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The recent surge in scale development studies within tourism research necessitates a critical reevaluation of our approach to construct operationalization. This paper addresses a gap in the literature by posing a fundamental question: what is the intended purpose of the scale we are developing or using? By explicitly considering this question, researchers can make informed decisions about the most appropriate measurement model option. This article presents three common research objectives, each guiding researchers towards the most suitable modelling approach. Additionally, the article offers practical guidance on avoiding common pitfalls in scale development. This framework benefits both early-career researchers new to latent variable modelling and experienced researchers seeking to refine their approach to scale development and construct operationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note addresses the lack of progress on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) default prediction in the tourism sector. Using the case of Croatian tourism SMEs, this note applies Altman's recently introduced Omega Score model to (i) predict SME default, (ii) explore and contrast important variables for default prediction in tourism vs. other sectors, and (iii) adapt the original Omega Score to tourism sector specifics. Financial ratios have historically been prominent among the predictors in scholarly investigations. However, our findings underscore the significance of supplementing these ratios with other predictors of tourism SME default, specifically with information on (i) creditor payment behaviour and (ii) employee characteristics and relationships with them. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that a refined selection of six variables, accompanied by adjusted weightings, can significantly enhance default prediction accuracy. The results provide valuable lessons for the strategic management of tourism firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of wildfires on tourism are growing, with concomitant detrimental consequences for tourists and destinations. However, only a few studies have assessed wildfires in tourism-dependent regions, and none have systematically explored fire risks. This paper summarizes the academic literature on tourism and wildfires that serves as a background for developing a tourism fire exposure index. The index identifies regions in the European Union at the NUTS2 level with high wildfire risks and high tourism dependency. Results show that exposure is exceptionally high in regions of Portugal and Mediterranean islands belonging to Greece and Spain. As vulnerabilities can be strategically reduced through adaptation, findings serve as a basis for the development of an integrated wildfire management framework for exposed destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interaction ritual (IR) theory has been widely used to analyze ritual interaction (RI) in the tourism sector. Although the literature on this topic is quickly expanding and appealing, it lacks valid conceptualization and a psychometrically sound measurement scale. This study presents the conceptualization of RI and constructs an RI framework based on the literature and focus groups, a combined qualitative and quantitative design, and multisource samples to generate and refine items through five phases. It consists of a four-dimensional 17-item measurement scale with good reliability and validity; the items include contextual elements, ritual symbols, scripted processes, and shared emotions. The study complements the tourism literature by presenting a scale to identify the kinds of RIs that tourists seek and use to evaluate destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenwashing refers to a practice where firms try to earn undeserved moral credits by not "walking" their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) "talk." Tourism and hospitality providers have long been accused of greenwashing. However, despite the importance of greenwashing for the industry, we still lack ecologically valid evidence on the extent to which a) tourism and hospitality providers greenwash and b) whether customers penalize tourism and hospitality providers for greenwashing. To address this gap, we use an objective, theory-driven, granular, and comparable (across sub-sectors) greenwashing measure for 253 traded tourism and hospitality firms for the period 2004–2017. For the years 2018–2022, due to missing data, we show the state of greenwashing using an abbreviated measure. In contrast to greenwashing research published in this journal and elsewhere, we show that—on average—providers across all major tourism and hospitality sectors do not greenwash. However, the ones that do, experience a significant sales drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-ethnic conflicts are commonplace worldwide, but current tourism conflict theories seldom examine disputes within a host community of diverse ethnicities. Using concepts from inter-group threat theory (ITT), contact hypothesis in social psychology and power theories, a conceptual schema for comprehending the dynamics of inter-ethnic conflicts and collaboration in tourism destinations is proposed. An ethnographic case study then follows the discussion in Malaysia's Taman Negara National Park, where I make use of the conceptual schema to analyze how the three local ethnic groups (Malays, Malaysian Chinese, and Orangasli Batek) were negotiating various types of threats, as well as the 'conditions' leading to inter-group conflicts. Further supported by Barth's ethnic boundary theory, the evolution of ethnic boundaries and collaborative mechanisms in a three-group situation is also evaluated. The conceptual schema and findings from Malaysia have important implications for researchers and management advice for practitioners dealing with multi-ethnic host communities in destinations worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism and hospitality management literature related to innovation has grown substantially in past decades, producing an overarching view of this topic. Studies have highlighted the need for comprehensive empirical evidence to advance innovation. This paper addresses this gap through a quantitative meta-analysis of tourism and hospitality innovation research. The primary objective is to provide an integrated sense of organization-level innovation by synthesizing existing work. This study deepens the understanding of innovation by examining the moderating