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Guangdong Province is one of the largest agricultural regions in China, in addition to the robust economy. Agricultural development has been accelerated to ensure the food security in recent years. The agricultural non-point source pollution has been triggered by the large-scale investments in chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plastic mulch, and the rapid development of the livestock and poultry breeding industry. The purpose of this study is to unveil the emission quantity and sources of agricultural non-point source pollutants in Guangdong Province, elucidate the main characteristics and development trends of agricultural non-point source pollution, and thereby propose control measures targeting the primary pollutant sources. In this study, the emission coefficient was proposed to estimate the number of various pollutants that emitted by agriculture, livestock and poultry breeding, and aquaculture in Guangdong Province of China from 1991 to 2021. The data was also collected to better understand the agricultural development in the fertilization, arable land area, pig, cattle, poultry and aquaculture. The main causes were then determined for the agricultural non-point source pollution and their changing trends over time. The results show that: 1) An upward trend was found in the total discharges of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3 -N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) from the agricultural sources. The discharges of various pollutants decreased slightly since 2018, due to the reducing use of chemical fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer was applied per unit area more than twice the international average level. It is very necessary to reduce the chemical fertilizer use for the high efficiency. The discharges of COD, NH3 -N, TN, and TP from the agricultural sources increased to 1.9, 1.9, 1.7, and 2.2 times, respectively, in 2021, compared with 1991. 2) The primary contributors to the agricultural non-point source pollution were the planting, livestock and poultry breeding industries. The planting industry was contributed the most to the nitrogen discharges, accounting for 48% of NH3 -N losses, and 52% of total nitrogen losses from the agricultural sources, respectively. In addition, the water pollution that caused by the planting industry was mainly from the application of chemical fertilizers. The livestock and poultry breeding industry was the primary source of COD and TP discharge from the agricultural sources. Specifically, 90% and 51% of the total COD and TP discharges from agricultural sources were from the livestock and poultry breeding sector, respectively. The number of pollutants that discharged by the large-scale farming were accounted for more than 70% of the total pollutants discharged by the livestock and poultry breeding industry. Among different types of livestock and poultry, pigs were contributed the most to the emission of various pollutants, followed by poultry. Different pollutants that emitted by the aquaculture industry were accounted for between 10% and 16% of total emissions from agricultural sources. Aquaculture was ever increasing every year. Moreover, the effluent that produced by aquaculture (particularly mariculture) was challenging to clean up. Consequently, the number of pollutants that discharged into water from aquaculture sources will increase over time, indicating the increasing share of the total emissions from agricultural sources. Therefore, it is urgent to find the solutions for the waste disposal of large-scale pig farms. Also, the pollutant discharges from aquaculture needs to be considered. The finding can also provide a strong reference for the decision-making in the agricultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pigeon industry is emerging after the "three birds" in the special poultry breeding. Pigeon breeding has also been well developed over more than 30 years in the animal husbandry industry in China. In this study, an improved RetinaNet model was proposed for the individual detection of caged pigeons during the breeding period. An accurate and rapid individual detection in the cage was realized to improve the breeding efficiency. The original image dataset was first collected in the Golden Green Pigeon Breeding Base in Xingning, Guangdong Province, China. The images were then enhanced by the vertically flipped, adding noise, and brightness. As such, the training and validation datasets were expanded to five times the original images. A total of 5 420 pigeon images were selected to be labeled, where 5 190 images were set as the training and validation set, and 230 as the test set. The model was improved using the RetinaNet. The Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) was introduced before the classification and regression sub-networks. As such, the information of the feature map was enhanced for the better model. Two backbone networks (ResNet50 and ResNext50) were selected to compare to the Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN) with different layers on the individual detection of pigeons in the breeding period. 