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Historical maps represent an important source of geographical information. The changes occurred over time can be extrapolated from them, especially if their geometric accuracies match those achievable with modern survey techniques. An 1820 map belonging to the Gregorian Cadastre provides the position of seven hermitages belonging to the monastery of Fara in Sabina (Italy). Just three of them are nowadays visible, while the others may have been covered by thick vegetation or been destroyed during the Second World War. The paper proposes the integration of geomatic techniques for the localization of the lost hermitages. To do so, Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms were applied to UAV imagery to produce an orthophoto of the area. In addition, a GNSS survey was carried out using a professional and a low-cost receiver to correctly georeference the photogrammetric products. An accuracy assessment was then performed to evaluate the performance of the u-blox board in real applications. The accuracies obtained with the low-cost receiver indicates a possible more widespread utilization of these new devices. Subsequently, the comparison between the orthophoto and the cadastral map have been detailed. A weak correspondence between the position of the hermitages in the two maps have been observed. On the other side, the comparison led to the localization of two lost hermitages, with the other two being still undiscovered. This study has opened the door to an enhancement process of the monastery and to the rediscovery of the religious values of the hermitages.

In many countries digital maps are generally created and provided by Cadastre, Land Registry or National Mapping Agencies. These maps must be accurate and well maintained. However, in most cases, the update process of these maps is still done by hand, often using satellite or aerial imagery. Supporting this process via automatic change detection based on traditional classification algorithms is difficult due to the high level of noise in the data, such as introduced by temporary changes (e.g. cars being parked). This paper describes a method to detect changes between two time steps using 2.5D data and to transfer these insights to a digital map. For every polygon in the map, several attributes are collected from the input data, which are used to train a machine-learning model based on gradient boosting. A case study in Haarlem, in the Netherlands, was conducted to test the performance of this proposed approach. Results show that this methodology can recognize a substantial amount of changes and can support – and speed up – the manual updating process.

The paper examines the possibility to create a three-dimensional model of cadastral objects – cadastral parcels and buildings, exploring different spatial data acquisition technologies. Four cadastral parcel and part of the buildings situated in them are selected for the range of the task. Self-contained objects located in buildings have not been examined. The objects are located on the territory of Lozenets District, Sofia, which is highly urbanized part of the capital. In order to create a three-dimensional model, classical land surveying measurements with a total station and mobile laser scanning were performed.In addition, the acquired data is assessed. It is made by comparing measurements of the building to the measurements of the registered point cloud. The assessment results show that the mobile laser scanning technology is efficient to reproduce high quality and accurate data for existing building structures due to MLS advantages – the large range, high accuracy, fast data acquisition and high level of detail.The paper is a part of Alexander Alexandrov master thesis.

Over the last half century, the world has witnessed rapid urbanization which is expected to increase over the near future. Use and property rights are reflected as a complex equation of overlapping interests. A fit-for-purpose approach for the initial registration of such rights is of a great importance both in formally and informally developed urban areas, as it may empower tenure security, improve property management, formalize property markets and enable poverty reduction. In this paper a more generalized framework, adjustable to the available cartographic infrastructure and funding availability in each region, for the simultaneous implementation of 2D and 3D property registration, based on a Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) architecture, is proposed. A Database Management System (DBMS) based on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard is used for the management and storage of the collected data, while a prototype open-source mobile application for the collection of 2D and 3D crowdsourced cadastral data, the automatic 3D modelling and visualization of 3D property units as block models (LoD1) on a mobile’s phone screen in real-time is developed. A case study for a multi-storey building in an urban area of Athens, Greece, is presented. The first results seem to be interesting and promising. A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) assessment of the proposed framework, is conducted. The main conclusions referred to the potential and the perspectives of the proposed technical crowdsourced solution for the initial registration for the implementation of a Fit-For-Purpose 3D cadastral system are presented.

Algeria faces challenges of globalization. It classifies the establishment of the national general urban and rural territory cadastre as top priority. The National Cadastre Agency has implemented a policy aimed at improving the quality and accuracy of the resulting documentation, in order to widen the scope of the latter in the various fields.Since the launching of the first operations to establish the general cadastre of the national territory, the graphic cadastral documentation which was carried out based on aerial images (ortho-photographs or restitution plans) present mismatch either between the external borders or between the section plans that compose the communal (municipal) cadastral plane.This article describes one of the simultaneous plane adjustment techniques inspired by the aero triangulation used in photogrammetry. In a first step, we built the photogrammetric unit where we consider the cadastral planes as photogrammetric models. In a second step, the constructed units will be used to form a superstructure covering a very large area like in the photogrammetric block case. Finally, this superstructure is adjusted, where the discrepancies are reduces relatively between these section plans using Tie Points (TP) and absolutely by relying on an optimal number of Ground Control Points (GCP) in the terrain system suitably distributed on the block.This technique makes it possible to preserve the relationships between the data in a precise way and to guarantee the continuity in the acquisition of the data which can be added later. It also makes it possible to solve the problem of the overlap between the isolated section plans due to the non-optimal distribution, the insufficiency, or the absence of control points.The evaluation results obtained after the experiments report that the proposed adjustment technique is efficient to solve such a problem.

The state attaches great importance to the issue of the right to the use of rural land. At present, China is carrying out a large-scale mapping and confirmation of rural house sites and rural houses. The traditional measurement method mainly adopts total station or RTK manual measurement method, which is characterized by high work intensity, complex operation procedure and labor-consuming. There are hundreds of thousands of villages in China. With the development of science and technology, it is an inevitable trend to use new technologies in rural cadastral surveys to improve their efficiency and quality. LiDAR scanning technology has the advantages of high efficiency, flexibility, reliability, and high accuracy, which meet the requirements of tasks and schedules that are difficult to complete with traditional measurement methods. This paper is based on the AS-300H multi-platform LiDAR system of Huace Navigation, which integrates UAV and vehicle LiDAR for cadastral surveying and mapping. It proves that LiDAR using in rural cadastral mapping has low labor intensity, high efficiency and accuracy. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of LiDAR technology for cadastral mapping are also summarized and elaborated, which has a good reference and significance for those who are currently conducting rural housing and cadastral mapping work.

Peoples land rights are secure if they are registered in a formal cadastral system. More than 70% of global land rights are not registered in any formal cadastral system. The contemporary efforts are on accelerating the cadastral mapping process as a basis of defining land rights boundaries. Proposed surveying techniques are indirect ones – delineation of visible parcel boundaries from remote sensing imagery. This research aims at automizing the procedure of visible boundary delineation from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imagery through deep learning. U-Net architecture was selected to train the model and predict visible boundaries. The model was trained on an available edge detection dataset, which was the closest to our domain problem. The model was tested on a tiled UAV images. The U-Net architecture was implemented in Keras and written in Python, running on top of the TensorFlow library. The training was done through Google Colaboratory. The evaluation metrics of the trained model indicated 0.95 overall accuracy. The average percentage of correctly detected visible boundaries was almost 80% for the tiled UAV images. This percentage is very satisfying since the model was trained on everyday imagery which is very different from UAV ones. The automatic boundary detection by using U-Net is applicable mostly for rural areas where the visibility of the boundaries is continuous. In cases where the boundaries are not visible, manual delineations are still required.

