline of "the new left" in Latin America. The essay argues that, over this period, there are three different configurations of the right to the city, in which distinct theoretical displacements accompany the appropriations made by social movements and its inclusion into public policy arenas. During a first instance, associated with social movements, the notion is used to describe forms of collective action associated with housing and spatial injustice. A second configuration is marked by an institutional and bureaucratic appropriation, where Lefebvre's original conceptual coordinates transfigured. The right to the city is presented as an empty signifier and articulation emerges as a distinct political practice. In a third more recent configuration, social movements and collectives linked to social architecture actualize the notion of the right to the city around issues of construction and prefiguration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work analyzes the environmental impact study of the Porce III hydroelectric power station, built in the 2000s in Colombia, from a sociological perspective, more specifically in relation to the social impacts' treatment. This "management of the social" is understood as a government apparatus: an arrangement of lines of visibility, enunciation, power, and subjectification by means of which the behavior of the resettled populations is oriented. The paper particularly approaches the first group of lines. The data came from both the documentary analysis and the professional work experience of the researcher in the studied resettlement. The researcher submitted the information on existing regulations, justifications of the company and its financiers, environmental studies and management measures to an interpretative analysis in light of the theoretical reference's categories. The study allows identifying that the construction, definition, and delimitation of a specific reality are brought about by means of instruments, discourses, and techniques of the environmental impact study. Once companies established that reality, they manage it while making viable the business of power generation. The research argues that other realities with higher levels of democratization can be constructed to regulate the interactions between communities, companies, and the State in defining forms of territorial appropriation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some reflections and advances derived from an ongoing research project called "Territories of water and networks of practice and learning for the appropriation of knowledge and collaborative management in the southern edge of the Capital District". It focuses on problematizing and evidencing the underlying polysemy after the idea of the border applied to the city of Bogota, and especially to its southern territories. In this sense, it is argued that there are many and different edges interacting and overlapping each other, aiming at building a more complex and comprehensive view of the territory on the southern edge of the Capital District. The methodology is based on the revision of secondary sources, complemented with interviews with key informants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two first periods of government of the Propuesta Republicana party in the city of Buenos Aires (2007-2015) entailed a set of ruptures and continuities in the policies adopted for the informal settlements of this district. The purpose of this article is to differentiate some phases within the period analyzed and to characterize them. The emphasis will be in inquiring into the ways the government of the city transformed its approach perspective to the subject and how this was strongly articulated, in consequence, with an increasing interest in having a territorial presence --institutionally as well as with political networks-- in these neighborhoods. Furthermore, the importance of the growing judicialization of urban conflicts in the district will be described. This paper presents some of the partial results of the researches that are being developed by the authors for which a qualitative methodological approach was used. Semi structured interviews were made and complemented with a survey of the existing documentation produced by the different organisms of the city government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most Latin American countries, the decree of protected areas (PA) emerges as an instrument of nature conservation that is proposed by state policy. Therefore, the protected areas are under a management scheme carried out by the central government that limits the participation of other social actors and the sustainable use of resources in these territories. pa in Mexico are no exception, they are under a governance scheme in which the state stands as the central actor. Thus, this actor is responsible for regulating the access to and the use of these ecosystems that are of interest to multiple social actors. In this context, the objective is to propose some theoretical-methodological tools for understanding of the structure of social relations in the Mexican pa. This action is the basis for the design of planned interventions aimed at the development of environmental governance. For this paper, the theoretical perspective of social capital (SC) with emphasis on structural sc was used. This proposal has a broad capacity to explain the horizontal and vertical links in the whole structure of relationships. It allows the understanding of environmental governance as a multiactoral socio-organizational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines recent transformations in state organization and practices following the 2008 global financial crisis, especially with regard to urban development. It is argued that the financial crisis revealed the fallacy of the erosion of the nation state under neoliberal globalization, with its manifest resurgence as the key scale of crisis administration: nexus for both the financial rescue of the banking system and the re-scaling of regulation at the sub-national scale. After a review of recent trends in state