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Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in China, and incidence and mortality continue to rise despite the fact that smoking prevalence is very low among Chinese women. Aim This study investigated tobacco smoking and trends in histological subtypes of female lung cancer in a central cancer hospital in China. Methods Demographic, smoking history and histological information on female lung cancer patients diagnosed or treated from 2000 to 2012 was collected from the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CHCAMS). The classification of histological subtypes and clinical stages were conducted using the ICD-O-3 and Eighth AJCC Cancer Staging Manuals. Time-trends of histological subtypes were analyzed based on annual percentage change (APC). Results Overall, 5870 female cases of lung cancer were included in the analysis. The number of female lung cancer patients increased from 509 (2000-2002) to 1744 (2011-2012). The most common histological type of lung cancer was adenocarcinoma (ADC) (72.93%), followed by small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (11.06%), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (8.38%) and other (7.63%). Among smokers, the proportion of SCC decreased from 40.5% to 23.7% (P = 0.005), while ADC increased from 35.7% to 50.7% (P = 0.009). In non-smokers, ADC increased from 63.1% to 80.6% (P = 0.006) and SCC decreased from 13.6% to 4.5% (P = 0.016). Among SCC cases, smokers made up a larger proportion of early stage (I/II: 47.1%) compared with late stages (III, 34.3%; IV, 18.6%). Conclusion The number of female lung cancer patients has increased in CHCAMS. In both smoking and non-smoking cases, the proportion of adenocarcinoma increased. Squamous cell carcinomas were more likely to be diagnosed in early stages among smokers.

Background Esophageal cancer has been a common cancer in China for many years. Using the most recent data collected from the National Central Cancer Registry, we present estimates of the esophageal cancer burden in China in 2011. Methods Age‐specific incidence and mortality rates by gender and area for 18 age groups were calculated based on data from 177 qualified population‐based cancer registries. The number of new cases of esophageal cancer and cancer deaths were computed by multiplying these rates by the 2011 population. Crude incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer were estimated. Results The estimated number of new esophageal cancer cases and deaths were 291 238 and 218 957, respectively. The crude incidence and mortality rates for esophageal cancer were 21.62/100 000 and 16.25/100 000, respectively. The age‐standardized incidence and mortality rates by world population were 15.83/100 000 and 11.62/100 000, respectively. Both the incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer were higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and in men than in women. The age‐specific esophageal cancer incidence and mortality rates increased with age. In China, squamous cell cancer was the most common pathological type of the disease. Conclusion Esophageal cancer remains a major public health issue in China. Primary and secondary prevention are essential for disease control.

Background We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer in order to provide evidence for control of traffic-related air pollution. Methods Several databases were searched for relevant studies up to December 2013. The quality of articles obtained was evaluated by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Statistical analysis, including pooling effective sizes and confidential intervals, was performed. Results A total of 1106 records were obtained through the database and 36 studies were included in our analysis. Among the studies included, 14 evaluated the association between ambient exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer and 22 studies involved occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers. Twenty-two studies were marked A level regarding quality, 13 were B level, and one was C level. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (meta-odds ratio [OR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1.13), nitrogen oxide (meta-OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07), sulfur dioxide (meta-OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05), and fine particulate matter (meta-OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.22) were positively associated with a risk of lung cancer. Occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers significantly increased the incidence (meta-OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.19–1.36) and mortality of lung cancer (meta-OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.26). Conclusion Exposure to traffic-related air pollution significantly increased the risk of lung cancer.

Background The National Cancer Registration of China provides annual updates on female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Methods Data on female breast cancer incidence and mortality was obtained from the population-based cancer registries around China. Based on the criteria of data quality, 72 registries' data was included for further analysis. Incidence and mortality rates of female breast cancer were calculated and stratified by age, sex, and geographical area. Results Female population coverage over 72 cancer registries was 42 238 968, with 28 503 924 in urban areas and 13 735 044 in rural areas. The crude cancer incidence rate in all areas was 42.55/100 000, and the age-standardize rates by Chinese population and World population were 23.16/100 000 and 28.99/100 000, respectively. The incidence rates in urban areas were much higher than those in rural areas. The crude cancer mortality was 10.24/100 000 in all areas, and age-standardized mortality rates by China and World population were 4.94/100 000 and 6.56/100 000, respectively. Age-adjusted mortality rates in urban areas were also higher than those in rural areas. Age specific incidence rates reached highest at the age group of 50–54, whereas the age specific mortality rates were highest in the age group of 85 and above. Conclusion Breast cancer was the most common cancer found in Chinese women in 2009 and the disease was more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas. Systematic interventions of cancer prevention and control are needed.