With the rapid urbanization and the dynamics in land transactions, Turkish cadastre, as in many other countries, is facing challenges in the daily recording of sales, donations, taxations, and mortgages on land. Especially with the modern constructions and complex interrelationships of rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR), the third dimension should not be forgotten. In this context, the design of a new cadastre data model for Turkey is essential. Inspired by this need, with this study, we aim in proposing a new cadastre model based on international standards such as Land Administration Data Model (LADM) and CityGML. LADM represents the legal and administrative aspects of the cadastral objects but does not show the semantic and 3D geometrical representation of physical cadastral objects which are required for the process of 3D cadastre. Therefore, in the paper, we propose an Application Domain Extension (ADE) for the cadastral objects that expands the integration of LADM and CityGML data model with the legal and administrative concepts defined in the Turkish Law. The study presents a detailed overview of the Turkish legal cadastre system and a proposal for its physical realization based on international standards. In addition, the developed ADE is also valuable for cadastral services undertaken by the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (GDLRC). It could also be used as a basis of a 3D national data standard for cadastral information systems.

Wheat is the most important food crop in Mongolia, most of the croplands are utilizing for wheat cultivating area in the central northern region of Mongolia. The Mongolian government has several policies on the agricultural sector with wheat production in the study region has been intensified to meet people’s food demands and economic development. Monitoring wheat-growing areas is thus important to developing strategies for food security in the region. In the present study, we aimed to develop an agricultural application method using remote sensing data. Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 MSI analysis of time series data were carried out to monitor the wheat crop growth parameters. Time-series images were acquired during May 2019–September 2019 at different growth stages in Bornuur soum, Tuv province of Mongolia. The wheat crop parameters, i.e. normalized difference vegetation index, vegetation water content, backscatter value of VV, VH channels were estimated using remote sensing data with reference data as cadastre polygons of current cropland area. The results showed that provide timely and valuable information for agricultural production, management and policy-making. The agricultural application method will help to agriculture management and monitoring include crop identification and cropland mapping, crop growth monitoring, inversion of key biophysical, biochemical and environmental parameters, crop damage/disaster monitoring, precision agriculture, etc.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are enjoying increasing popularity in the photogrammetric community. The Chinese supplier DJI is the market leader with about 70% of the global consumer UAV market. The Phantom model has been available for more than 10 years and its current version "RTK" is equipped with a 2-frequency GNSS receiver, as a basis for direct georeferencing of image flights, using RTK or PPK technologies.In the context of the paper, different case studies are investigated, which allow statements on the geometric accuracy of UAV image flights as well as on the self-calibration of the camera systems.In the first example, four DJI Phantom 4 RTK systems are examined, which were flown in a cross flight pattern configuration on the area of the UAV test field "Zeche Zollern" in Dortmund, Germany. The second example analyses the results of an open moorland area where the establishment of GCPs is extremely difficult and expensive, hence direct georeferencing offers a promising way to evaluate deformations, soil movements or mass calculations. In this example a DJI Matrice 210 v2 RTK drone has been used and the results of two different software packages (Agisoft Metashape and RealityCapture) are analysed. The third example presents a reference building that has been established by the Lower Saxony administration for geoinformation in order to evaluate UAV photogrammetry for cadastral purposes. Here again a DJI Phantom 4 RTK has been tested in a variety of flight configurations and a large number of high precision ground control and check points.The case studies show that the RTK option leads to sufficient results if at least 1 GCP is introduced. Flights without any GCPs lead to a significant height error in the order of up to 30 GSD.

The furnaces of Salamanca were built during the period in which the British Tobacco Company operated in this area of the Region of Coquimbo in Chile (1960's to 1990's). A semi-industrial model of tobacco production was inserted, in which local farmers received technical training and materials to grow tobacco plants. During a first period the company bought green tobacco leaves, while later encouraging the sale of dried tobacco. This meant that local producers had to build their own furnaces, under the company's technical instructions. These instructions were delivered through architectural plans produced by the company, which were interpreted by local farmers according to their own vernacular construction knowledge. This combination resulted in a huge variety of constructive techniques – primarily based on earth – represented in one only architectural form. A cadastre accomplished by the authors in 2019 registered examples of furnaces built with adobe, quincha, tabique and a combination of several of these building systems. Similar systems also present variations - expressed especially in the use of different earthquake-resistant devices. These attend to variable economic conditions and constructive cultures of the local farmers. This article presents the register of 24 furnace ensambles located in 7 areas of Salamanca, characterized according to their construction type and state of conservation. These entries provide information on the richness of vernacular construction of the area and the efficiency of case-specific building solutions.

The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia has introduced marine cadastre system to register the rights, other valid interests therein and ownership of spatially determined parcels in the context of the marine environment yet the implementation of the system is still at the rudimentary stage. One of the big issues here is gathering land-to-seabed data to create a seamless topographic base map to support its marine cadastre project. Seabed bathymetric mapping in coastal zone is one of the major components to support marine cadastre. In the past, accurate bathymetric measurements can be a very laborious task in hydrographic surveying. Traditional vessel-based acoustic soundings require a lot of time, operation cost and others. Today, human’s ingenuity to yield bathymetric depths from multispectral images as an alternative source to chart the seabed topography has brought in new revolution to hydrography. The paper is initiated for evaluating water depth determination by using imagery-derived bathymetry technique and check its correlation with in-situ bathymetry depths. In the course of experiment, it demonstrates a good correlation between the imagery-derived bathymetric depths and the in-situ bathymetric depths, and majority of the derived depths have passed the minimum requirement of the IHO S-44 survey standard. The result also shows that these empirical models deliver promising outcome which can be use over the turbid environment setting. Hence, imagery-derived bathymetry approach can be an efficient and repeatable way to derive the seabed topography over a huge segment of coastal region. This study also suggests that imagery-derived bathymetry approach can be recognised as an aid in seabed topographic mapping to support marine cadastre initiative.