roles of innovation-related magnitudes (radical and incremental) and types (product, process, organizational, marketing). Findings are presented via a multidimensional framework of innovation and complexity theory; this model comprises 30 managerial factors, five leadership styles, and six environmental factors based on a synthesis of 178 independent studies with 705 estimated relationships. Results offer valuable insights for practitioners and enrich the scholarly picture of organization-level innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability is becoming a vital theme in the development of tourism-related industries and have been notably investigated in the aviation and accommodation industries, but, sustainability in the context of the tourism shopping industry, which generates a great proportion of the tourism and travel sectors' contribution to gross domestic product, has been rarely studied. Using discrete choice modelling, this study holistically models the impact of tourist heterogeneity on tourist shoppers' preference towards different sustainability features and estimates their attribute-specific willingness to pay under a three-pillar framework. Tourists' heterogeneity underlying their sustainability-related behavioural tendency and socio-demographic profiles are depicted by market segmentation and its socio-demographic determinants, respectively. Segment-specific behaviour, sustainability willingness to pay and socio-demographic profiles are then presented to provide managerial implications in a more comprehensive manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thought-provoking conceptual research pioneers the conceptualization of sense of place (SOP) in tourism within a metaverse paradigm, where the convergence of real and digital realms compels us to reframe our understanding of tourism destinations. Built upon three major perspectives, corresponding paradigm shifts have been proposed: (1) SOP as an individual's cognition of a tourism destination: from multimodal–socio-psychological to embodied–augmented; (2) SOP as the interconnection between an individual and a destination: from a person-to-place bond to a multiple person–place unity; and (3) SOP as modalities that communicate meanings of a destination: from narratology (stories) to dramaturgy (plays). This study aims to catalyze further research that re-examine established assumptions and conceptualizations of tourism-related constructs, given the ever-evolving technological landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host-guest interactions have been increasingly investigated in tourism research, but their effect on tourists' psychological healing needs is uncertain. This study establishes a model to examine the influence of positive host-guest interactions on tourists' general attachment styles using the attachment theory in psychology and assuming that the alteration of the indicators of general attachment styles reflects the healing effect. Autobiographical memory and emotion regulation are used as the serial mediating variables of this effect, and place attachment style is the moderating variable. Two studies, i.e., a survey and an experiment, were used to test the model. The findings supported all hypotheses in both studies. This study theoretically contributes to the definition and measurement of place attachment styles and finds the effects of general attachment styles on place attachment styles and host-guest interactions are the opposite. Strategies to facilitate host-guest interactions in tourism are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural tourism, understood as community-based tourism (CBT), is characterised by being locally led and by its role in economic diversification. In this context, local agency becomes particularly relevant in the form of decisions to become involved in the tourism business or not. From this perspective, it is possible to analyse the tactics used by households to expand or contract the tourist offer based on their available resources and their concept of quality of life. Based on an ethnographic case study in Andalusia (Spain), we developed this analytical approach empirically, showing (1)the local capacity to limit tourism activity, (2)the questioning of tourism as an activity that is always desired and positive, and (3)the practical possibilities of tourism degrowth at the local level. The results of this case study, despite its logical limitations, indicate that in rural tourism it seems especially feasible to develop local strategies for limiting tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is one of first large scale evaluations of the impact of government subsidies for tourism firms during the COVID-19 pandemic. We use the population of micro, small, and medium sized tourism enterprises from Croatia, one of the most tourism-intensive European economies, to investigate whether receipt and the size of subsidies helped distressed companies to stay in business and retain their employees during the first two years of the pandemic. In this study, a novel perspective of grant size effect is introduced to examine the effect of public stimuli on the tourism industry. Positive effects of support on firm survival and employment of subsidised firms are inversely proportional to the size of support. Thus, the findings indicate the need for a dynamic and nuanced approach to public support that considers firms' heterogeneity in the tourism sector. This study could help policymakers manage potential future crises more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global Grand Challenges (GCs) have received only a limited attention within the tourism literature and this Progress paper examines one such GC – dementia and the contribution that tourism research can make to helping people live well with dementia. The paper critically debates the concept of GCs, the challenges of addressing them and how dementia presents both a challenge and opportunity for the academy. Using the concept of the visitor journey and the social model of disability as a paradigm, the paper reviews progress towards creating a more dementia-inclusive society through the auspices of tourism research, reviewing the contributions to date and where the interconnections with dementia and tourism exist. The review draws from a wide interdisciplinary framework including health, medicine, travel medicine and leisure and argues for a greater use of transdisciplinary approaches to address GCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a new version of the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale - the RETS 2.0 by integrating two new dimensions of empowerment – economic and environmental empowerment – that the original RETS left off. The RETS 2.0 also abbreviates the original RETS to three items per a construct, reducing response burden, and opening up space for measuring different antecedents and outcomes of empowerment. The RETS 2.0 was empirically tested and validated in the small island destinations of Boa Vista and Sal, Cape Verde following Churchill's (1979) and Rossiter's (2002) three-stage mix-method scale development approach. After demonstrating convergent validity, nomological validity was demonstrated by all dimensions being significantly correlated with support for tourism. However, in the test of predictive validity, only psychological, economic, and environmental empowerment were found to be significant predictors of support for tourism. The RETS 2.0 is proposed as a holistic and parsimonious five-dimension scale that assesses resident's empowerment towards sustainable tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the characteristics that drive conflicting outcomes on the impact of Twitter data on firm returns using financial micro data. Using 314 European tourism firms as a case study and a sample of 63 million Tweets, we build sentiment and emotion (anger, fear, joy) data series and use them to compute impulse response functions for firm returns. Our results indicate that firm size and popularity are the most important firm features that explain the asymmetric impact of Twitter sentiment and of the anger emotion, while debt explains the variations in the impact of the fear emotion. We also find that the impact of the joy emotion is more evident before the COVID-19 pandemic and more muted after the outbreak. Our findings reconcile varied research on Twitter's impact on tourism industry returns and provide insights to practitioners on using Twitter to gauge online users' collective knowledge of real outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most tourism literature focuses on the potential advantages of AI adoption. This study focuses specifically on chatbots for managing customer relationships in tourism. It advances psychological ownership as a useful theoretical lens to address the potential negative consequences of employing chatbots in tourism. A study on survey data from 200 customers shows that replacing the human component of the relationship with a chatbot decreases tourists' psychological ownership feelings, negatively affecting selfefficacy, accountability, and self-identity. Ultimately, using chatbots diminishes relationship commitment and leads to lower rebooking intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use change is the main driver of nature and biodiversity loss worldwide, and tourism developments contribute to this loss. The combination of Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and Stated Preference (SP) methods can help inform tourism management by translating the environmental and economic impacts of developments into welfare impacts in monetary terms. We perform a CBA at both the local and regional levels for small (S), medium (M), and large (L) developments in a certified sustainable mountain destination in Norway. The L-development is the preferred tourism management locally as local economic benefits outweigh the local environmental costs. However, when we also include the economic and environmental impacts outside of the destination, we find the S-development to provide higher total welfare at the regional level. This shows that local governments' dual role as regulators and promoters of tourism is problematic since sustainable management should also account for the nonmarket environmental welfare impacts outside of the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Videography is a research approach that has been used extensively in consumer research and anthropology, yet has been considered less often in tourism research. This is surprising as tourism is inextricably linked to visuals. Many tourism features also fully justify the use of films to disseminate and share research findings within the tourism community, as the variety of contexts and their multisensorial dimensions can be best represented audio-visually. This paper reviews the existing work on videography, including its epistemology, ontology, and axiology. We then provide an analytical review of 28 films connected to tourism and travel themes. We describe and analyze them using five criteria: topicality, technicality (in collecting and in editing material), theoreticality, and theatricality. We conclude with contributions related to ontology, epistemology, and axiology and recommendations on how, when and why to use this innovative research format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK's tourism and hospitality industries, having the highest concentration of migrant workers compared to other industries, face complex challenges in managing the risks of labour exploitation and modern slavery (MS); issues largely neglected in academic research. New employment models risk weakening workers' power in employment relations, potentially leading to increased vulnerability and exploitation risk. Based on analysing primary and secondary sources, this article examines the nature of these risks. Our findings show the following drivers: power imbalances; possible enforcement gaps; normalisation and moralisation of possible exploitation; and potential threats posed by macro-level political and socioeconomic issues/events; these, including more competitive labour markets, paradoxically also present opportunities. We develop significant, novel theoretical contributions and propose the new '(in)conspicuous exploitariat' concept, encapsulating their (dis)empowerment, and potential future risks/opportunities. The research advances theory, with implications for policy and practice, for both the UK and the international tourism and hospitality industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social media influencer industry's rapid development offers the tourism field unprecedented opportunities to engage and communicate with travelers. This research endeavors to develop a travel influencer measurement scale by analyzing consumers' qualitative and quantitative data. The study identifies a measure of the travel influencer construct (TIC) and reveals its five dimensions: inspiration, authenticity, attractiveness, content expertise, and trustworthiness. Furthermore, the study applies a Bayesian methodology and implements it in a highly