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Objectives Smoke-free policies not only reduce harm to non-smokers, they may also reduce harm to smokers by decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked and increasing the likelihood of a successful quit attempt. However, little is known about the impact of exposure to smoking on patios on smoking behaviour. Design and participants Smokers from the Ontario Tobacco Survey, a longitudinal population representative cohort of smokers (2005-201 1). There were 3460 current smokers who had completed one to six follow-ups and were asked at each follow-up whether or not they had been exposed to smoking on patios in the month. Main outcome measures Generalised estimating equations and survival analysis were used to examine the association between exposure to patio smoking and smoking behaviour changes (making a quit attempt and time to relapse after a quit attempt), controlling for potential confounders. Results Smokers who were exposed to smoking on patios (adjusted incident rate ratio (aIRR) = 0.89; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.97) or had been to a patio (aIRR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.74 to 0.99) were less likely to have made a quit attempt than smokers who had not visited a patio. Smokers who were exposed to smoking on patios were more likely to relapse (adjusted HR=2.40; 95% CI 1.07 to 5.40)) after making a quit attempt than those who visited a patio but were not exposed to smoking. Conclusions Exposure to smoking on patios of a bar or restaurant is associated with a lower likelihood of success in a quit attempt. Instituting smoke-free patio regulations may help smokers avoid relapse after quitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tobacco and non-tobacco-based waterpipe smoking has increased exponentially in many countries in recent decades, particularly among youth and young adults. Although tobacco smoking is banned in many indoor public places, waterpipe smoking, ostensibly non-tobacco, continues in Ontario and other jurisdictions where only tobacco smoking is prohibited. This study assessed air quality and exposure in waterpipe cafes using multiple methods and markers. Methods Indoor (n=12) and outdoor (n=5) air quality was assessed in Toronto, Canada waterpipe cafes from 30 August to 11 October 2012. Real-time measurements of air nicotine, fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) and ambient carbon monoxide (CO) were collected in 2 h sessions. Levels of CO in breath were collected in non-smoking field staff before entering and upon leaving venues. Observations of occupant behaviour, environmental changes and venue characteristics were also recorded. Results In indoor venues, mean values were 1419 mg/m3 for PM2.5, 17.7 ppm for ambient CO, and 3.3 mg/m3 for air nicotine. Levels increased with increasing number of active waterpipes. On outdoor patios, mean values were 80.5 mg/m3 for PM2.5, 0.5 ppm for ambient CO, and 0.6 mg/m3 for air nicotine. Air quality levels in indoor waterpipe cafes are hazardous for human health. Outdoor waterpipe cafes showed less harmful particulate levels than indoors, but mean PM2.5 levels (80.5 mg/m3) were still ‘poor'. Conclusions Staff and patrons of waterpipe cafes are exposed to air quality levels considered hazardous to human health. Results support eliminating waterpipe smoking in hospitality venues indoors and out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction An unintended consequence of indoor smoking restrictions is the relocation of smoking tobuilding entrances, where non-smokers may be exposed to secondhand smoke, and smoke from outdoor areas may drift through entrances, exposing people inside. Tobacco smoke has been linked to numerous health effects in non-smokers and there is no safe level of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. This paper presents data on levels of tobacco smoke inside and outside entrances to office buildings. Methods Real-time air quality monitors were used to simultaneously measure respirable particulate matter (PM2.5; air pollutant particles with a diameter of 2.5 mm or less) as a marker for tobacco smoke, outside and inside 28 entrances to office buildings in downtown Toronto, Ontario, in May and June 2008. Measurements were taken when smoking was and was not present within 9 m of entrances. Background levels of PM2.5 were also measured for each session. A mixed model analysis was used to estimate levels of PM2.5, taking into account repeated measurement errors. Results Peak levels (10 s averages) of PM2.5 were as high as 496 mg/m3 when smoking was present. Mixed model analysis shows that the average outdoor PM2.5 with smoking was significantly higher than the background level (p<0.0001), and significantly and positively associated with the number of lit cigarettes (p<0.0001). The average level of PM2.5 with $5 lit cigarettes was 2.5 times greater than the average background level. Conclusions These findings support smoke-free policies at entrances to buildings to protect non-smokers from exposure to tobacco smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]