Nowadays, due to rapid development and large populations especially in urban areas has caused indoor spaces of buildings becomes bigger and more complex. In most developing countries, the needs of advance cadastre systems and land administration are vital due to rapid development and large population area especially in the city centre such as Kuala Lumpur. More populations have caused more limited space, which explains the need to build a more vertical building. Due to this, an efficient strata management are required for managing the strata title. A study of country-based profile on cadastre domain standard has been conceptualized for land administration in Malaysia that allows integration of 2D and 3D representation of spatial units with supports of both formal and informal Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities (RRR). Since this research used Malaysia cadastre management as a case study, the proposed model for the Malaysian land administration country profile was embedded in the integration model. Meanwhile, a new working item proposal for LADM Edition II has been introduced on the idea of encoding further integration of land administration with an existing standard such as IndoorGML. Hence, this paper proposes a conceptual model on the integration between both legal space (indoor) and legal object using LADM Edition II and IndoorGML standards for strata purposes. Three objectives had been recognized to achieve the aim of the study. Firstly, to identify the integration of spatial components and non-spatial components for strata management. The second is to develop a conceptual data model for strata with the integration of LADM Edition II and IndoorGML and lastly, is to develop a prototype to validate the proposed conceptual data model. Thus, the development of the conceptual model may provide insights or ideas for future work and land administration on strata purposes.

Nowadays, there is an increasing need for comprehensive spatial data management especially digital cadastral database (DCDB). Previously, the cadastral database is in hard copy map, then converted into digital format and subsequently updated. Theoretically, these legacy datasets have relatively low positional accuracy caused by limitation of traditional measurement, adjustment technique and technology changes over time. With the growth of spatial based technology especially Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) the Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI) to the legacy cadastral database is inevitable. PAI is the refining process of the geometry feature in a geospatial dataset through integration between legacy and higher accuracy dataset to improve its actual position. However, by merely integrating both datasets will lead to a distortion of the relative geometry. Thus, an organized method is required to minimize inherent errors in fitting to the new accurate dataset. The focus of this study is to design a comprehensive data preparation for legacy cadastral datasets improvement. The elements of datum traceability, cadastral error propagation and weightage setting in adjustment will be focused to achieve the targeted objective. The proposed result can be applied as a foundation for PAI approach in cadastral database modernization.

Every year, World Bank Group (WBG) is conducting assessment for 190 countries and produces a ranking report based on Doing Business performance – an initiative to measure benchmark efficiency on business regulation and their enforcement by a sample study (e.g. for Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur City Hall - DBKL). One of the ranking categories is based on Dealing with Construction Permits (DCP) which made us proud as announce Malaysia ranks for 2019 is #3 (based on 2018 assessment). This achievement was based on continues efforts and studies from the last bottom of #137 (since, 2007), #113 (2012) and continues with positive results (straight improvement) respectively till this year. Maintaining the top three ranks is not an easy task; however, is not impossible either. Lots of study in innovations, suggestions and implementation should be carried out to maintain and improve Malaysian DCP ranks. As per DCP of this year assessment, Work Bank has suggested all countries with 5 new suggestions (new additional marking schema). One of them is to engage Geographic Information System (GIS) for land use, cadastre, water, electricity and sewage related datasets. This paper propose an initial study (concept paper) towards engaging GIS in DCP activity as a response (first action) suggested by World Bank Group; crucial in maintaining DCP rank for 2020 as well as to provide better business regulations and enforcements for DBKL or other local authority. Later, an impact study will be conducted, utilizing new integrated GIS system publishing service (GeoMap) and the output of the study will indicate whether Malaysia Productive Corporation (MPC) should engage or ignore the 5th suggestion by World Bank Group, or to enhance with other initiatives.

Sustainable development consists of the developing process of land, city, business, and community, which can be used for future generation. One of the tools for describing this process is called spatial planning. Spatial planning taking into account several aspects such as the number of plots (2D), vertical rooms or apartment (3D) of buildings and access to transport. The realization of this object requires the application of three-dimensional (3D) cadastre. This is essential for property rights to be registered and not superimposed. Traditionally, the cadastre is based on a representation of the 2D terrestrial division, but the 2D cadastre is not appropriate for applying and modelling information about the products. Some researchers have also discussed the options for transitioning 2D to 2D+ or three-dimensional (3D) registrations. According to Behnam et al (2016), the use of Building Information Model (BIM) as a feasible approach for managing land and property information in the administration of multi-storey buildings. Here, BIM is a technology capable of displaying the building’s in 3D model which can provide any kind of information inside the building. In this research our focus on surveying and mapping the sustainable development of Balinese building structure based on their indigenous knowledge. From survey results, Bali has a unique building structure in land use terminology. Generally, Balinese people use the concept of Tri Hita Karana (relationship of God, Human and Environment) for building their home. Beside, in Bali, there is a local rule that the high of building has limitation of 15 meters or it should has 5 floors. Therefore, this will impact the development future infrastructures such as to build bridge, toll road, apartment, railway and etc. Thus the big challenge in this area is to sustain local culture but technology can be implemented.

A digital twin can be defined as a realistic representation of something physical. To improve decision making, a reliable digital twin of the underground is required. Utilities represent a significant portion of physical assets existing underground. Most of these utilities are situated in the relatively shallow layers of the underground, up to a few meters below the surface. The reliable information on subsurface utilities has clear benefits all throughout the life cycle of state land, resulting in efficient decision-making processes, cost savings, and additional revenues for land administration professionals. However, the lack of a reliable map of subsurface utilities lead to ill-informed decisions, costly information gathering, and missed business potential. This paper will share a case study of the 3D underground utility mapping workflow from data capture to usage in Singapore. The new data is collected by the Pegasus: Stream, a mobile mapping platform which captures above and underground data using the photo, laser and ground penetrating radar technology. Based on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) 3D underground utility data model, the new collected data is used with the existing utility and cadastral data for land administration. This study case expects to explore the reasonable workflow of 3D underground utility mapping to provide reliable information for land administration.

It is expected that by the year 2050, 66% of the world’s population will live in urban areas, necessitating the efficient management of land and urban space, namely the requirement for multi-dimensional land management systems (MLMS). In most countries, current LMS are two dimensional, representing the reality on a plane. This research aims at outlying guidelines designed for augmenting existing 2D LMS to multi-dimensional ones, by investigating theoretical (conceptual) and technical inferences related to the adding of the height dimension, the time dimension and the scale dimension (scale dimension may also refer to levels of details). Sustainable multi-purpose land management systems for serving various end-users is essential, therefore, our study is based on a Delphi questionnaire, which aims at understanding the perspective of diverse stakeholders and experts who may use LMS, as well as mapping their requirements and expectations from the LMS. Questions were categorized into two groups: i) theoretical, focusing on semantic and mathematical definitions; and, ii) technical, focusing on functionalities, databases, data collection, etc. As a preliminary assessment, responses of eight experts, from different fields and countries, to the questionnaire were analysed and summarized. The results are presented in this paper, including the main issues that experts pointed out, as well as suggested classes, fields, procedures and functionalities that might be required from a multi-purpose MLMS.