11 experiments were then performed on the same training, validation, and test set under the operating system of Ubuntu18.04 and graphics card: NVIDIA TITAN RTX. The commonly-used SSD and YOLOv3 in the one-stage object detection were selected to compare with the RetinaNet model framework in this case. Eight experiments were also carried out to optimize the model using the same dataset and training parameters. The results showed that the mAP of the original RetinaNet model structure was 65.44%, which was 3.21, 13.7, 4.47, 6.24, and 3.54 percentage points higher than that of SSD, YOLOv3, YOLOv4, YOLOv5s, and YOLOv5m, respectively. The overall detection effect of the original RetinaNet model was better than that of SSD and YOLOv3. Moreover, the number of FPN layers increased the detection scale, thereby effectively improving the recall of small objects. The missed detection of pigeon eggs was also reduced in the actual breeding environment using the original RetinaNet. Meanwhile, the CBAM was introduced before the classification and regression sub-network, in order to promote the detection effect on the adhesion pigeons. The improved RetinaNet model presented an average accuracy of 95.88%, 79.51%, and 67.29% on the test set of pigeons, squabs, and pigeon eggs, respectively, which were 2.16, 21.74, and 22.48 percentage points higher than the original RetinaNet model. There was also much more improvement in the average precision of adhesive squab and small pigeon eggs. Consequently, the improved model can also be expected to present the best performance. The real-time monitoring of individual changes can be achieved in the pigeon cage. The finding can provide the technical support for precision breeding, in order to timely detect and adjust the improper behavior of production management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manure slurry is a mixture of urine, feces, flushing water, and disinfectant in the livestock and poultry breeding industry. About two billion tons of manure slurry can be produced in China every year. Among them, the composition varies greatly, due to the complex sources. There are many influencing factors on the composition of manure slurry, such as the seasons, regions, breeding scale, fecal cleaning, and manure slurry treatment. Currently, the fixed composition value cannot accurately be calculated the amount of manure slurry, when returning to the field. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an accurate, and rapid detection system suitable for the compositions in the manure slurry on site. Fortunately, Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can offer a great potential to detect manure composition at present. Nevertheless, most reports were usually focused on the near-infrared spectrometer at the large-scale laboratory level. This kind of instrument can be confined to the application of near-infrared spectroscopy analysis in fields, due to the large bulk volume, low portability, and high price. The near-infrared spectrometer can be further developed towards the miniaturization for the technical and cost feasibility during on-site detection, particularly with the development of Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) and Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) in recent years. In addition to the need for a stable and reliable hardware system, the calibration model is another important application premise of near-infrared technology. But, there is a great challenge to establish the calibration model using cloud sharing technology. It is very necessary to access the shared resources via the various data computing services anytime, anywhere, and on-demand through the Internet. In this study, a micro NIR onsite and rapid system was proposed to detect the composition of manure slurry during field return using a calibration model under cloud sharing. A complete function was also achieved for the data acquisition, upload, prediction and storage at the same time, according to the design scheme of "micro NIR sensor + calibration model cloud sharing + Android client + mobile network". The micro NIR sensor was first used to collect the spectral data of the measured sample, then to transmit the data into the Android client through the Bluetooth protocol, and finally to the cloud server through the mobile network. A calibration model was deployed in the cloud server to calculate the received spectral data. A quantitative prediction was obtained to further send back to the Android client in real time. A rapid detection was realized for the ten parameters of manure slurry compositions, such as the Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Potassium (TK), ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N), amide nitrogen (CONH2-N), Available Phosphorus (AP), Available Potassium (AK), Organic Matter (OM), and pH value. The prediction relative errors of AK, TN, AP, TP, pH, NH4 +-N, and TK in the manure slurry were less than 10%, and the rest of OM, CONH2-N, and NO3 --N were between 10%-18%. Consequently, the micro NIR technology combined with the calibration model in cloud sharing can be expected to realize the onsite, rapid and accurate detection of various compositions in the manure slurry, particularly for the full sharing of the quantitative model. Moreover, the broad market prospect can be gained for the practical application, due to the portable micro NIR sensor, the simple operation of the Android client, and the lower cost of the system. There is also no need for the professional requirements of the users in the cloud sharing of the calibration model. The finding can provide data support for the high precision return of manure slurry to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of animal manures has been produced in China in recent years, due to the ever-increasing demand for livestock and poultry breeding. Improper disposal can pose potential environmental and health risks. Alternatively, hydrothermal carbonization has been one of the thermochemical technologies to convert the waste biomass into high value-added products without drying raw materials. Therefore, it is a highly promising potential to convert the animal manures into high value-added carbon-rich materials using hydrothermal carbonization, in order to prevent environmental pollution and pathogenic microbe spread from the random accumulation. This review aims to clarify the effects of temperature, liquid-solid ratio, reaction residence time, and additives on the yield and physicochemical properties of hydrochars, according to the main components of animal manures under hydrothermal carbonization. Some mechanisms were evaluated to determine the specific reaction pathways, including hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, Mailard reaction, and polymerization. An interaction was also identified between various factors and reaction kinetics. Among them, the reaction temperature was the most critical factor affecting the reaction pathways and characteristics of products. A