experiential tourism context. This research extends the social media influencer's attempts beyond brands and objects. The research not only highlights the TIC's theoretical contribution and pertinence, but also offers tourism scholars and practitioners an operational instrument. All these elements are useful when trying to understand followers' reactions to travel influencers. This work provides meaningful implications for tourism research and practice. • Understanding followers' reactions to travel influencers. • The travel influence construct. • A five-dimension conceptualization. • An empirical exploration and validation. • Bayesian methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Film tourism reflects the complex interaction of people, media, and space. This paper focuses on an attraction related to the film Avatar in Zhangjiajie, China. Through Roland Barthes' semiology, it analyzes the construction process of the signification between the destination and Avatar, and applies the interpretation to the behavioral characteristics of tourists. It finds that: 1) The specific behavioral patterns and practices of tourists are Passing, Appreciation, Record and Reminiscence according to different degrees of involvement with sight and marker; 2) The symbolic space comprises a universal construction by locals referencing the film and diverse constructions by tourists influenced by social conventions; 3) Under media influence, attractions may result in self-obliteration. By enriching the explanatory capacity of a series of classic semiotic concepts related to tourism in the current context, this paper suggests destinations should aim to maintain social awareness while creating a symbolic space that balances commercial and cultural interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much recent research on climate change mitigation has focused on carbon intensities, i.e. emissions per unit of economic value, to better understand interrelationships of decarbonization with value. This paper studies large tourism enterprises, which account for a large share of tourism's emissions. Based on annual reports, the paper evaluates greenhouse gas emission and revenue interrelationships for a total of n = 29 large tourism companies including airlines, cruise lines and accommodation businesses. Together, these companies represent about 13% (365 Mt CO 2) of global tourism emissions, generating revenues of US$477 billion (in 2019). The paper tracks their total emissions and emission intensities over the period 2015–2019, revealing that large tourism firms are not on track to net-zero. Results show considerable differences in emission intensities between the three tourism subsectors and between individual firms within the subsectors. These findings are discussed against emission reduction needs to mid-century. There is strong evidence that continued growth at industry's expected rates represents an insurmountable barrier to net-zero, contradicting industry narratives of progressively and successfully engaging with climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, considerable numbers of child workers are engaged in the tourism industry. Despite international efforts to eradicate all forms of child labour, the number of child labourers in the service industries has increased due to the ambiguity and challenges in defining child labourers in tourism, the dichotomic views on child labour, and the absence of children's voices in research. This paper explores host-children's perception of their engagement in tourism and proposes a transformative paradigm to transcend the dichotomy of universalism and cultural relativism. Employing photo-elicitation interviews with 82 Cambodian host-children, this paper identifies both favourable and unfavourable perceptions of host-children's engagement in tourism. Hence, it is argued that host-children's engagement in tourism should not be seen as black and white but as a complicated social phenomenon. Based on the findings and discussion, a conceptual framework is proposed to demonstrate how the transformative paradigm guides to address host-children's engagement in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although tourism memory is widely regarded as a valuable commodity, scant research examines its influence on creativity, a crucial factor for individual and organizational success. Moreover, while both travel and work are vital for human functioning, there are inconsistent views on whether they are opposing domains. This research aims to fill these gaps by investigating the unique characteristics of tourism memories and their effect on creativity at the individual level. Across four studies, we demonstrate that merely recalling one's tourism memory - even from a long time ago - increases creativity. We have also found that this effect is mediated by an increased state of openness to experience triggered by tourism memory retrieval, and one's trait openness moderates this effect. Our research contributes to the literature on tourism, management, and psychology, also offering insights for marketers and organizations to leverage the potential of tourism memories to foster creativity and success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors that influence travelers' intentions toward animal ethics in tourism, utilizing innovative statistical techniques, namely GSCA M , necessary condition analysis (NCA), and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (FsQCA). Through a stringent methodological approach, we tested the structural model, examined necessary and sufficient conditions, and elaborated on potential configurations resulting from the complex interactions of cognitive, affective, and normative antecedents that influence a traveler's intention to support animal ethics in tourism. In doing so, the study contributes novel insights by identifying four types of predictors: 1) necessary and sufficient, 2) necessary but insufficient, 3) unnecessary but sufficient, and 4) unnecessary and insufficient variables. Our results demonstrate that emotional involvement (EI) and moral norms (MN) significantly affect intention toward animal ethics in tourism (INT). Ethical concern (EC) is necessary but not sufficient to induce INT, while MN is both necessary and sufficient for INT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The greater competitiveness of a firm improves the chances of its success. Likewise, countries are constantly attempting to improve their travel and tourism competitiveness to attract global tourists. In this study, we present a theoretical framework linking the culture of a country and its travel and tourism competitiveness. We adopted the theoretical foundation of global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness (GLOBE) cultural values and practices to examine the panel effects of culture on competitiveness. We conducted a longitudinal study by using secondary data of 39 countries from 2011 to 2021. Results show that the culture of a country influence its travel and tourism competitiveness. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence by performing longitudinal frontier analysis to determine which GLOBE model, that is, cultural practices or cultural values, is appropriate for future studies. Findings of this longitudinal study contribute to the novel understanding of competitiveness and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a problematising review approach to examine the extent of mitigating climate change research in the sustainable tourism literature. As climate change has developed into an existential global environmental crisis and while tourism's emissions are still increasing, one would expect it to be at the heart of sustainable tourism research. However, from a corpus of 2573 journal articles featuring 'sustainable tourism' in their title, abstract, or keywords, only 6.5% covered climate change mitigation. Our critical content analysis of 35 of the most influential papers found that the current methods, scope and traditions of tourism research hamper effective and in-depth research into climate change. Transport, the greatest contributor to tourism's emissions, was mostly overlooked, and weak definitions of sustainability were common. Tight system boundaries, lack of common definitions and incomplete data within tourism studies appear to hamper assessing ways to mitigate tourism's contribution to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to elucidate the cascading effect of entrepreneurial leadership on fostering employee creativity in hospitality and tourism firms. Drawing upon multiple theories (e.g., the affective events theory and conservation of resources theory) and utilizing a multilevel mediation model, this study predicts and examines the cross-level indirect relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and employee creativity, which is sequentially transmitted through employees' surface acting and work-related flow. Based on a 2-wave longitudinal design, survey data were obtained from multiple sources consisting of 47 leaders and 352 employees in Chinese hospitality and tourism firms. Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) analysis provides empirical support for the cross-level mediation model. This study is among the first to provide empirical evidence of the cross-level effect of entrepreneurial leadership on workplace creativity via surface acting and work-related flow in the service industry, which enriches the leadership literature in the tourism discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates individual absorptive capacity (ACAP) in a platform economy-based tour guiding company. In such companies, guides are not employees but work as freelancers that sell their services to the company. The study's objective is to explore the knowledge-sharing dynamics between lower company management, who depend on the guides' knowledge for product development, and guides, who need incentives to share their knowledge with a company that they work with , rather than for. Methodologically, the study is based on data collected through embeddedness in a relevant case company, consisting of in-depth interviews, as well as participant and direct observation. The study characterizes central ACAP processes in the study context, pointing to five specific categories of micro-foundations that drive or hinder these processes: experience and knowledge, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, (meta-)routines, social integration mechanisms and leadership. Finally, recommendations are provided on how to improve ACAP processes in these types of companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how risk perceptions and psychological distance impacted people's travel intentions during Covid-19. Our findings reveal that traveling to a high-risk destination increased people's risk perceptions of Covid-19, and their risk perceptions at the destination, which, in turn, reduced people's travel intentions. We identify temporal, spatial, and social distance (the "when, where, and with whom" of traveling) as moderators of these effects; while social distance moderates the effect of risk, on risk perceptions, temporal and spatial distance moderate the effect of risk perceptions on travel intentions. We outline theoretical contributions and implications for tourism during crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increased recognition of the importance of images as a rich data source, the full potential of images to advance tourism and hospitality knowledge, both conceptually and theoretically, has yet to be fully tapped. This study provides a critical review of image analytics, examining its broad implications for tourism and hospitality research. This paper offers the progress of image definitions, features and related theories, as well as presents a methodological framework for conducting image-related studies, complementing the dominant textual analysis used in tourism and hospitality research. The paper makes contributions to the tourism methodological literature by developing a point of reference for the application of image analytics in tourism and hospitality studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies show that time series data about the frequency of hits for tourism-related search terms from Google (Google Trends data) is a valuable predictor for short-term tourism demand forecasting in many different tourism regions worldwide. The paper contributes to this literature in three ways. First, it shows that Google Trends data is useful for short-term predictions of monthly tourist arrivals in several German holiday regions. Second, the paper also demonstrates that the Google Trends time series we employ share certain patterns with Google Trends time series used in previous studies, including several studies totally unrelated to the tourism industry. We refer to these artefacts as "spurious patterns" and perform a detailed analysis of their negative impact on forecasting. Last, the paper proposes a method to sanitize Google Trends data and reduce the adverse impact of spurious patterns, thereby paving the way to develop statistically sound