This paper deals with the use of Historical Building Information Modelling for digital reconstruction of buildings of rural architecture. The final Building Information Model (BIModel) can be used for research purposes such as Artistic and Historical Research, Building Archaeology Survey, etc., or can be used as basis for building restoration. The aim of the BIModel is to provide a reliable basis for future work.This paper presents practical experience gained during the implementation of the grant project “The Transformation of Rural Architecture with Emphasis on the Development of the 19th and 20th Centuries”, No. DG16P02H023. In the course of the project, datasets were collected from various sources and various types, usually photo documentation, cadastral maps, metric survey documentation, texts, etc. The interconnection of the datasets had to be ensured for future work. Therefore, solutions were sought to achieve this goal. Usually, complications occurred in sharing and exchanging data formats, georeferencing, selecting of resolution or Level of Detail (LoD), etc. In these cases, software tools and workflows were sought for integration between CAD or GIS, and vice versa.

A significant number of studies has been carried out to establish 3D cadastre solutions to improve the registration of multi-level property. Since the inception of research on 3D cadastres (about 20 years ago), the world around us has changed significantly and this also partly changes the context regarding 3D cadastre: technology (e.g. visualisation of 3D information), acquisition techniques and BIM data availability, and policy and organisational structures. This paper aims to explore the implications of these changes on 3D cadastre research with a view to discussing considerations for a contemporary 3D cadastre for our times. The paper draws on social and technical trends, challenges, and gaps around 3D cadastre practices from three jurisdictions: the Australian state of Victoria, the Netherlands, and Singapore. The cases have been selected as examples of well-functioning and highly trusted cadastres and land registries committed to innovation in this area, and whose practitioners and researchers are leading the research in this domain. This set provides a breadth of insight that informs our discussion. However, we acknowledge the limitations of the findings as the research undertaken in these jurisdictions is not complicated by other issues with registration or cadastres as they may occur in other countries.

In both the Geo and BIM domains, it is widely acknowledged that the integration of geo-data and BIM-data is beneficial and a crucial step in facing the multi-disciplinary challenges of our built environment. The result of this integration – broadly termed as GeoBIM – has a range of potential uses from district study to road safety. However, from the data perspective, this integration raises the question of how to integrate very detailed design and construction data from the BIM domain with contextual geospatial data (both 2D and 3D) that model a very diverse range of aspects of the wider built and natural environment.This paper reports work carried out during the second phase of the EuroSDR GeoBIM project, which sets out to understand the general status of GeoBIM across Europe with particular focus from a National Mapping and Cadastral Agency perspective. The first phase of the project reviewed the current status of GeoBIM in participating countries and identified the need for specific detailed use cases to overcome both the lack of awareness and the lack of understanding of the potential of GeoBIM. We present both an update on the current status of GeoBIM, and additional details of one of the selected use cases relating to planning/development permits. For the latter, we have been able to develop a detailed workflow highlighting specific data exchange points within the process to issue a development permit, allowing a more in-depth identification of both the roles and data needs at each stage.

Due to their usefulness in various implementations, such as energy evaluation, visibility analysis, emergency response, 3D cadastre, urban planning, change detection, navigation, etc., 3D city models have gained importance over the last decades. Point clouds are one of the primary data sources for the generation of realistic city models. Beside model-driven approaches, 3D building models can be directly produced from classified aerial point clouds. This paper presents an ongoing research for 3D building reconstruction based on the classification of aerial point clouds without given ancillary data (e.g. footprints, etc.). The work includes a deep learning approach based on specific geometric features extracted from the point cloud. The methodology was tested on the ISPRS 3D Semantic Labeling Contest (Vaihingen and Toronto point clouds) showing promising results, although partly affected by the low density and lack of points on the building facades for the available clouds.

Crowdsourcing is an emerging methodology for spatial data collection. This methodology has been used extensively to create small scale maps such as in OpenStreetMap. However, it has rarely been used in acquiring large scale, accurate engineering data. Expert-sourcing uses methods similar to crowdsourcing except that it collects information from experts and professionals. This article describes the development steps of novel expert-sourcing methodologies for updating the national geo-spatial database (cadastre and topography) in Israel. The input data for the process are building permit maps at a scale of 1 : 250 created by professionals. The first step in the process was the adaptation of a national standard for digital map contents, cartography and computer format. The second step was the development of the crowdsourcing system to get the maps from mapping professionals, assess them and verify that they meet the criteria. The two challenges in this step were to design an engaging User Experience (UX) that will not require training or a user manual and to develop automatic quality control tools. The third step was the creation of a data integration process to update the national database from the various sources. The system (aka TopoCad) provides a comprehensive set of tools to support the practice of obtaining information from all the surveyors and mapping experts in Israel. The system aggregates all the information of every mapping activity (geodesy, cadastre, construction permits, mapping and GIS) in a semi-automatic process. This novel platform improved governmental procedures and made services more efficient. In addition, this innovative tool improved the national databases by updating them with new data on an on-going basis.

Technological advancement is the key driver for economic growth and sustainable development. Geospatial Technologies applications and tools available today are being used for improved performance of a country towards all major verticals of economy. In a bid to attract investment and ensure hassle-free land acquisition for major projects, the Odisha government decided to create land banks for industrial development using advanced technology applications. In the present paper Geo-informatics, ICT and space technology inputs are used to create Web-GIS based solutions for Land Bank creation. High resolution ortho-images, geo-referenced digital revenue cadastral datasets, Revenue RoR data, satellite derived spatial datasets and utility attribute datasets of state department are used to create the Web-GIS Odisha land bank. Emphasis was given to develop a portal that offers an interactive platform and provide detailed information with regards to availability of industrial plots or land plot clusters based on location specific attributes in terms of connectivity, rail and road linkages and other physical and social infrastructure available in the vicinity. Conversely, the developed system helps an investor to identify suitable land plots in the vicinity of the utility, sub-utility selected by an investor as per his requirement. It enables prospective investors to identify suitable land in Odisha from the comfort of their offices. A prospective investor can define preferred parameters such as the district, size of land required, facilities available in the vicinity and proximity to existing developed infrastructure etc. based on which the portal identifies and returns information regarding the suitable land parcels available in the State. The outputs are web-hosted in public domain for use by all stakeholders interactively under GOPLUS (Govt. Odisha Portal for Land use and Services) through gis.investodisha.org.

The urban environment is dynamic and is constantly changing. In Brazil, it has been recently published a decree for urban land regulation for the cadastre – Decree No 9.310 of 2018 15 of March which fixes 8,0 centimeters as the maximum spherical positional error for vertex of an urban property stock being georeferenced by Global Navigation Satellite System – GNSS equipment or aerial orthophotograph. Nowadays it has been noticed a growing use of Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle System – UAVS for remote sensing. This work aims to test if the accuracy of orthophoto-mosaic from a small UAVS mapping data of an urban area for a parcel scale georeferencing is answering the new decree of urban land regulation for the cadastre. It is intended to check the number of Ground Control Points (GCPs) to reach the best quality in terms of geometric resolution according to the necessity of positional quality for the urban parcel georeferenced for the cadastre. As a final consideration, the results implied that mapping a small surveying area with small UAVS is worth, being a potential tool for georeferencing city blocks, and using 20 pairs of GCPs is enough to reach the quality of positional geometry adequate to the Brazilian legislation.