mathematical model was then established to describe the hydrothermal carbonization, further evaluating the application effect on laboratory and industrial scale. There was an increase in the temperature and residence time during hydrothermal carbonization, leading to the hydrochar with a higher carbon content and calorific value, but the yield decreased significantly. Furthermore, the volatile content of hydrochar decreased significantly after hydrothermal carbonization, which was related to the reduction of hydroxyl, and carboxyl functional groups. The heavy metals and phosphorus were often fixed in the hydrochars in more stable forms, whereas, nitrogen and potassium were transferred to the liquid products. Medium temperature (180-220 ℃) for a short time (0.5-2 h) was conducive to maintaining the nutrient elements in the hydrochar for the better capacity of soil water holding. Moreover, the hydrochar also varied in the surface functional groups and pore structure, thereby serving as the potential biofuel, adsorbent, soil amendment, and precursor of functional materials. More importantly, the addition of CaO was greatly contributed to the pH and yield of hydrochar in the process of hydrothermal carbonization, together with the improved pore structure and the number of surface functional groups. As such, the acid increased the calorific value, specific surface area, fixed carbon content, and H/C, O/C atomic ratio of hydrochar. Co-hydrothermal carbonization had avoided the weakness of hydrochar produced by a single feedstock with high ash and heavy metals content, which were possibly limited factors for the potential applications in energy materials and soil amendment. Consequently, the porous carbon materials with high specific surface area, excellent pore structure, and adjustable surface chemical properties can be widely expected to prepare in the activation and modification process with the livestock manure hydrochars as a precursor. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of animal manures can also realize rapid heating to shorten the reaction time for the higher product yield. A further study needs to be focused on the economic feasibility and large-scale application. This finding can also provide a strong reference to promote the application potential of hydrothermal carbonization in the treatment of animal manures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government has planned to hit the carbon emission peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. In this case, it is a high demand to reduce emissions, especially greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among them, the livestock industry has been the greatest GHG emission source in agriculture sectors, accounting for 80% of total agricultural non-carbon dioxide emissions. The Emissions Gap Report 2021 has released that the methane emissions can be reduced from fossil fuels and agricultural wastes, further, slowing down global warming in the shortterm. Therefore, a low-carbon livestock industry can also make a great contribution to achieving the carbon neutrality. In this study, a systematic review was made on the agricultural carbon emissions in China, with emphasis on the sources of GHG emissions in animal production systems. Some suggestions were also proposed to reduce the GHG emissions from the livestock and poultry. The carbon emission of the agriculture sector has been the third-largest source of GHG emissions, accounting for about 6.7% of the total emissions in China. The GHG emissions of animal respiration, ruminant intestinal fermentation, and manure are regarded as the direct sources, whereas, the indirect GHG emissions include feed production and processing, the energy consumption of equipment and facilities, as well as animal product processing and transportation. Enteric fermentation has been the largest source of GHG emissions from livestock, according to the global livestock environmental assessment model. Finally, some technologies were also summarized to reduce the GHG emissions from the livestock and poultry. The low-carbon path contained three parts, the source, the process, and the end, according to the whole life cycle of animal husbandry production. Correspondingly, there was a gradual increase in the indirect GHG emissions via energy consumption during the breeding process of livestock and poultry, particularly with the increase in the production and demand of livestock. Moreover, one of the key strategies is necessary to conduct the financial investment and the national incentive mechanism, thereby achieving carbon neutrality. Therefore, this review can greatly contribute to promoting carbon neutrality for the sustainable development of the livestock industry. Four recommendations were made as follows: 1) To monitor the GHG emissions from the livestock industry throughout the entire process and scientifically evaluate GHG emissions and reduction potential of each link; 2) To strengthen the clean production in animal husbandry, including basic and innovative research, further to promote the animal husbandry in a green, low-carbon, and efficient way; 3) To develop the green and low-carbon utilization of manure resources from the livestock and poultry production; and 4) To integrate the modern information technology for the low-carbon emission reduction in the digitally empowered livestock industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dongting Lake Plain is one of the most important food production bases in China. However, the non-point source pollution has posed a great threat to social and economic development in the cultivated land, due to a large number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides that have widely been used unreasonably during agricultural production in recent years. It is also very serious for the pollution of livestock and poultry breeding. Taking 21 county-level administrative units in part of Hunan Province in the Dongting Lake Plain as the research area, the inventory analysis was made to construct three types of pollution units for the farmland fertilizer, human