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The objective of this text is to share a reflection on the different ways social space and state space are defined. With the evolution of history, notions have undergone various changes. The main discussion object refers to the coarseness in the terminology associated with both concepts. In particular, how theorists construct and account for their particularities. From a brief theoretical account, the forms that exist to account for their respective structures are explained. It should be noted that the contribution of this paper lies in the fact that it rescues part of the definitions that have been constructed and that various specialists have coined from their perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of a deep research regarding the sense, practices, use, perception and public intervention in public space in Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, theoretical reflections were issued answering the call of papers of the 2nd Seminar of the red Lationamericana sobre Teoría Urbana in relation to the concept of public space and the function it has within the city. A criticism is made considering public space as a tool for the construction of citizenship and control of exclusion as fundamental parts of the questioning done to the called 'right to the city'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an investigation intended to disclose the various forms through which urban space has been produced in Santiago's outer limits. With that purpose in mind, two settlements built by the end of the 1950s were analyzed following Lefebvre's theory of production of space (2013): La Victoria, and San Gregorio. They both constitute appropriate examples of emerging new agents in urban space in Chile during the 1950s, and of their ways of producing urban space in Santiago's periphery, methods whose objective was to gain State recognition as formal urban settlers, a status they aspired to achieve through a fair deal during the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a first approach to a state of the art on public space in Colombia. For this purpose, this article analyze the production of research groups from several universities and institutions, both, public and private. The reviewed studies are organized from the spatial, social, historical and educational perspectives and analyzed from their influence on the urban management. Finally, it is proposed to continue the traking of the development of research on the field in order to fill the gap between research and urban decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the assessment that inhabitants of some Colombian cities did on the conditions that contribute to the livability of public space. Seven hundred and forty people, inhabitants of Yopal, Villavicencio, Valledupar, Popayán, Pereira, Pasto, Neiva, Montería, Medellín, Fusagasugá, Cúcuta, Cartagena, Cali and Bogotá participated in the study. The assessment of the conditions that contribute to the livability of public space was carried out using an instrument composed of 48 items that inquired about the level of contribution that can have different conditions on the quality of public space, from a scale five points ranging from: Does not contribute at all (-2) to: Contribute significantly (+2). The results show the conditions that most affect the habitability of public space in Colombia, as well as the differences between cities according to the assessment made by participants about the general state of public space in cities. Multidimensional analysis (SSA) evidence a structure that reflects the function that public space plays in people's assessment on Colombian cities. It is discussed the implications of the findings for urban planning and management and the designed instrument is proposed as a tool to assess the quality of urban public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feminist concern about the city arises from questioning the unequal distribution of spaces and the differential assignment of household and public spheres, by stating that the city scenario is where everyday's life is set up, social processes develop, and women mobility and activities correspond with "feminine" stereotypes, influenced by a male perspective both for the planning and for the prevailing culture. Citizenship originates in the cities, but these present gender unequal patterns, the sharp private from public separation associated with the feminine and the masculine in the metropolis, the spatial structure that hinders use and access in the benefits of the city., the lack of green areas and infrastructure, or the lack of safety, which affect women more deeply. Therefore, the claim for the right to the city in the organizational practices of popular urban women, showing inconsistencies, deficiencies, and weaknesses in the traditional notion of citizenship. This paper shows these contradictions both on a theoretical and a practical basis, because between conflicts and negotiations, freedoms and restrictions, women inhabit and re-inhabit the city everyday, in privileged spaces for the democratic exercise. These topics are examined in this article, where new and old issues involved in the discussion are analyzed in the light of a set of practical fieldwork evidence in popular neighborhoods of the city of Concepcion, Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the factors underlying the shift of public space management Bogotá's Historic Center from one neglect by presidentially appointed mayors to an aggressive public space recuperation campaign led by Bogotá's elected mayors from 1988 to the present. Faced with the high barriers to public space recovery-the potential loss of needed political support from vendors and the power of vendor unions to obstruct their removal-this article holds that two factors enabled elected Bogotá mayors to recuperate public space. These are: 1. a democratization of the Bogotá Mayor's Office which made elected mayors responsible to the electorate for their neglect of public space, and 2. the political-economic marginalization of traditionally obstructive Bogotá vendor unions. Field work was carried out in metropolitan Bogotá to determine the impact of the public space recuperation on vendors who were relocated by the Mayor's Office of Bogotá. When compared to data from the street, results of the randomized surveys illustrate improvements in working conditions but lower income and fewer clientele for relocated street vendors. The study similarly documents how more benefits accrued to relocated vendors in markets that specialize in the sale of one product instead of more generalized markets. The conclusion points to the importance of public space recovery for the reinstatement of public order and for downtown economic revitalization. These benefits are described parallel to the disadvantages of the intensification of vendor-government conflict and the large-scale abandonment of costly markets by relocated street vendors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]