3D city modeling has become important over the last decades as these models are being used in different studies including, energy evaluation, visibility analysis, 3D cadastre, urban planning, change detection, disaster management, etc. Segmentation and classification of photogrammetric or LiDAR data is important for 3D city models as these are the main data sources, and, these tasks are challenging due to their complexity. This study presents research in progress, which focuses on the segmentation and classification of 3D point clouds and orthoimages to generate 3D urban models. The aim is to classify photogrammetric-based point clouds (> 30 pts/sqm) in combination with aerial RGB orthoimages (~ 10 cm, RGB image) in order to name buildings, ground level objects (GLOs), trees, grass areas, and other regions. If on the one hand the classification of aerial orthoimages is foreseen to be a fast approach to get classes and then transfer them from the image to the point cloud space, on the other hand, segmenting a point cloud is expected to be much more time consuming but to provide significant segments from the analyzed scene. For this reason, the proposed method combines segmentation methods on the two geoinformation in order to achieve better results.

Applications of 3D City Models range from assessing the potential output of solar panels across a city to determining the best location for 5G mobile phone masts. While in the past these models were not readily available, the rapid increase of available data from sources such as Open Data (e.g. OpenStreetMap), National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies and increasingly Building Information Models facilitates the implementation of increasingly detailed 3D Models. However, these sources also generate integration challenges relating to heterogeneity, storage and efficient management and visualization. CityGML and IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) are two standards that serve different application domains (GIS and BIM) and are commonly used to store and share 3D information. The ability to convert data from IFC to CityGML in a consistent manner could generate 3D City Models able to represent an entire city, but that also include detailed geometric and semantic information regarding its elements. However, CityGML and IFC present major differences in their schemas, rendering interoperability a challenging task, particularly when details of a building’s internal structure are considered (Level of Detail 4 in CityGML). The aim of this paper is to investigate interoperability options between the aforementioned standards, by converting IFC models to CityGML LoD 4 Models. The CityGML Models are then semantically enriched and the proposed methodology is assessed in terms of model’s geometric validity and capability to preserve semantics.

Building footprint data from National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies are available in Germany for 7 years as a uniform, nation-wide geospatial data set and are updated annually. These multi-temporal building data sets can form the basis for the application of change detection techniques to derive national figures on dynamics in the building stock. Since these building data sets have only been built up in recent years, it is necessary to distinguish real changes from false changes. This is done by applying vector geometry-based operations and statistical analyses, which are presented in this article. Furthermore, by the additional use of the raster dataset Copernicus – European Settlement Map (classified, resolution 2.5 m) it is approximately possible to estimate whether it is a correct change or not. The advantage of this approach is that large-scale comparable results can be derived simply and quickly based on uniform basic data.

A full processing chain for inundation modelling/mapping is implemented in different specialised software like HEC-RAS or Flood Modeller. Alternatively, inundation water level can be estimated separately, and then can be mapped in desktop (universal) Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Last approach can be demanded in a complex already-formed GIS-based mapping processing chains, when inundation area mapping appears only as a step of analysis and mapping technology. This context is usual for cadastral accounting of inundation areas. However, such a processing chain have a lack of computation tools, as currently used desktop GISs (e.g., QGIS, ArcGIS, etc.) capable originally to map only a lake-type inundation areas (certainly, in the case of regular software assembly), while along-the-river inundation should have water surface sloping along the river body. Addressing to the filling the gap of along-the-river inundation mapping in desktop GIS software, we have developed an approach to mapping of river-type inundation area, and implemented it in a test mode to support cadastral accounting of river flood inundation areas. The approach is based upon geometrical modelling of the water surface only, and is not concerned with consideration of hydrogeological conditions and ground water regime. Being simplified, this technique may be rough tool for the cases when hydrogeological aspect have to be respected, however it is simple for implementation and is useful when estimating topography impact only.

Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI) is the refining process of the geometry feature in a geospatial dataset to improve its actual position. This actual position relates to the absolute position in specific coordinate system and the relation to the neighborhood features. With the growth of spatial based technology especially Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the PAI campaign is inevitable especially to the legacy cadastral database. Integration of legacy dataset and higher accuracy dataset like GNSS observation is a potential solution for improving the legacy dataset. However, by merely integrating both datasets will lead to a distortion of the relative geometry. The improved dataset should be further treated to minimize inherent errors and fitting to the new accurate dataset. The main focus of this study is to describe a method of angular based Least Square Adjustment (LSA) for PAI process of legacy dataset. The existing high accuracy dataset known as National Digital Cadastral Database (NDCDB) is then used as bench mark to validate the results. It was found that the propose technique is highly possible for positional accuracy improvement of legacy spatial datasets.

This paper explains the process carried out in identifying the significant role of NDCDB in Malaysia specifically in the land-based analysis. The research was initially a part of a larger research exercise to identify the significance of NDCDB from the legal, technical, role and land-based analysis perspectives. The research methodology of applying the Delphi technique is substantially discussed in this paper. A heterogeneous panel of 14 experts was created to determine the importance of NDCDB from the role standpoint. Seven statements pertaining the significant role of NDCDB in Malaysia and land-based analysis were established after three rounds of consensus building. The agreed statements provided a clear definition to describe the important role of NDCDB in Malaysia and for land-based analysis, which was limitedly studied that lead to unclear perception to the general public and even the geospatial community. The connection of the statements with disaster management is discussed concisely at the end of the research.

A well-known problem of geographical information is the communication of the quality level. It can be either done verbally / numerically or it can be done graphically. The graphical form is especially useful if the quality has a spatial variation because the spatial distribution is visualized as well. The problem of spatial variation of quality is an issue for cadastral maps. Non-experts cannot determine the quality at a specific location. Therefore a visual representation was tested for the Austrian cadastre. A map sheet was redesigned to give some indication of cadastral quality and presented to both experts and non-experts. The paper presents the result of the interviews.