and livestock excrement, as well as farmland solid wastes. Some parameters were calculated, including the total emission and intensity of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The temporal and spatial evolution of non-point source pollution was determined in the cultivated land, further to analyze the movement trajectory of emission intensity barycenter and the degree of spatial agglomeration, using the center of gravity model and the cold/hot spot analysis. The results showed that: 1) There was a great decrease in the total emissions and emission intensity of COD, TN, and TP from the cultivated land non-point source pollution in the study area from 2005 to 2019. It was related to the promotion of ecological farming, soil testing formula technology, as well as the scale control of livestock and poultry breeding. There were also the spatial distribution characteristics of "east>west>central" in the pollution degree for three types of pollutants. 2) Three types of pollutants all moved in the longitude and latitude directions, but there was a more obvious in the east-west direction, where the barycenter of emission intensity presented a tendency to run westward. The adjustment and implementation of pollution prevention policies were attributed to the shift of the barycenter of the emission intensity in the three pollutants. 3) There were significant differences in the spatial patterns of the three pollutants. Specifically, the COD pollution was significantly different, TP was followed, and TN was the smallest in various regions. Hot spots were mostly distributed in the east of the Dongting Lake plain around the basin. The main reason was that these areas were on the edges of the intersection of the Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River, with advantageous location, rapid urbanization and industrialization, and stronger arable land utilization. The cold spots were mostly distributed in Nanxian and the surrounding areas in the middle of the Dongting Lake Plain. The concept of ecological civilization was contributed greatly to the distribution. As a result, much attention needs to pay to the treatment of non-point source pollution in the cultivated land and surrounding counties. Consequently, the non-point source pollution was improved in the cultivated land in the process of ecological civilization construction. There was also a great difference in the degree and control of cultivated land non-point source pollution in various regions. The finding can provide a sound theoretical basis to manage the non-point source pollution of cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution production coefficient of sheep-breeding is lacking in recent years, since most previous studies focused mainly on pigs, cattle, and chickens in the livestock and poultry breeding industries. This study aims to systematically explore the producing characteristics of pollutants from large-scale sheep farms in Northern China, and thereby to construct the pollution production coefficient for the sheep breeding industry. Three typical sheep farms were selected for sentinel monitoring experiments in Northeast, North and Northwest China. The sheep were divided into four groups according to the feeding stages, including the nursling, fattening, mature, and barren stages. In each group, five normal, healthy and similar weight sheep were randomly selected using the age and gender of different sheep breeds. A metabolic cage was adopted in the experiment, where feed and water were supplied regularly and quantitatively. The trial period was from July to September 2019. The monitoring items included the daily feed intake, water intake, as well as the amount of feces and urine of each sheep. The feed of each group, the feces and urine samples of each sheep were collected for 3 consecutive days to determine physical and chemical indicators for the pollution production coefficients. The results showed that there was great difference in the regularity of pollutant generation for the breed, age, and gender in a sheep farm. The daily feed and water intake of Liaoning cashmere goat in northeast China, the crossbred F1 of Dorper and Hu sheep in north China, and the Tan sheep in northwest China were 1.45, 1.29, and 2.24 kg, while, 1.82、2.73, and 0.72 L, respectively. The daily production of feces and urine for the Liaoning cashmere goat, the crossbred F1 sheep, and Tan sheep were 0.69, 0.61, and 0.94 kg, 0.77, 1.19, and 0.42 L, respectively. The daily fresh weight of feces and fresh weight of feed, dry weight of feces and dry weight of feed, urine volume and water consumption all showed significant positive correlation (0.8

Frequent outbreak of epidemics is one of the major factors driving the poultry industry. Much stricter environmental regulations are on the way, particularly on tensions relations between individual farmers and global markets. Modern farms and agricultural operations have far differently than those a few decades ago, such as previous retail breeding mode. A large-scale breeding has become an alternatively effective way to improve the industrial competitiveness, as the advancements in new technology, and the rising cost of aquaculture. In large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry, the agricultural mechanization has been the key to improve the quality and efficiency of laying hen industry. It is necessary to explore the substitution relationship between breeding machine for laying hens and human labor in the development of large-scale agriculture and policy making. In this study, taking the provincial data in the small-scale (300-1 000 heads), medium-scale (>1 000-10 000 heads), and large-scale (more than 10 000 heads) from 2004 to 2018, the substitution elasticity of machine to labor was measured across the spatial scales and regions (east, middle, west and north-east part of China) using the function of transcending logarithm production. The specific data was collected from the National Agricultural Product Cost And Income Data Compilation (2005-2019). The results show that: 1)The industry of laying hens