tourism demand forecasts. • Google Trends data is a valuable predictor for tourism in Germany. • The data shows "spurious patterns" that are unrelated to tourism. • The spurious patterns have a negative impact on tourism forecasts. • Data modi_cation can reduce the impact of the spurious patterns. • The spurious patterns can be seen in several previously published studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The "kungfu identity" came to overwhelm the on-site and off-site representations. • Promoters were aware of these tensions caused by this single identity and the discrepancies with its religious nature. • Four potential barriers in building new and integral identities of the temple were identified. • Both promoters and tourists simultaneously exercise power in representation. • Tourism promotion are based on the logic of tourists' market rather than of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines for the first time the dynamic relationship between tourism growth and expected macroeconomic conditions of the destination country using a DCC-GARCH model. The focus is on the Spanish economy in which monthly tourist arrivals data from 1998 to 2017 were collected for five key origin countries and around the world. To capture expected macroeconomic conditions, the Spanish term structure of interest rates is used. The results suggest that the tourism-expected economic growth relationship is time varying without any country-specific differences in the behaviour of the correlations. Importantly, positive correlations reportedly coincides with a regime shift in the Spanish economy; whereas negative correlations are evident when expected economic conditions are stable. It is also shown that the aforementioned relationship is influenced by key geopolitical and economic events (the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Global Financial Crisis and the ECB's quantitative easing programme). Finally, policy implications derived from the main findings are discussed. • We investigate the dynamic correlation between tourism demand growth and expected macroeconomic conditions of Spain. • We find that the tourism-expected economic growth relationship is time varying and volatile in sign and magnitude. • We find that positive correlations are also observed when there is a regime shift in the Spanish economy. • Key geopolitical and economic events affect the said relationship. • We do not report notable differences across the different origin countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many businesses do not understand how changing short- and long-term weather and climatic conditions impact economic outcomes. To address this understanding gap, the Weather-Proximity-Cognition (WPC) framework is introduced. The WPC explores how spatial, temporal, and social proximity to weather and climate events or issues, as well as scale of events or issues, influences understanding and agency related to business outcomes. The WPC can be used by businesses to understand and localize weather or climate change risks and also to increase agency to engage in adaptive or mitigating efforts. Camping businesses are particularly susceptible to weather and climatic conditions. An empirical case study of two camping businesses located in popular United States destinations is presented to demonstrate the WPC framework's utility. Empirical models explained up to 61.3% of the variability in daily camping occupancy depending on geographic location, meteorological season, and camping occupancy type. WPC and case study implications are discussed. • Changing weather and climatic conditions threaten businesses, particularly nature-based businesses such as camping. • The novel Weather-Proximity-Cognition (WPC) framework is introduced to enhance business understanding and agency. • The WPC explores how time, space, social proximity and scale influence business understanding of weather and climate change. • A case study of two camping businesses provides replicable empirical steps that can be used to analyze climatic conditions. • Weather and weather events explain up to 61.3% of the variability in daily camping occupancy, an economic business outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, medical tourism has grown rapidly and has attracted much attention. This study investigates the design of a dental tourism supply chain network as one of the medical tourism subcategories, and for the first time, it presents a mathematical model for this supply chain. The proposed supply chain consists of three parts: tourists, medical facilities, and accommodation. The purpose of this model is to determine the optimal number of medical and accommodation units and the final capacity of medical centers. The proposed model is verified using a real case study in Mazandaran province, Iran. The obtained results show that the proposed model can be used for strategic planning and effective investment in this field. One of the important applications of this research is to provide suggestions for designing the proposed supply chain network using the outputs of the mathematical model. • A mathematical model for a dental tourism supply chain is proposed. • Three levels of dental tourism supply chain network were considered: medical centers, accommodation centers, and tourists. • Maximizing the profit of dental tourism supply chain is considered. • A real case study was considered for model validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Cook, innovator of the conducted tour, organized his first one-day rail trip in 1841 and in 1860s, with his son, John Mason Cook, created Thomas Cook & Son brand by opening office in London to sell tickets for domestic and international travel. Thomas Cook escorted his first party to Egypt and Palestine in 1869. By the end of the nineteenth century, the company had arranged travel to Palestine for about 12,000 people. One of these travellers was German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II. Making travel arrangements of Kaiser in 1898 crowned the efforts of the company. This study provides the first examination of the archive documents on business agreement and correspondences between Thomas Cook & Son and the Ottoman Court for Kaiser's journey to the Holy Land. This study also aims to provide insight into how their entrepreneurial spirit contributed to the contemporary patterns of tourism management. • The development of tourism in the Levant is attributed to Thomas Cook & Son. • Thomas Cook's Eastern Tours attracted a considerable amount of middle-class tourists in the 19th century. • Among the thousands of travellers, Kaiser Wilhelm II was the most famous person. • Examines the archival documents, travel guides, and newspapers. • · Thomas Cook and John Mason Cook's practices shed light on the principles of the business management.