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The androgenic glands (AG) of male decapod crustaceans produce insulin-like androgenic gland (IAG) hormone that controls male sex differentiation, growth and behavior. Functions of the AG are inhibited by gonad-inhibiting hormone originating from X-organ-sinus gland complex in the eyestalk. The AG, and its interaction with the eyestalk, had not been studied in the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus, so we investigated the AG structure, and then changes of the AG and IAG-producing cells following eyestalk ablation. The AG of P. pelagicus is a small endrocrine organ ensheathed in a connective tissue and attached to the distal part of spermatic duct and ejaculatory bulb. The gland is composed of several lobules, each containing two major cell types. Type I cells are located near the periphery of each lobule, and distinguished as small globular cells of 5-7 μm in diameter, with nuclei containing mostly heterochromatin. Type II cells are 13-15 μm in diameter, with nuclei containing mostly euchromatin and prominent nucleoli. Both cell types were immunoreactive with anti-IAG. Following bilateral eyestalk ablation, the AG underwent hypertrophy, and at day 8 had increased approximately 3-fold in size. The percentage of type I cells had increased more than twice compared with controls, while type II cells showed a corresponding decrease., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)