Objective: To analyze lung cancer epidemiological trends and estimate the lung cancer burden in China. Methods: The age-specific mortality/incidence ratios in different geographical areas and for both sexes for lung cancer were obtained from the National Cancer Registration database in 2004 and 2005. Cancer crude mortality rates were retrieved from the database of the third national death survey from 2004–2005. Age-specific incidence rates of lung cancer were calculated using mortality and mortality/incidence ratios. The annual percent change was estimated with a log regression model using joinpoint software analyzing pooled lung cancer incidence data from 10 cancer registries from 1988 to 2005. Results: The total estimated new lung cancer cases and deaths in 2005 were 536 407 and 475 768 respectively, the numbers were higher for men than for women, and show an increase of 1.63% annually from 1988 to 2005. However, the trend showed a slowdown of 0.55% after being adjusted for age. Conclusions: Lung cancer is one of the major health issues in China and the burden is getting serious. Aging is the main cause for the increasing incidence and mortality of lung cancer. Effective cancer prevention and control is imperative. Tobacco control especially should be implemented in nationwide.

Background We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer in order to provide evidence for control of traffic-related air pollution. Methods Several databases were searched for relevant studies up to December 2013. The quality of articles obtained was evaluated by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Statistical analysis, including pooling effective sizes and confidential intervals, was performed. Results A total of 1106 records were obtained through the database and 36 studies were included in our analysis. Among the studies included, 14 evaluated the association between ambient exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer and 22 studies involved occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers. Twenty-two studies were marked A level regarding quality, 13 were B level, and one was C level. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (meta-odds ratio [OR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–1.13), nitrogen oxide (meta-OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07), sulfur dioxide (meta-OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05), and fine particulate matter (meta-OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.00–1.22) were positively associated with a risk of lung cancer. Occupational exposure to air pollution among professional drivers significantly increased the incidence (meta-OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.19–1.36) and mortality of lung cancer (meta-OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.26). Conclusion Exposure to traffic-related air pollution significantly increased the risk of lung cancer.

The National Cancer Registration of China provides annual updates on female breast cancer incidence and mortality.Data on female breast cancer incidence and mortality was obtained from the population-based cancer registries around China. Based on the criteria of data quality, 72 registries' data was included for further analysis. Incidence and mortality rates of female breast cancer were calculated and stratified by age, sex, and geographical area.Female population coverage over 72 cancer registries was 42 238 968, with 28 503 924 in urban areas and 13 735 044 in rural areas. The crude cancer incidence rate in all areas was 42.55/100 000, and the age-standardize rates by Chinese population and World population were 23.16/100 000 and 28.99/100 000, respectively. The incidence rates in urban areas were much higher than those in rural areas. The crude cancer mortality was 10.24/100 000 in all areas, and age-standardized mortality rates by China and World population were 4.94/100 000 and 6.56/100 000, respectively. Age-adjusted mortality rates in urban areas were also higher than those in rural areas. Age specific incidence rates reached highest at the age group of 50-54, whereas the age specific mortality rates were highest in the age group of 85 and above.Breast cancer was the most common cancer found in Chinese women in 2009 and the disease was more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas. Systematic interventions of cancer prevention and control are needed.

The National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) is a governmental organization for cancer surveillance affiliated to the Bureau of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, in China. It annually collects cancer registration data from local registries and then analyzes and publishes the results to provide useful information for making anti-cancer policy, program evaluation, and etiology research. At the end of 2012, the NCCR reported cancer statistics for 2009.By mid 2012, 104 population-based cancer registries reported cancer incidence and mortality data, including demographic information, for 2009, to the NCCR. After an evaluation procedure, a total of 72 registries' data met the criteria, which was then compiled for analysis. Individual lung cancer cases were retrieved from the national database based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 topography code as "C33, C34," including cancers of the trachea and bronchus. The crude incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were calculated by gender, age, and location (urban/rural). China's population in 1982 and Segi's population structures were used for age-standardized rates.In cancer registration areas in 2009, lung cancer was the most common cancer in China and in urban areas, the second most common cancer in rural areas. It was the leading cause of cancer death both in males and females, urban and rural areas. The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were higher in males than those in females, and in urban areas than in rural areas. The age-specific incidence and mortality rates showed that both rates were relatively low for those aged under 50 years, but dramatically increased and reached a peak in the age group of 80-84 years.Lung cancer is the most common cancer in China and leading cause of cancer death. Primary and secondary prevention should be carried out in each group, such as tobacco control and early detection.

To analyze lung cancer epidemiological trends and estimate the lung cancer burden in China. The age-specific mortality/incidence ratios in different geographical areas and for both sexes for lung cancer were obtained from the National Cancer Registration database in 2004 and 2005. Cancer crude mortality rates were retrieved from the database of the third national death survey from 2004-2005. Age-specific incidence rates of lung cancer were calculated using mortality and mortality/incidence ratios. The annual percent change was estimated with a log regression model using joinpoint software analyzing pooled lung cancer incidence data from 10 cancer registries from 1988 to 2005. The total estimated new lung cancer cases and deaths in 2005 were 536 407 and 475 768 respectively, the numbers were higher for men than for women, and show an increase of 1.63% annually from 1988 to 2005. However, the trend showed a slowdown of 0.55% after being adjusted for age. Lung cancer is one of the major health issues in China and the burden is getting serious. Aging is the main cause for the increasing incidence and mortality of lung cancer. Effective cancer prevention and control is imperative. Tobacco control especially should be implemented in nationwide.