theory in urban and regional studies, the paper describes the political geography of the financial crisis before exploring in greater detail the unfolding of spatial policy and institutional change in two contrasting cases: Birmingham in the UK and Medellín in Colombia. In both cases, evidence is provided which indicates renewed and probably durable processes of recentralization of regulatory powers and greater intervention in local affairs, as well as new forms of state territorial conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to present and to make visible a form of citizen insecurity that has not been deeply analyzed: That which occurs in public transport. Although this kind of violence is a spatial and socioeconomic constraint that limits access to goods, services, activities and opportunities offered by cities to both women and men, it has among women different effects, considering their perceptions and experiences as two dimensions of insecurity. This article explores insecurity as a problem in public transport based on differences between insecurity perception and effective victimization of users (women and men) in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (amba), and then focusing on women's mobility strategies. The evidence is part of the "Ella se mueve segura" strategy, conducted in three Latin-American cities simultaneously: Buenos Aires, Quito and Santiago de Chile. The objective is to show insecurity on public transport as a gender restriction and as a form of violence that especially affects women (sexual harassment), contributing to the denaturalization of daily behaviors that sustain inequalities in urban space and transportation, and therefore, in rights in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of non-conventional hydrocarbons in the United States has generated a revolution in the oil industry worldwide. Then, other countries begin to explore their resources. The Neuquen and the Golfo San Jorge basins, and more recently the Austral Magallanes basin in Argentina have seen since the decade of 2010 the disembarkation of the activity in their territories. The latter are transformed economically, socially and environmentally due to the new dynamics that are installed. This paper seeks to analyze the main transformations in Argentine cities close to the non-conventional hydrocarbons activity. For this, we worked with primary sources, based on interviews with qualified informants and secondary sources, mainly bibliographic and press material. It is observed that the Neuquina basin, pioneer in the development of the activity, goes through the major transformations in its territory, mainly in the city of Añelo. In contrast, the incipient explorations in the territories of the Golfo San Jorge and the Austral Magallanes basins still do not generate important changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comprehension of the different dimensions, modes and manners in which urban policing and the securitarian problem is built, is the task this paper intends to achieve. In this sense, we will focus in the urban space of La Plata city, its peripheries and the various actors related to neighborhood watch and community safety. We will intend an ethnographical approach in a fieldwork that includes instant messaging applications, public polices, agenda and methodological considerations. In this sense, we take part in the efforts that exist in academical and political domains, in order to explain the protagonist role of policing demands, and new forms of governmentality, signed by conservative electoral tendencies. In societies defined as "postneoliberals" (Sozzo, 2016), the question about the cultural groundings (Kusch, 2007) and conditions of possibilities (Tiscornia, 2004) for repressive discourses and practices to expand and be composed, remains inhabited. General and conceptual problems related to the region will be the first topic, while the second part will focus in the fieldwork in course with neighbor ensembles and associations, being produced inside the limits of La Plata city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains why, two years before the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, urban dwellers living in poverty in Mexico and Cuernavaca continue having the informal land market as the fundamental route of access to the housing in a period in which mortgage credit has had the greatest expansion in history. Informal employment and wages below 2.6 times the minimum wage are identified as causes of their exclusion from market supply, while federal subsidy programs for informal workers have a low impact and do not affect land prices. The crisis of 2009 meant the stagnation of an apparent advance of the formal on the informal urbanization. For the case study, the association between poverty and economic and urban informality is verified, while data from an applied survey provide details about the characteristics of the inhabitants, their satisfaction at becoming homeowners, progressivity in the housing construction, their level of access to micro-financing for housing improvements and personal expenses, and of their residential mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of the project "Territorial public policy in Medellín, actors, resources and opportunities. The public policies of forced displacement, and sexual and gender diversity". It proposes a reading of collective actions of the victim population in Medellín, regarding with territorial public policy in attention to victims. So it continues with a research agenda on these two issues and their relationships: the collective actions of the victims and territorial public policies in Medellín and Antioquia. In this text is developed a general context of the public policy of attention to the victims and a little history of the forced displacement policy. Also makes an approach to the collective actions of the victims in the territorial public policy, briefly discusses what happens from national policies to the territories, the relation expressed in the decentralization and territorial approaches. This paper ends with some