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In recent years, the number of refugees has increased considerably throughout the world, and the difficulties they experience have become more visible in political and social science research. Refugees wait for uncertain amounts of time to cross borders, to obtain legal status and papers, and to establish their lives in a new country, where they try to find suitable housing and jobs, and to benefit from health care and educational services. This article explores how Syrian refugees in Turkey reconceptualise time and place when they narrate these periods of waiting as a way of managing its disadvantageous aspects. It argues that they acquire agency through creating narratives of waiting in their own terms, which also help them to redefine their refugee identities, subjectivities and senses of belonging. It suggests that Syrians in Turkey attribute new gendered and embodied meanings to temporality and spatiality in order to cope with their past traumas and the disempowering effects of waiting. Through their narratives, they aim to gain a sense of control over time in cognitive and emotional terms, maintaining their hope to establish new lives despite structural inadequacies and discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, which is an autoethnographic text in its own right, examines class, gender and education through highlighting the processes at work and the resources drawn upon in the making of autoethnographic texts. At its centre is a poem about my father, which acts as an illustration of how such artefacts exert agency across time, through the play of what Keighley and Pickering refer to as 'the mnemonic imagination', enabling a re-interpretation of the past in the present and on into the future. Using the work of feminist scholars Steedman and Walkerdine, the paper offers an insight into the way cultural analyses and 'affective histories' make sense of the fortunes of a 'Scholarship Girl'. At the same time, in exhuming an instance of the good that men do in the form of a crucial intervention in my life by my father, it pays homage to what the poet Robert Hayden called the performance of 'love's austere and lonely offices' plus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I reflect on the ways in which waiting for migration requires, nurtures and ultimately produces specific kinds of subjects in a part of the world marked by decades of transnational movement towards Europe. Drawing on my ethnographic research in emigrant areas of Morocco, I trace how waiting is a constitutive element not only of migration, but also of the subjects involved in its encompassing and multidirectional processes. To do this, I trace the ways in which waiting is spoken of, embodied and reckoned with in the areas by not (yet) migrants. Focusing in particular on the experience of women married to absent migrant husbands, the paper shows how waiting in Morocco engenders specific types of people with specific kinds of social relations, interceding into the very ways in which selves in proximity of transnational mobility emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representational linear time is premised on the rational ordering and control of space and time and the denial of différance; it knows no Other. Linear time's claim to neutrality has, in recent years, been the subject of much feminist debate. Davies and Leccardi have, for example, argued the incompatibility of ‘women's time’ with a linear perspective which separates work from leisure, the public from the private, and task from clock-based orientations to time. But many of these feminist challenges are epistemologically grounded in the very same representational tradition, which has secured the hegemony of linear time. For these feminist discourses tend towards either a strategy of reversing the phallocentricity of linear time and or synthesizing the binary elements of their discourse (i.e., its male/female opposition) into mutually inclusive dualistic pairs. The problem that unites these respective strategies is that they fail to displace the dualistic epistemology that is at the heart of Enlightenment thought. Conversely, this paper argues that a way to destroy the male/female time opposition is not to invert it but to deconstruct it. Deconstruction, as defined by Derrida, is a strategy, which attacks the classical oppositions of the metaphysics of presence and in doing so, destroys the phallocentric binary that it creates. The alternative discourse of gendered time presented in this paper defines masculine and feminine time(s) as elements that represent multiple differences, pluralities of characteristics that cross and re-cross the alleged boundary between the two. It is in this sense that discourses of gendered time can fracture the masculine fiction of unity that is linear time and reveal how these unities have repressed an Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general sense that we suffer from a `lack of time' seems to be indicative of modern culture. It also seems that, rather paradoxically, this lack of time is actually being offset by an increase in the time at our disposal: witness recent increases in leisure time (that is, time not spent in paid employment). This paper proposes to examine the contradictory effects of this development and to discuss the types of experiences which become possible once one has time to spare, i.e.: contingent experiences. There are two main questions to be considered here. First, is the perception of modern time patterns gender-specific? Second, do these different perceptions cause `time collisions' in gender relations? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A taken-for-granted aspect of everyday life is that people are usually punctual. This norm is so well established that a common sense understanding of unpunctuality as a personality defect prevails in the social science literature. Drawing on qualitative and experiential data from the Mass Observation Archive, this paper argues that punctuality is less a matter of individual virtue and more one of age, gender and work situation. It proposes that a close study of these differentiating `surface' conditions leads back to more fundamental questions of social structure and solidarity. The sentiments underlying the norm demanding unconditional punctuality correspond to, and may be a legacy of, the `mechanical solidarity' that Durkheim stressed underpinned even the most complex and advanced societies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates to what extent, and how, the use of time differs between men and women in a society and an age-group in which the gender gap in labour force participation is rapidly closing. It is found that the gender differences come about primarily through the division of labour. However, this gendered division of work, which co-exists with a high labour market participation, does not lead to a double workload for women. Different mechanisms that are important in both limiting the total workload and maintaining the gendered division of labour are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with long-term budget travelling from different time perspectives. Narratives of travel, given by women backpackers and interpreted through `time Lenses', lead to an analysis of the journey as an individualized time-space in which the traveller regains control of her own time and movement It is argued that this control, sensed as `freedom', opens up both mind and body to a complexity of different time experiences. These vary depending on context and speed of movement. Thus, the long-term journey into different and diversified cultures is discussed as a move away from clock-time and other structuring devices into a space and time where the traveller is, to a certain extent, left alone to do her own structuring. The backpacker is both living and creating her own time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the recent resurgence of interest in time and space in the social and organizational sciences, this paper examines the significance of time in prostitution. Prostitution provides a useful basis for analysis, given that it is at once similar (in its provision of consumer services) and different (in that sexuality is not fully commodified) to other industries. Time is significant to prostitution - for example. the industry is to some extent seasonal, human sexual activity being known to increase during spring and summer. Using data from studies of prostitution undertaken in various locations in the UK., the US and Australia. time is addressed from the perspective of the client and the prostitute - and we argue that time for prostitutes and clients is experienced and constructed very differently. Time is shown to be gendered in ways which mean that, paradoxically, the characteristics of time as experienced in the encounter may be the reverse of the participants' gender - female prostitutes experiencing masculine, striated time whilst clients experience or pursue a more feminine, relational time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the content of the July 2010 issue of the journal "Time & Society," which includes papers on the origins and effects of the gendering of time and of temporality.

In this article, the authors set out to study the time use of men and women in Sweden, comparing self-employed and employed individuals. Previous studies indicate that there are reasons to believe that both gendered time use and mechanisms related to time use might differ between the self-employed and employees. Employing time use data, the aim was to study whether there are differences in gendered time use between self-employed individuals and employees in Sweden, and furthermore, which mechanism relates to gendered time use among self-employed individuals and employees. The results show that self-employed men and women distribute their time in a more gender-traditional manner than employees. In addition, relative resources are found to be an important factor related to gendered time use among the self-employed. For employees, gender relations tend to be a mechanism related to gendered time use. The conclusion is that working conditions are important for gendered time use and should be considered in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a first attempt to describe time use among Members of Parliament (MPs). Drawing on an original survey on time use and a time diary of three working days (Wednesday-Friday) collected in 2013 among New Zealand MPs (N=22), it presents a quantification and description of MPs' time use. The data indicate that with an average of 13 h 20 min, MPs have long working days and many seem to face work-life balance issues. MPs also undertake a broad variety of activities during their working time, with meetings with various actors taking up a large part of their time. Finally, a correspondence analysis reveals that male and female MPs as well as first term and more experienced MPs display some differences in their time use. Social activities dominate more of the time of male MPs than they do for female MPs. Experienced MPs seem to spend more time in the House than first-term MPs. The latter spend more time on communication than experienced MPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 40 years, there has been a slow trend toward gender equality regarding time use in paid and unpaid work. However, the gendered division of housework remains. This article examines the gender segregation in domestic work in order to contrast the influence of welfare regimes and employment status on the organization of everyday life. The analysis is based on time use variables according to the type and daily frequency of household tasks. First, a descriptive cross-national study of European countries is presented to contextualise how institutional factors are involved in patterns of time use. Second, a specific case in Spain is studied to assess how employment status influences the distribution of housework. The results show that daily maintenance tasks represent a limit for the equal distribution of housework by gender. It is concluded that women's employment is a necessary but not sufficient condition for gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to examine how different aspects of time pressure are associated with health and gender. The study is based on data collected by cross-sectional questionnaire from 153 female and 167 male journalists at three editorial offices in Sweden. Spearman correlation coefficients by gender were analysed between six different time pressure variables and seven health measures. For women three health indicators correlated significantly with time pressure expressed as “short of time for reflection”. For men, health as expressed by four indicators was primarily related to “lack of efficiency”. Severe time pressure correlated especially highly with stress but only to an almost negligible degree with neck and shoulder symptoms. Our analysis showed that the relation between time pressure and health differs between women and men and that time