The Netherlands' Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency – in short Kadaster – collects and registers administrative and spatial data on property and the rights involved. This includes for ships, aircraft and telecommunications networks. Doing so, Kadaster protects legal certainty. The Kadaster publishes many large authoritative datasets including several key registers of the Dutch Government (Topography, Addresses and Buildings). Furthermore Kadaster is also developing and maintaining the PDOK shared service, in which about 100 spatial datasets are being published in several formats, including an incredible amount of detailed geospatial objects. Geospatial objects include all plots of land, all buildings, all roads and all lampposts. These objects are spatially and/or conceptually related, but are maintained by different data curators. As a result these datasets are syntactically and architecturally disjoint, and using them together currently requires non-trivial human labor. In response to this, Kadaster is currently publishing its geo-spatial data assets as Linked Open Data. The standardized query language for Linked Open Geodata is GeoSPARQL. Unfortunately, current tooling does not support writing and evaluating GeoSPARQL queries. This paper presents GeoYASGUI, a GeoSPARQL editor and result-set viewer with IDE capabilities. GeoYASGUI is not a new software product, but an integration of and a collection of updates to existing Open Source libraries. With GeoYASGUI it becomes possible to query the rich Open Data assets of the Kadaster.

Recent years have shown a shift from pure geometric 3D city models to data with semantics. This is induced by new applications (e.g. Virtual/Augmented Reality) and also a requirement for concepts like Smart Cities. However, essential urban semantic data like building use categories is often not available. We present a first step in bridging this gap by proposing a pipeline to use crawled urban imagery and link it with ground truth cadastral data as an input for automatic building use classification. We aim to extract this city-relevant semantic information automatically from Street View (SV) imagery. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) proved to be extremely successful for image interpretation, however, require a huge amount of training data. Main contribution of the paper is the automatic provision of such training datasets by linking semantic information as already available from databases provided from national mapping agencies or city administrations to the corresponding façade images extracted from SV. Finally, we present first investigations with a CNN and an alternative classifier as a proof of concept.

Recently in our country, the construction of buildings become more complex and it seems that strata objects database becomes more important in registering the real world as people now own and use multilevel of spaces. Furthermore, strata title was increasingly important and need to be well-managed. LADM is a standard model for land administration and it allows integrated 2D and 3D representation of spatial units. LADM also known as ISO 19152. The aim of this paper is to develop a strata objects database using LADM. This paper discusses the current 2D geospatial database and needs for 3D geospatial database in future. This paper also attempts to develop a strata objects database using a standard data model (LADM) and to analyze the developed strata objects database using LADM data model. The current cadastre system in Malaysia includes the strata title is discussed in this paper. The problems in the 2D geospatial database were listed and the needs for 3D geospatial database in future also is discussed. The processes to design a strata objects database are conceptual, logical and physical database design. The strata objects database will allow us to find the information on both non-spatial and spatial strata title information thus shows the location of the strata unit. This development of strata objects database may help to handle the strata title and information.

The traditional method for updating a topographic database on a national scale is a complex process that requires human resources, time and the development of specialized procedures. In many National Mapping and Cadaster Agencies (NMCA), the updating cycle takes a few years. Today, the reality is dynamic and the changes occur every day, therefore, the users expect that the existing database will portray the current reality. Global mapping projects which are based on community volunteers, such as OSM, update their database every day based on crowdsourcing. In order to fulfil user's requirements for rapid updating, a new methodology that maps major interest areas while preserving associated decoding information, should be developed. Until recently, automated processes did not yield satisfactory results, and a typically process included comparing images from different periods. The success rates in identifying the objects were low, and most were accompanied by a high percentage of false alarms. As a result, the automatic process required significant editorial work that made it uneconomical. In the recent years, the development of technologies in mapping, advancement in image processing algorithms and computer vision, together with the development of digital aerial cameras with NIR band and Very High Resolution satellites, allow the implementation of a cost effective automated process. The automatic process is based on high-resolution Digital Surface Model analysis, Multi Spectral (MS) classification, MS segmentation, object analysis and shape forming algorithms. This article reviews the results of a novel change detection methodology as a first step for updating NTDB in the Survey of Israel.

Urban land cover/use changes like urbanization and urban sprawl have been impacting the urban ecosystems significantly therefore determination of urban land cover/use changes is an important task to understand trends and status of urban ecosystems, to support urban planning and to aid decision-making for urban-based projects. High resolution satellite images could be used to accurately, periodically and quickly map urban land cover/use and their changes by time. This paper aims to determine urban land cover/use changes in Gaziantep city centre between 2010 and 2105 using object based images analysis and high resolution SPOT 5 and SPOT 6 images. 2.5 m SPOT 5 image obtained in 5th of June 2010 and 1.5 m SPOT 6 image obtained in 7th of July 2015 were used in this research to precisely determine land changes in five-year period. In addition to satellite images, various ancillary data namely Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Difference Water Index (NDWI) maps, cadastral maps, OpenStreetMaps, road maps and Land Cover maps, were integrated into the classification process to produce high accuracy urban land cover/use maps for these two years. Both images were geometrically corrected to fulfil the 1/10,000 scale geometric accuracy. Decision tree based object oriented classification was applied to identify twenty different urban land cover/use classes defined in European Urban Atlas project. Not only satellite images and satellite image-derived indices but also different thematic maps were integrated into decision tree analysis to create rule sets for accurate mapping of each class. Rule sets of each satellite image for the object based classification involves spectral, spatial and geometric parameter to automatically produce urban map of the city centre region. Total area of each class per related year and their changes in five-year period were determined and change trend in terms of class transformation were presented. Classification accuracy assessment was conducted by creating a confusion matrix to illustrate the thematic accuracy of each class.

The federal governments of Germany endeavour to create a harmonized 3D building data set based on a common application schema (the AdV-CityGML-Profile). The Bavarian Agency for Digitisation, High-Speed Internet and Surveying has launched a statewide 3D Building Model with standardized roof shapes for all 8.1 million buildings in Bavaria. For the acquisition of the 3D Building Model LiDAR-data or data from Image Matching are used as basis in addition with the building ground plans of the official cadastral map. The data management of the 3D Building Model is carried out by a central database with the usage of a nationwide standardized CityGML-Profile of the AdV. The update of the 3D Building Model for new buildings is done by terrestrial building measurements within the maintenance process of the cadaster and from image matching. In a joint research project, the Bavarian State Agency for Surveying and Geoinformation and the TUM, Chair of Geoinformatics, transformed an AdV-CityGML-Profilebased test data set of Bavarian LoD2 building models into an INSPIRE-compliant schema. For the purpose of a transformation of such kind, the AdV provides a data specification, a test plan for 3D Building Models and a mapping table. The research project examined whether the transformation rules defined in the mapping table, were unambiguous and sufficient for implementing a transformation of LoD2 data based on the AdV-CityGML-Profile into the INSPIRE schema. The proof of concept was carried out by transforming production data of the Bavarian 3D Building Model in LoD2 into the INSPIRE BU schema. In order to assure the quality of the data to be transformed, the test specifications according to the test plan for 3D Building Models of the AdV were carried out. The AdV mapping table was checked for completeness and correctness and amendments were made accordingly.