considerations on the relationship at Medellín between collective action and public policy for the victims of the armed conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account the concept of imagined water communities elaborated by Benedict Anderson (1983) in this paper, we have studied cases about originary communities that have developed identity processes and collective legitimacy forms through the ownership and property of water resources. Through this perspective it was possible to identify how communities located within the State of Mexico territory have gained power and have had empowerment of water resources. These communities have also gained other capabilities such as control, management, access and the collection of water users payment for the drinking water service they receive. Through imagined communities perspective it also helps to identify identity processes and legitimacy processes within originary communities. This paper concludes that access, operation and management of the drinking water supply service by water committees is useful to built water communities that become active participants in the relationship State-nature. This paper was elaborated with information obtained from interviews carried out in 2008, 2009 and 2010 in three communities from the State of Mexico. These communities share similar characteristics in terms of their water management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a discrepancy concerning resilience. International institutions such as ISDR try to promote resilience as a notion useful for preventing disasters. And some searchers, mainly coming from ecology, such as Resilience Alliance group, found the notion relevant enough to promote it as a brand for their studies on disaster prevention. Yet, the second part of the paper will verify how other searchers are still not convinced by the relevance of the notion. Territorial managers are reluctant as well, in line with the poor number of policies trying to bring resilience to reality, be it in Columbia or in France. How can we make sense of this discrepancy? The paper will stress on various political, institutional and cultural conditionings hidden behind the notion. It will also enlighten the contradictions embedded within the notion, because resilience, as disaster, depends on the scales and the actors the analysis relies on first. Which resilience to whom and at what scale? These are critical questions that should be addressed in order to give sense to these contradictions. Resilience has no absolute meaning. However, it helps identifying trends towards future disasters. This is one of the main reasons why it may be found useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban conflicts refer to social realities resulting from verifiable material situations, but these often remain dormant if they are not socially posed as problems. Their social performance and installation on the public agenda depends on the ways in which the different social actors define problematic situations and identify strategies to solve them. Because of its essential role in achieving decent housing and inclusion in the city, land access is one of the main urban conflicts. For this reason, considering the representations and interaction-action networks of actors involved in it is a way to promote and enhance the understanding of the looks and ways to solve the problems that determine the physical and symbolic production of the city. This article presents the progress of the study on the government of urban land in Córdoba Capital (Argentina). Although this research considers the representations of the social actors involved (state, economics and community actors), this paper only exposes the representations of state actors involved, their logical of understanding and action and relationships related to this conflict. The aim is to contribute towards the understanding of the complexity of the problems associated with access, control and governance of urban land by facilitating their visibility and the proposal of solving strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work proposes a comparative analysis of several renovation initiatives of the traditional centralities in Greater Buenos Aires under the model of Open-air shopping complexes. The paper starts with the origin of the concept and the first experiences in the USA and Europe between the 70's and 80's, in order to relate them with the circulation of ideas towards Latin America a decade later and, especially, to its reinterpretation and application in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires since the beginning of the year 2000. The territorial distribution pattern of these policies, size and type of operations, degree of accomplishment, actors involved and articulation with other local public policies are studied as well. Based on this analysis, the urban image, the commercial profile and social practices promoted will be considered, as well as its scope and limitations in relation to the different forms and processes of metropolitan centrality, and its linkage capacity with other urban policies of territorial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the review of publications on urban communication and communication and city in Latin America and Spain. The aim was to identify the theoretical approaches and potential research guidelines for study this field. The results include the relationship between communication-city-urban from transversal categories of study such as language, discourse, social interactions and media, through processes of representation, spatial mediation, symbolic appropriation, marketing, urban transformation, citizen participation, and expression of senses. In conclusion, from perspectives as the sociological, political, cultural, economic, human and technological, since the 90's have been able to consolidate a large variety of research that ratify urban communication as an field of multidisciplinary study which contributes widely in discussions on the problems brought about by the growth of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to