pressure can be interpreted in several different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on quantitative analysis of three data sets -- the Worker Registration Scheme, the Labour Force Survey, and the UK2000 Time Use Survey -- and through an analysis of gendered use of time, this article provides an investigation of the small but growing phenomenon of male (migrant) domestic workers, and more specifically, of what we term the '(migrant) handyman phenomenon', in the UK. The article provides some preliminary documentation and discussion of the scale, characteristics, and drivers of the supply of and demand for these workers. By handymen we are referring to men doing traditionally 'masculine' domestic jobs such as home maintenance and gardening. We explore the gender-differentiated character of household work, including care, the implications for the gendered forms and quality of time experienced by women and men, and the ensuing feasibility of and demand for outsourcing these stereotypically masculine activities. In so doing we acknowledge the potential of current expectations of men to be both breadwinners and handson fathers to generate new time pressures for households. We also document the supply of migrant handymen coming from the accession countries of the European Union. By focusing on stereotypically masculinized forms of domestic work the article seeks to make a modest contribution to the literature on globalization, migration and social reproduction, which to date has largely focused on the more prevalent phenomenon of migrants engaged in traditionally female domestic work such as cleaning and caring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the study of stratification in consumption activities by focusing on the association between 'voracious' leisure, gender and social status. Cultural voraciousness is a measure of the pace and pattern of leisure activities designed to complement the concept of cultural omnivorousness. We show that men are more voracious than women but that the pattern of the relationship with social status is not significantly different: individuals with higher levels of human, economic and cultural capital are more voracious than others regardless of gender. However, we find support for a reinforcement effect of gender and social status, which creates the greatest differential in voraciousness between men with the highest social status and women with the lowest, lending support to the idea that voracious cultural consumption acts as a marker of social boundaries and a sign of social exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does a temporal perspective contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of the socially gendered division in our societies? What are the implications of the changes taking place in the sphere of paid work for domestic and gender relations? The links between the feminization of the working population and the evolution of the gender division of labour show how important it is to view social relations between the genders against the background of the wider dynamics of social differentiation and polarization. And the contemporary forms of temporal availability at work can be seen as obstacles on the way to an actual and progressive reduction in working time, as the French experience shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on the concept of ‘timescape’ (Adam, 1998) to explore the context of distance learners' stories about their reasons for studying. It examines these learners' narratives of being located in a socio-historical time and space in which there is a greater need for flexibility in relation to the times and spaces of work and how this is underpinned by a strong sense of insecurity of work. Engaging in continued learning becomes one means of coping with this timescape, by becoming more flexible and remaining employable. In exploring these micro-level narratives, this article highlights both some of the multiple, interlinked layers of time and space, the impact of macro-level discourses of flexibility, insecurity and lifelong learning, and the gendered and other power relations around these. It also reflects on the theoretical and empirical use of the concept of the timescape, arguing that the narrative or biographical approach provides a useful means through which to explore the timescapes of individuals and groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides additional empirical evidence for research concerning the effects of gender and age on retrospective time judgements using data obtained from a Spanish database with more than 40,000 individual observations on time estimations. Statistical analyses were performed using the Levene F-test and the t-test of variances and means, respectively. The most important results of the study are as follows: (a) differences in time estimation in relation to gender largely depend on the age groups analysed, with greater differences observed in the younger age group; and (b) although there are some differences regarding age, they are related to certain age groups, particularly the youngest age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyse the construction of time as perceived by a group of IT workers, It is argued that two stories about working time have been socially constructed during the 19th and 20th centuries, not as an epochal phenomenon but as a multi-times phenomenon: a clock time story and a task-time story. A quantitative method is used in analysing the IT workers, which breaks with the traditional conception within research that a social constructivist approach requires qualitative data and methods. The analysis reveals that these IT workers do not represent an homogenous group. Rather, four distinct groups are identifiable: Blurred Timers, Invaded Clock Timers, Clock Timers, and Task Timers — with Blurred Timers being the largest group and Task Timers the smallest. Employment status and union membership have a direct and significant impact on these time identities whereas gender, age, educational level, and challenge of the work do not have any direct or significant correlation with these time identities. Finally, the time identities are put into perspective and compared to recent research on gender and industrial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that the way time is organized affects bodily habits and emotions. Drawing on a variety of qualitative and quantitative studies from my large-scale research project with Ulla-Britt Lilleaas, 'The Sociality of Tiredness: The Handling of Tiredness in a