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues for a research focus on understanding varied boundary relations in society, including social, political, geographical and discursive relations. Analytical themes are established for the study of tourism's boundary relations: the salience and permeability of boundaries, discursive boundaries, power relations associated with boundaries, and learning within and across boundaries. Particular attention is given to concepts of learning: identification, reflection, coordination and transformation. These themes and concepts are employed to explore boundary relations of the tourism and other urban regeneration policy sectors in two city districts. Cross-boundary learning across the tourism and urban regeneration policy sectors occurred through the identification of, and reflection about, tourism's role in urban regeneration and led to coordination and possibly some transformation. Yet this was within significant limitations and barriers. There was perhaps scope for more regular and comprehensive boundary crossing between the tourism and urban regeneration policy sectors. • Social science ideas about societal boundaries and boundary crossing are relevant for tourism's subject matter. • General analytical themes and concepts are identified to assess tourism's boundaries and cross-boundary relations. • Some cross-boundary learning occurred between the tourism and other policy sectors involved in urban regeneration. • Partnership-based DMOs helped cross-boundary working between tourism and urban regeneration, but within limits. • Limits to tourism's policy profile in urban regeneration may have discouraged cross-boundary learning and working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge to harmonize nature-based tourism with species conservation is important both from an economic, cultural and ecological perspective. One approach for understanding this interaction is to compare the spatiotemporal overlap between tourism activities and the focal species' space use, with the purpose to identify areas, periods, and conditions in which tourism exerts the highest negative impact. Here, we combine GPS data from 66 wild reindeer with on-site surveys of tourist (n = 13434 respondents at 66 locations) and trail use counters (n = 99 sites) in three Norwegian national parks. Our findings highlight a large-scale segregation during the summer season, as wild reindeer move to areas less prone to disturbance by humans. Based on these findings, we discuss a management model to segregate tourists from wild reindeer in space and/or time during summer with the goal of long-term sustainable coexistence. • We attempt to find socio-ecological solutions for conflicts between tourist activities and wild reindeer population. • We identify a large-scale people/reindeer segregation proposal during the tourist season. • We recommend management authorities to adopt push-pull strategies for sustainable tourism and wild reindeer Conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provisioning of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) for tourism at Oslob in the Philippines is a controversial issue. Recent studies that claim negative impacts of this industry on the ecology of whale sharks are characterised by a lack of baselines, limited methodological approaches and poor interpretation of results. They do not provide robust evidence for management or for advocacy that seeks to prevent provisioning. Furthermore, these studies cannot be used to draw conclusions about the ethics of tourists visiting Oslob or the motivations of the local people running the tourism operation. • There is no scientific evidence that provisioning at Oslob harms whale sharks. • If successful, advocacy against provisioning would threaten livelihoods and reverse conservation gains. • Provisioning studies offer no insights into the ethics of tourists visiting Oslob or the motivations of local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides cross-country macro-economic level evidence on the impact of tourism on house prices based on a panel of 20 OECD countries during the period 1995 to 2014. In its analysis, the study also accounts for institutional quality, banking credit, per capita income and income inequality. We employ Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator for the empirical investigation. The findings derived from AMG are robust and reliable as it accounts for cross-sectional dependence and allows for heterogeneous slope coefficients across panel members. The results show that tourism and its interaction with income inequality have a significant positive impact on house prices in the OECD economies. The findings also suggest that the growth in banking credit and per capita income further increases house prices, while institutional quality has the opposite impact. These findings offer new policy insights and practical knowledge. • Effect of tourism growth on house prices in 20 OECD economies. • Banking credit, per capita income, and institutional factors are also considered. • Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator is used for the analysis. • Results show that tourism positively drive the house prices upward. • Institutional quality effects house prices negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face is self-reflection through another's gaze, facilitated by face strategies ("facework") to regulate social dignity. Despite the phenomenal growth of Chinese tourism, the culturally central concepts of face and facework have been investigated mainly as explanations and not as subjects of their own. This study utilises social exchange theory to understand these concepts in a group tour setting, investigating their role in interactions between Chinese diasporic tourists and service intermediaries. Under an interpretive paradigm emphasizing participant observation, findings suggest diverse facework strategies adopted in between- and within-group interactions. The study also identified influencing factors including actor types and background, visibility and persistency of pressure as well as reciprocal compromises. • Qualitative inquiry into face and facework in diasporic Chinese package tourist experience. • The first to interrogate the relationship between social exchange theory and face in a tourism