reflect upon the possible effects of the "new" habitat policies, implemented in Argentina in the neo-developmentalist period, on social inclusion and access to the city. The program that led to the building of the urban complex Padre Mugica represents a paradigmatic case. It allows measuring the impacts of the actions of the State through programs oriented towards social inclusion that aim to solve the housing and employment deficit. An analysis that retraces the design, management and implementation of the Padre Mugica urban complex has allowed us to problematize the existence of a break between the logic of traditional and new social housing policies, as well as understand some of its effects on the territory and on the levels of welfare and social integration of targeted households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to integrate mobility as across component of the management of specific public actions. The case of study concerns the public health services in Argentina, and mother's mobility conditions in the suburban of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. In terms of methodology, the paper working on the concept of access trying to identify, measure and evaluate the relationship between mobility conditions and maternal health care. Access is weighted according to the realization of health services, and not according to the arrival at the places where they are offers. The result is innovative empirical evidence, useful as an indicator to make more relevant the role of mobility within the public agenda of transport and others specific sectors, asa basic social right behind the access that requires coordinated actions and cross-sectoral approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to give continuity to my previous work about the software industry and information technology services, but this time focused on the study of the dynamics of the cluster technology in local experiences. So the paper inquires this dynamic in two cities: Merida (Yucatan, Mexico) and Rosario (Santa Fe, Argentina) .The aim of approaching these two case studies is based on the interest in these two cities, since they have a innovative productive profile, with significant growth rates and that this strategy is added to other activities of high added value. In this sense the production of software and new technologies, are creating a climate conducive to local development. This paper examines the socio-economic context of each city, the background to the creation of the cluster technology, international cooperation and international institutional business, public policy in the territorial cluster, the profile and activities of the companies in there, and the characteristics of their human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender, environment, and development approach proposes the study of women's fights and obligations toward natural resources, as well as institutions and property relations that govern the access to such resources within specific socio-environmental contexts. From this viewpoint, this paper studies the fishing activities of native women and men from Veracruz, Mexico, focusing on two processes: the gender construction of the fishing arts and the gender socialization in fishing activities. This paper shows that both processes make women specialize in certain water resources, which are important to securing feeding to their communities. An environmental policy with a gender perspective will be able to visualize woman roles in food provisioning, and to strengthen their control over the resources they currently manage, based on the environmental knowledge women have about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes women's roles in the processes of territory construction and the Colombian Caribbean coast regionalization. First, we present women participation in the adaptation of the first inhabitants, through their contribution to creating the most important cultures that emerged in that region, such as Tairona and Sinu. This paper also considers native women's resistance actions against Spanish invasion; women participation in African, native, mestizo, zambo, mad criollo freeing fights against colonialism and ha the consolidation of the Republic; along with their contribution to building the social fabric that consolidated the social life of new born towns and cities; which transformed women into family group integrators, new generation socializing forces, and sponsors of the family structure performance. The second line of argument addressed in this article refers to women involvement in the regionalization of the Colombian Caribbean, by establishing and concluding that, although regionalization has happened, the recognition of its practical and strategic interests has not been guaranteed to allow changes in the social, economic, and political position. The reason is that, even though such interests were expressed in some forums held to reach an agreement on the vision and the requirements of the region, the social movement has not had any access to decision making, though this has not prevented its gaining strength in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quarters in the periphery of the Brazilian cities represent a formation relatively homogeneous, especilally the quarters of less evolved cities. The quarters in the periphery generally are situated in hilly localities; in the principal streets and avenues are found the best residences and business houses (stores). The structural services are very deficient in this quarters. The maintenance generally is bad and there aren't big stores. The commerce is replaced by little shops and similars. These little stores normally sell unique pieces and the people buy all days bread and milk, furthermore other basic products of nutrition. In the quarters of the periphery normally are living families with small wage, in their little space of living they have a way of life similar and they find themselves in front of calamities similars with a restrict family budget and un unsatisfactory situation of the quarter. The poverty, the illitralism, the