Gender, Generation and Class Perspective' (presented in Lilleaas and Widerberg, 2001), we focus on class and gender aspects of bodily habits and customs generated in work life and family life (and in the combination of the two). In this article, I illustrate variations in the type of time and body habits that different work organizations and professions generate. I also stress similarities in the use of time and body across professions and gender to illuminate the driving forces of modernity. It is argued that a 'sped-up life' and a 'life of doing' at work and at home generate a restless body, and irritation (the emotion of late modernity?) as its emotional expression. Finally, the question is raised whether this development is not only a threat to the body, but also to the very heart of democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historical essay seeks to frame Sunday as a marker of time and a setting for memory. Although the article's examples come from nineteenth-century United States, its larger argument - that spaces of time function as settings for memory - can be applied to other geographic regions and chronological eras. The article opens and closes with Sunday at sea; the body addresses Sunday as a site for religious, domestic, and national memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formidable changes are occurring in the organization of work, production and the labour process. The emerging world of flexibility, part-time contracts and 'just-in-time labour' has invoked systemic disruptions in the sequential ordering of time/space. Feminists have been less than sanguine in their resistance to the placeless, timeless logic of 'just-in-time labour'. The flexible fragmented present of post-fordist production is variously argued to be in contradiction to the embodied social relations through which women 'weave' their own autobiographies. While sympathetic to the concept of 'feminine time', its application to the present labour market context requires intense inquisition and critical reflection. The modem episteme consisted of a constellation of discourses linked to narrative realism. This is to appreciate that basic to all forms of gendered subjectivity is a conscious subject living in time and capable of uniting the literal with the virtual, or linking one temporal order (the present) with others (the past and future). The 'timeless times' and dislocated 'spatial flows' of our current era threaten the ability of gendered subjects to form their identities into sustained narratives. Focusing on post-fordist flexible specialization, this article challenges the fixed, unitary, relational subject of feminist critique and begins to deconstruct the problematics of gender and work in the time/space economy of 'just-in-time' labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on dimensions of age in young people's life contexts within a discourse analytical framework. The analysis is based on meanings of age presented by Finnish secondary school students. The data consist of 88 autobiographical essays, written by 15 to 16-year-old boys and girls. Age is approached as a socially constructed phenomenon, defined differently in varying contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores two related topics: the recent effects of women in Spain entering the labour market and the current transformation of time management at home and at work. There are important movements in both fields with correlating consequences. These changes will greatly affect the role of women in our society determining the quality and evolution of not only women's lives, but also of our society in general. This article discusses some basic questions about time management and its impact on people's lives, the important changes in the culture and work of women in the last two decades and the transformations in the management of work time with specific attention given to its effects on women and domestic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on time allocation in 1995 by married or cohabiting, employed or homemaking Dutch women and men aged between 25 and 44. It asks (1) What role does gender play in time-allocation decisions? (2) What effects do situational factors have on time allocation, and do these effects differ between the sexes? Time-allocation models were developed for women and men separately, such that paid work affected unpaid work and free time, and free time, in turn, was affected by paid and unpaid work. It was found that women's unpaid work, rather than their free time, acts as a time buffer when more time is allocated to paid work, whereas men's free time rather than unpaid work time assumes this function. Although time allocation is still gendered, time-use patterns of both women and men at the end of the 20th century are differentiated by situational factors. In the present-day institutional Dutch context, the combination of having children and performing market work implies a relative loss of free time for women and men alike which is believed to be connected with a loss of control over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I address the question of the relationship between women's labour market position and their `objective' and `subjective' experience of leisure. With reference to a small-scale empirical study of the social time use of mothers in France, I argue that it is misleading to consider women's leisure experience as being determined by their labour market position. I attempt to show that it could prove more fruitful to examine the complex relationship between women's class and gender identities and their simultaneous experience of work, family and leisure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Women's experience of time is marked by the multiple, interdependent, non-hierarchical times involved in the construction of female identity. This is, in fact, characterized by the overlapping of public and private times and by the mingling of cyclical and linear times. The specificity of this experience is clearly visible in the particular modalities of self-reflection with regard to the biographical past and also in the difficulties that accompany the female process of choice. On the basis of the findings of a 10-year research study of a qualitative nature on young people's (male and female) experience of time, this article aims to open a discussion concerning some theoretical and methodological problems relating to the way in which young women represent the past and the future. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]