context. • Suggesting diverse facework strategies adopted in between- and within-group interactions. • Identifying four distinct facework outcomes. • Situating face as an influence on and an object of social exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism firms' financial performance is determined by a complex interplay of factors, both internal and external to the firm. Predominant internal factors are their entrepreneurial behavior and financial resources. External factors refer to the network of actors contributing to the tourism product as well as market and competitive uncertainties. Employing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) on quantitative data from a survey of 113 owner-managers of small and medium-sized tourism firms from Austria, this study investigates configurations of factors that lead to high firm performance. Results reveal six different configurations, which can be grouped into high or low environmental uncertainty settings and highlight the relevance of multidimensional Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), financial endowment, and personal and professional networks. Using a sequential mixed-methods approach, 13 qualitative follow-up interviews with owner-managers from the sample help to gain deeper insights into the identified configurations and to formulate successful paths to higher tourism firm performance. • Tourism firm performance is driven by factor configurations, with no one factor being sufficient on its own • Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis enables the derivation of factor configurations leading to high performance • The degree of environmental uncertainty affects the solutions to achieve higher firm performance • Multidimensional entrepreneurial orientation, financial resources and networks promise higher firm performance • Qualitative follow-up interviews help to interpret findings, label configurations and develop implications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the structural pattern of Brazilian monthly tourism revenue over the course of 20 years. This research contributes to the literature on the benefits of sports mega-events by showing that in developing countries the benefits derived from them may be jeopardized by economic structural problems reflected in currency fluctuation. Policy implications in terms of a specific tourism exchange rate for developing countries that host mega sport events are derived. • Brazilian monthly tourism revenues are examined. • It investigates the benefits of sports mega-events on tourism. • It is found that, in developing countries, benefits derived from them may be jeopardized by economic structural problems. • Policy implications are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of exchange rate depreciations and appreciations on the tourism trade balance. Specifically, we employed linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration techniques to analyze the extent to which currency depreciations and appreciations affect the United States (U.S.) bilateral tourism trade with Canada, Mexico, and the United Kingdom (U.K.). The results showed that the depreciation of the U.S. dollar subsequently improves the U.S. trade balance with all three trading partners. However, while the appreciation of the U.S. dollar deteriorates the U.S. bilateral tourism trade balance with Canada and the U.K., it does not ultimately affect the U.S. bilateral tourism trade with Mexico in the long term. These results provide evidence contradicting the J-curve theory, supporting the postulations of the ML condition. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed within the realms of J-curve theory, Marshall-Lerner (ML) condition, international trade, and tourism. • The balance of trade deficit has been in the core of discussion across the globe. • Tariffs and quotas are proposed to correct the balance of trade deficits. • Exchange rate policies are usually overlooked by policymakers. • Inconclusive evidence on the effects of exchange rate on the balance of tourism trade. • Depreciation of the local currency improves the balance of tourism trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-cultural aversions encompass a multitude of avoidant behaviours expressed in different forms and intensities. While there has been an increase in research on aversions that are somewhat underpinned by racism and discrimination, little research to date explores the existence of these aversions within an Indigenous tourism context. This study utilises projective techniques to explore the extent to which socio-cultural aversions may exist and how they manifest towards Indigenous tourism in Australia. Three major themes identified suggest that implicit and explicit socio-cultural aversions exist: 1) racial and stereotypical projections, 2) implicit cultural distancing and avoidance, and 3) ambivalence and indifference. Although less prevalent, non-aversive sentiments were also identified. The study makes a theoretical contribution to Consumer Culture Theory (CCT), specifically to the "consumer identity", "socio-historic patterning", and "marketplace culture" streams of research. Practically, product repositioning and marketing strategies are provided for destination managers and tourism stakeholders responsible for Indigenous tourism experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the value of music in connecting tourists to destinations is recognized, its mechanism remains unclear. This study adopts aesthetic responses to explore how musical geographical imagination influences tourists' place bonding and subsequent behavioral intentions. This explanatory sequential mixed-methods study: 1) elucidates the connotation and effects of musical geographical imagination integrating with aesthetics in tourism research; 2) shows that tourists' aesthetic cognitive and affective responses to musical geographical imagination strengthen place bonding, and buttresses the importance of affective responses in leveraging behavioral intentions; and 3) indicates that tourists' responses to musical stimuli differ in direct and indirect destination experience contexts, demonstrating that musical stimulus context moderates on associations of imagination with cognitive responses, and affective responses with behaviroal intentions. This study empirically expands the imagination from individual auditory spaces to a destination and advances tourism aesthetics research; it guides using music in tourism sensory marketing and tourism soundscape design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]