undernourishment, the unemployment, low wages and the very bad residence conditions, which characterise the community living in the periphery quarters, represent at least the conditions of life of this population. The social conditions of the inhabitants of these periphery quarters and also the bad infrastructure of these quarters had been and are the motivation to organise the population in Associations of the Quarter. As a principal purpose these associations will improve the conditions of life and habitation of the population of these quarters. This paper is trying to analyse the mutual characteristics of the periphery quarter inhabitants of Brazilian cities. This way the paper will study the organization of the inhabitants by means of the Associations of the Quarter, which are created as a response of the fight of the population with low wage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is grounded on an ethnographic investigation on the "Diana Turbay" neighborhood in Bogota. Its objective is to analyze certain aspects that favored the formation of this neighborhood of illegal origin, the organization of its inhabitants in their daily struggle to get better life conditions and the dynamics of change in their social relationships as part of the process of incorporation of the neighborhood to the city. This paper is inscribed on the debates about right to city and urban marginality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking for new orientations to apply to the analysis of the metropolitan complexity, this paper analizes a suburban district of Mexico City from the point of view of the anonimous subject living and making the city, his neighborhood and the urban life, through any everyday life action. This form of analysis will be called as the "social construction of peripherical territory"; "way of life" and the "social subjectivity" are also central concepts in our interpretation of the reality. Therefore, in the first part of the paper, we explain the concept of "social construction of peripherical territory" for the purpose of using it as a way of analysis of the suburbs of large cities. Then, in the second part of the paper, we are re-constructing the concept of "way of life" and finally, we are presenting some results of our research about the practical contents of both concepts --way of life and subjectivity-- in our study area, the Chalco Valley, a large suburb of Mexico City. The way of life only can be understood in its differents configurations, if we introduce a study to the everyday practices of the inhabitants; those are requiring also the analysis of subjectivity as the way of giving sense to the everyday actions of the subject, to its everyday practices. In this relationship between the everyday life of the inhabitants of the periphery and the related imaginary, a social construction of the territory is taking shape as a process including materials expressions and offers from a symbolical type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to build a review to the correspondence between the discourse of political ideology, the discourse of urban ideology and its manifestation in architectural realization. The text generally consists of two main bodies. The first, reviews the process of building the modern movement in architecture and urbanism and then subsequent transit and implementation in Colombia, specifically in Bogotá. It is necessary to note that the political speech to revise is Colombian, although the Modern Movement has a European origin and American developments, the context to review is specifically limited by the interaction of these ideas with the historical-geographical space of Bogotá, embodied in the urban development of the city. Under these rules, the European political considerations are hardly references to contextualize the modern movement itself and its vicissitudes. Also, the definition of the time period of study, which is due to the appearance in the country of the need to consider the problem of urban planning through intellectual exercises grounded in architecture, urbanism and medicine; the latter as a driver of the concepts of modern ideology of healthy living and social hygiene (Ramírez, 2000b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades there have been significant changes in Mexico City's urban core. The hegemonic thought has often interpreted these changes as a process of building upgrading and resettlement. At the same time, some scholars are denouncing a gentrification process and the substitution of the poorer dwellers for more affluent ones. This paper develops a historical review of the urban center devaluation and revaluation and its relation to more recent sociodemographic changes by exploring the Mexican census. As a result, the research highlights a series of sectors in the urban core where strong public or private investment coincides with the social upgrade of its population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the middle of the twentieth century, Villa Gesell (located on the Atlantic coast about 350 km from Buenos Aires) became one of the fastest growing cities in Argentina. Through a rapid process of development fueled by land valuation, real estate speculation and commercial activities related to tourism, a small group of local entrepreneurs was able to secure a preeminent economic position, which in time, and sanctioned by a series of canonic moral repertoires, would convert into a political legitimacy which would allow the group to hold the reins of the city for more than three decades. By the end of the century, however, the moral resources that made this conversion possible would become disputed and challenged. In due time, alternative resources would be assembled within the frame of a new historical narrative, which would enable another process of conversion through which novel actors would seek to build their own legitimacy, disputing their predecessors'. On that basis, the following paper seeks to retrace the origins of this new repertoire, its main contents, and outline some of the ways in which they would be mobilized on the verge of a recent