The European Location Framework (ELF) means a technical infrastructure which will deliver authoritative, interoperable geospatial reference data from all over Europe for analysing and understanding information connected to places and features. The ELF has been developed and set up through the ELF Project, which has been realized by a consortium of partners (public, private and academic organisations) since March 2013. Their number increased from thirty to forty in the year 2016, together with a project extension from 36 to 44 months. The project is co-funded by the European Commission’s Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) and will end in October 2016. In broad terms, the ELF Project will deliver a unique gateway to the authoritative reference geospatial information for Europe (harmonised pan-European maps, geographic and land information) sourced from the National Mapping and Cadastral Authorities (NMCAs) around Europe and including transparent licensing. This will be provided as an online ELF web service that will deliver an up-to-date topographic base map and also as view & download services for access to the ELF datasets. To develop and build up the ELF, NMCAs are accompanied and collaborate with several research & academia institutes, a standardisation body, system integrators, software developers and application providers. The harmonisation is in progress developing and triggering a number of geo-tools like edge-matching, generalisation, transformation and others. ELF will provide also some centralised tools like Geo Locator for searching location based on geographical names, addresses and administrative units, and GeoProduct Finder for discovering the available web-services and licensing them. ELF combines national reference geo-information through the ELF platform. ELF web services will be offered to users and application developers through open source (OSKARI) and proprietary (ArcGIS Online) cloud platforms. Recently, 29 NMCAs plus the EuroGeographics – their pan-European umbrella association, contribute to the ELF through an enrichment of data coverage. As a result, over 20 European countries will be covered with the ELF topo Base Map in 2016. Most countries will contribute also with other harmonized thematic data for viewing or down-loading. To overcome the heterogeneity of data resources and diversity of languages in tens of European countries, ELF builds on the existing INSPIRE rules and its own coordination and interoperability measures. ELF realisation empowers the implementation of INSPIRE in Europe and it complements related activities of European NMCAs, e.g. Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (CUZK), which provides a large portfolio of spatial data/services and contributes significantly to the NSDI of Czech Republic. CUZK is also responsible for the Base Register of Territorial Identification, Addresses and Real Estates (RUIAN) – an important pillar of Czech e-Government. CUZK became an early-bird in implementing INSPIRE and it provides to the ELF a number of compliant datasets and web services. CUZK and the Polish NMCA (GUGiK) collaborate in the Central-European ELF Pilot (cluster) and test various cross-border prototypes. The presentation combines the national and crossborder view and experiences of CUZK and the European perspective of EuroGeographics.

Geospatial data are today more and more widespread. Many different institutions, such as Geographical Institutes, Public Administrations, collaborative communities (e.g., OSM) and web companies, make available nowadays a large number of maps. Besides this cartography, projects of digitizing, georeferencing and web publication of historical maps have increasingly spread in the recent years. In spite of these variety and availability of data, information overload makes difficult their discovery and management: without knowing the specific repository where the data are stored, it is difficult to find the information required and problems of interconnection between different data sources and their restricted interoperability limit a wide utilization of available geo-data. This paper aims to describe some actions performed to assure interoperability between data, in particular spatial and geographic data, gathered from different data providers, with different features and referring to different historical periods. The article summarizes and exemplifies how, starting from projects of historical map digitizing and Historical GIS implementation, respectively for the Lombardy and for the city of Parma, the interoperability is possible in the framework of the ENERGIC OD project. The European project ENERGIC OD, thanks to a specific component – the virtual hub – based on a brokering framework, copes with the previous listed problems and allows the interoperability between different data sources.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) significantly increased in the last years. It is used for several different applications, such as mapping, publicity, security, natural disasters assistance, environmental monitoring, 3D building model generation, cadastral survey, etc. The imagery obtained by this kind of system has a great potential. To use these images in true orthophoto generation projects related to urban scenes or areas where buildings are present, it is important to consider the occlusion caused by surface height variation, platform attitude, and perspective projection. Occlusions in UAV imagery are usually larger than in conventional airborne dataset due to the low-altitude and excessive change in orientation due to the low-weight and wind effects during the flight mission. Therefore, this paper presents a method for occlusion detection together with some obtained results for images acquired by a UAV platform. The proposed method shows potential in occlusion detection and true orthophoto generation.

This paper describes a WebGIS prototype developed for the Walloon administration to improve the communication and the management of sediments dredging actions carried out in rivers and lakes. In Wallonia, levelling dredged sediments on banks requires an official authorization from the administration. This request refers to geospatial datasets such as the official land use map, the cadastral map or the distance to potential pollution sources. Centralising geodatabases within a web interface facilitate the management of these authorizations for the managers and the central administration. The proposed system integrates various data from disparate sources. Some issues in map scale, spatial search quality and cartographic visualisation are discussed in this paper with the solutions provided. The prototype web application is currently discussed with some potential users in order to understand in which way this tool facilitate the communication, the management and the quality of the authorisation process. The structure of the paper states the why, what, who and how of this communication tool with a special focus on errors and uncertainties.

This article describes the use of a combination of non-destructive techniques for the complex documentation of a fabulous historical site called Devil’s Furrow, an unusual linear formation lying in the landscape of central Bohemia. In spite of many efforts towards interpretation of the formation, its original form and purpose have not yet been explained in a satisfactory manner. The study focuses on the northern part of the furrow which appears to be a dissimilar element within the scope of the whole Devil’s Furrow. This article presents detailed description of relics of the formation based on historical map searches and modern investigation methods including airborne laser scanning, aerial photogrammetry (based on airplane and RPAS) and ground-penetrating radar. Airborne laser scanning data and aerial orthoimages acquired by the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre were used. Other measurements were conducted by our laboratory. Data acquired by various methods provide sufficient information to determine the probable original shape of the formation and proves explicitly the anthropological origin of the northern part of the formation (around village Lipany).

The classification of remote sensing data is a standard method to retrieve up-to-date land use data at various scales. However, through the incorporation of additional data using geographical information systems (GIS) land use analyses can be enriched significantly. In this regard, the Multi-Data Approach (MDA) for the integration of remote sensing classifications and official basic geodata for a regional scale as well as the achievable results are summarised. On this methodological basis, we investigate the enhancement of land use analyses at a very high spatial resolution by combining WorldView-2 remote sensing data and official cadastral data for Germany (the Automated Real Estate Map, ALK). Our first results show that manifold thematic information and the improved geometric delineation of land use classes can be gained even at a high spatial resolution.

In order to examine using cadastral maps as base maps for aerial orthophotos, two different 2D transformation methods were applied between various coordinate systems. Study area was chosen from Kagithane district in Istanbul. The used data is an orthophoto (30 cm spatial resolution), and cadastral map (1:1000) taken from land office, containing the same region. Transformation methods are chosen as; 1st Order Polynomial Transformation and Helmert 2D Transformation within this study. The test points, used to determine the coefficients between the datums, were 26 common traverse points and the check points, used to compare the transformed coordinates to reliable true coordinates, were 10 common block corners. The transformation methods were applied using Matlab software. After applying the methods, residuals were calculated and compared between each transformation method in order to use cadastral maps as reliable vector data.

