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There is a considerable shortage of females interested in becoming ICT specialists, and the roots of this disinterest can be traced back to the schooling. A sample of 291 high school seniors from 5 different schools in Estonia were surveyed about their future study choices and perceived influences on those choices. The findings indicate that there is a crucial need to systematically upgrade the level of obligatory computer classes (pedagogical lag), as the classroom experience is a key factor that shapes career-related decisions among young women. We claim that merely offering one-off initiatives (computer camps and summer schools) is not enough, but obligatory computer classes should keep pace with ICT developments in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the resources that countries invest in training people at doctorate level we can easily claim that PhDs are among the most invested 'brains' in each country. Yet what is missing from the discussion is what happens with their career after they gain their PhD. Based on two studies we reveal the job-related movements (career) of PhDs from Estonia. The results signpost a great share of heterogeneity across research fields - a diversity that has considerable effect on how universities can manage their academic workforce and their career, but also, factors that shape movements between the academic and non-academic labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]