process of moral and political dispute between old and new political actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I propose a reflection on the concepts of urban marginality and Precariat starting from an articulation between empirical data and theoretical concepts. Some theoretical definitions are discussed and linked to the reality of precarious workers who work without any pay in the sector of consumer services known in Mexico as propineros. These workers represent a constituent part of the economic system and an inescapable presence in the metropolitan labor market, although difficult to quantify from official sources. To study the condition of precariousness in regard to work, it must be examined in a broader context, particularly considering certain socio-spatial elements such as family and neighborhood ties, support networks and their location in the metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of a deep research regarding the sense, practices, use, perception and public intervention in public space in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, theoretical reflections were issued answering the call of papers of the 2nd Seminar of the red Lationamericana sobre Teoría Urbana in relation to the concept of public space and the function it has within the city. A criticism is made considering public space as a tool for the construction of citizenship and control of exclusion as fundamental parts of the questioning done to the called 'right to the city'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agglomeration of cultural / creative industries and specialized retail stores in urban districts marked by a rapid urban transformation process has been identified as "Creative Districts". It has been assumed that these districts are economic clusters in the sense of being an economic system formed by specialized companies and their corresponding labor market. From our point of view these districts are only a visible part of a larger economic cluster operating at the metropolitan scale which includes many different areas, enterprises and jobs. In this paper we discuss the conceptual and methodological problems of bringing the concept of economic cluster or industrial district to the intra-urban geographic scale. In order to confront the idea of 'creative districts' as functional economic areas separable from the rest of the metropolitan economy, we apply the methods commonly used in urban studies on creative industries to identify possible creative districts within Mexico City. The identified districts are contrasted in their economic structures to determine if there are indications that indeed they are differentiable and functional economic clusters from the rest of the metropolitan area. We conclude by arguing that the data found sustain the existence of a single metropolitan economic cluster and no small clusters in urban districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an interpretation of the heterogeneity that is found in the productive structure of specific capitalist societies as the coexistence in the same market of capitalists and simple commodity agents competing amongst them. The text focuses on the analysis of two aspects: (a) the competition that capitalist agents exert over simple commodity agents, which permanently breaks them down and removes them from different economic places which eventually makes them collapse and reduce to the status of proletarians. (b) The persistence of some simple commodity agents who resist this competition, and not just as something inertial, but as a result of the same action of capital, which calls into question the forecast made by Marx himself on the tendency of capitalism to become a society composed exclusively by a narrow oligarchy of capitalists and a wide mass of proletarians, while the third classes would be liquidated. This brief analysis is performed with a one-good model and numerical illustration for the first part, and a simple model of simultaneous algebra for second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a sociological interpretation about the way that space, collective identity and memory embody in the neighborhood La Fama, south of México City. Diverse ethnographic techniques were applied -as in-depth interviews, participant observation, mental maps, tours in the neighborhood with locals-. As we will see, the collective identity of the locals, has a close relationship with several vital places, which in turn are triggers of the intersubjective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows some of the research results of the project named The Cyber-museum: a way to recognize urban heritage in Tunja. It shows the results of one of the proposed activities about the documentation of three representative elements of diffuse heritage in that medium size Colombian city in order to incorporate that information in the Mutua Cyber-eco-museum. Those elements configure the so called "modernity route". The developed research was qualitative; it incorporated documental review, field work and expert consultances. The process evidenced a reflexed dynamic about the values and pertinence of identified goods and the subjects that these urban objects are able to express because they have survived in history as representative marks of urban, architectural and testimonial values that could be recognized as they express singularities and develop local identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to situate urban mobility studies into the more general framework of present neoliberalism. Since neoliberalism discourses quite often are too general and abstract, we transform them into a middle range theory in order to make closer both phenomena. In so doing we explore different process of territorial neoliberalization to understand how they influence urban mobilities, and to discover how urban mobilities reproduce and extend such neoliberalization. The main purpose is to establish hypothesis and topics for succeeding studies in constructing a research agenda on urban mobility and neoliberalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]