Bank erosion process of the Ganga River created a serious livelihood risk for the villagers situated on left bank of the river in Malda district of the State of West Bengal, India since last four decades. Due to the erosion of agriculture land by the river, most of the villagers having agriculture as their only means of livelihood became jobless suddenly. Presently they are living in a miserable condition. One of the main objectives of this paper is to find out an alternative means of livelihood for the victims to improve their miserable socio-economic condition. It has been found from field survey that some erosion affected villagers have started to live and practice agriculture temporarily on the riverine islands (large and stable since thirteen years) as these islands have very fertile soil. If the re-emerged land plots can again be demarcated on the newly formed islands and distributed among the landless people to practice agriculture over there, then it will be a useful alternative livelihood strategy for the victims. The demarcation of re-emerged plots can be achieved by georeferencing the cadastral maps and then overlaying the plots on the present river course. In the present study area geo-referencing process of the cadastral maps became a serious issue as the study area has been very dynamic in terms of land cover and land use. Most of the villages were lost into the river course. Thus the common permanent features, required for geo-referencing, shown in the cadastral maps (surveyed during 1954–1962) were not found in the present satellite images. The second important objective of the present study is to develop a proper methodology for geo-referencing the cadastral maps of this area. The Spatial Adjustment Transformation and Automatic Digitization tools of Arc GIS were used to prepare geo-referenced plot maps. In Projective Transformation method the geometrically corrected block maps having village boundaries were used as source file. Then the georeferenced plot maps were overlaid on the present river course and the plots covered by islands or lands were extracted. For e.g., Gopalpur village contains nearly 29% of its total area as riverine island and 36% of total plots are covered by this island area. These plots can be distributed to the land less people so that they can utilize it and reduce their livelihood risk in future.

Advancements in satellite sensor technology enabling capturing of geometrically accurate images of earth's surface coupled with DGPS/ETS and GIS technology holds the capability of large scale mapping of land resources at cadastral level. High Resolution Satellite Images depict field bunds distinctly. Thus plot parcels are to be delineated from cloud free ortho-images and obscured/difficult areas are to be surveyed using DGPS and ETS. The vector datasets thus derived through RS/DGPS/ETS survey are to be integrated in GIS environment to generate the base cadastral vector datasets for further settlement/title confirmation activities. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the efficacy of a hybrid methodology employed in Pitambarpur Sasana village under Digapahandi Tahasil of Ganjam district, as a pilot project, particularly in Odisha scenario where the land parcel size is very small. One of the significant observations of the study is matching of Cadastral map area i.e. 315.454 Acres, the image map area i.e. 314.887 Acres and RoR area i.e. 313.815 Acre. It was revealed that 79 % of plots derived by high-tech survey method show acceptable level of accuracy despite the fact that the mode of area measurement by ground and automated method has significant variability. The variations are more in case of Government lands, Temple/Trust lands, Common Property Resources and plots near to river/nalas etc. The study indicates that the adopted technology can be extended to other districts and cadastral resurvey and updating work can be done for larger areas of the country using this methodology.

There are complex spatio-temporal relationships among cadastral entities. Cadastral spatio-temporal data model should not only describe the data structure of cadastral objects, but also express cadastral spatio-temporal relationships between cadastral objects. In the past, many experts and scholars have proposed a variety of cadastral spatio-temporal data models, but few of them concentrated on the representation of spatiotemporal relationships and few of them make systematic studies on spatiotemporal relationships between cadastral objects. The studies on spatio-temporal topological relationships are not abundant. In the paper, we initially review current approaches to the studies of spatio-temporal topological relationships, and argue that spatio-temporal topological relation is the combination of temporal topology on the time dimension and spatial topology on the spatial dimension. Subsequently, we discuss and develop an integrated representation of spatio-temporal topological relationships within a 3-dimensional temporal space. In the end, based on the semantics of spatiotemporal changes between land parcels, we conclude the possible spatio-temporal topological relations between land parcels, which provide the theoretical basis for creating, updating and maintaining of land parcels in the cadastral database.

Natural Resources are essential for security and sustainable development of each country. Therefore, in order to reach sustainable development, conservation as well as optimum utilization of natural resources, executing of natural resources cadastral plan is necessary and essential. Governments conduct lands management in Iran, so there is a need for comprehensive plan with arranged program for best evaluation. In this research as a pilot, Pasargadae city is opted. Pasargadae region is located in north-east of Shiraz in Fars province with Latitude and longitude of 30° 15 ́ 53 ̋ N and 53° 13 ́ 29 ̋ E respectively. In order to generate the cadastral maps, Firstly, images from QuickBird satellite with 50-60 centimeters resolution were georeferenced by utilizing ground control points with accurate GPS coordinates. In addition to satellite images, old paper maps with 1:10000 scale in local coordinate system from agriculture ministry in 1963 were digitized according to 1:25000 scale map from army geographical organization with AutoCad software. Beside, paper maps with 1:50000 scale and Google Earth were used to find the changes during time. All the above maps were added to QuickBird images as new layers by using ArcMap software. These maps also were utilized to determine the different land-uses. Thus, by employing ArcMap software lands divide into 2 groups: firstly, lands with official document, which is owned by either natural or legal persons, and secondly national lands under different uses such as forestry, range management and desertification plans. Consequently, the generation of cadastral maps leads to better difference between private and national lands. In addition, producing cadastral maps prevent the destruction and illegal possession of natural lands by individuals.

The digital age for cadastral surveying started in stages, more than 20 years ago in Malaysia and JUPEM played a vital role in its successful implementation nationwide. One of the key products of cadastral survey is cadastral maps, which provide useful information for any land information system. However, as technology evolved and simplicity is familiarised, better services are anticipated and have affected how cadastral survey information are perceived. A paradigm shift is necessary where enriched cadastral information is required for multiple usage and allow real cadastral information based services to users. On that note, JUPEM is intrigued to develop a system where National Digital Cadastral Database is value added with other geospatial information for a smart and multipurpose environment and clearly be interpreted as a decision making tool with the aids of 3D realistic spatial data, namely SmartKADASTER. The SmartKADASTER is an ongoing project developed by JUPEM with the aim to establish a realistic and SMART cadastral-based spatial analysis platform for an effective planning, decision making, enabling efficiencies and enhancing communication and management to support SMART services towards SMART City enablement in Malaysia. It is developed in phases with the Federal Territory of Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur as the initial project implementation area. This paper provides awareness and insights of the on-going development of the project and how it could benefit potential users and stakeholders.