breeding in China behaved a trend of industrial machine substituting human labor, indicating great differences between various spatial scales and regions; 2) The substitution elasticity of machine to labor were 0.988 4, 0.303 3, 0.343 5 in the small, medium, and large scales, respectively. Specifically, the mean value for the substitution elasticity of machine to labor in the small-scale laying hens breeding increased from 0.277 3 to 1.379 1 from 2004 to 2018, but there was a large annual fluctuation. In the medium-scale laying hens breeding, the mean value for the substitution elasticity of machine to labor increased from 0.171 9 to 0.436 5 from 2004 to 2018, and there were relatively small rise and annual fluctuations. In the large-scale laying hens breeding, the mean value for the substitution elasticity of machine to labor increased from 0.293 1 to 0.306 9 from 2004 to 2018, but there was small annual fluctuations. 3) There were great differences in the substitution elasticity of machine to labor in different regions. The layout of laying hens industry was relatively stable during the measured period. The location advantages can be continued in the east region of laying hens breeding, in order to promote the “south westward” trend, and thereby to optimize the industrial layout area. In the future, an emphasis can be put on the coordinated development of large-scale mechanization in laying hens breeding. Three recommendations can be made during this time: 1) To encourage scientific and technological innovation in breeding equipment, further to upgrade specialized equipment for the substitution of mechanized breeding to human labor; 2) To make great efforts to enhance the mechanization of small-scale and medium-scale farms in laying hens breeding, while to actively guide large-scale farmers in mechanical innovation of breeding technology; 3) To strengthen the particular policy focus considering local environmental conditions. The findings can be used to strengthen the national policy, according to the replacing characteristics of industrial machine to human labor, and further to provide a sound reference for the sustainable development in laying hens industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recently years, China's livestock and poultry breeding industry has gradually developed in the direction of large-scale and centralization. With the continuous expansion of the scale of breeding, the problem of rapid increase of animal slurry emissions is becoming more and more seriously. Animal slurry were applicated reasonably can not only solve the problem of pollution, but also improving soil nutrients. There is a large amount of ammonium nitrogen in animal slurry. Unreasonable application will lead to the emission of a large amount of ammonia gas from animal slurry into the soil. In generally, the animal slurry should be stored for a period of time and then returned to the field. During the storage period, methane (CH4) emission was reduced, and the fertilizer efficiency of stored manure may improve. Acidification is a way to improve storage quality. At present, there are more studies abroad on the effect of treating animal slurry return to the field. However, the effect of the acidification storage of animal slurry on soil nutrients has been rarely reported in China. In order to explore the application effect about fresh (MS), acidification (HMS), storage (SMS), and acidification storage (SHSM) of animal slurry to field. The pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of animal slurry on soil nutrients and crop yield by using concentrated sulfuric acid and long-term storage of animal slurry. Two control groups were set up for the experiment: Animal slurry before and after storage, and animal slurry before and after acidification of H2SO4. Four different levels (5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) were set for each treatment. The results indicated that the concentration of animal slurry to the field should be strictly controlled (the level at 25%-50%). Animal slurry stored was benefit to the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of soil nutrients. After storage, the total nutrients (TN, TP, and total potassium (TK)) increased by 11.32%-73.16%, and the crop yield of SMS(100%) increased by 21.22%. However, after the acidification with H2SO4, the effect of animal slurry on the total soil nutrients changed significantly. Compared with MS, the TP content of HMS increased by 20.21%, 3.45%, 14.10% and 12.82%, and the content of available phosphorus increased by 64.59%, 0.48%, 2.66% and 19.69% at the level of 5%-100%, respectively. The crop yield of HMS(25%) increased by 27.94%. On the basis of the H2SO4 acidized and stored, the TN content of soil increased very significantly (P<0.05), the TN content increased by 20.65%, 25.14%, 46.99% and 82.98% at four different level. Acidification and storage processing to reduce the loss of TN have promoting effect to the increase of soil available nutrients, especially for the effect of available nitrogen significantly (P<0.05), and the crop yield of SHMS(25%) increased by 13.63%. Reasonable application of stored manure slurry and low concentration of animal slurry acidified by H2SO4 can increase crop yield. In generally, the application of stored animal slurry can promote the total nutrients content of soil, promoting the accumulation of phosphorus, and increasing the crop production. However, it is not suitable to apply too high concentration of animal slurry, which will inhibit the yield of crops. The application amount should be controlled within the range of 25% as far as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has a drastic change in structures of agricultural production and rural economy in China over the recent years. Pollution induced by agrochemical applications, livestock and poultry breeding, straw incineration in agricultural production has been increasing, and agricultural pollution has overtaken industrial pollution becoming the main water pollution source in China. However, efforts to ameliorate these pollutions are difficult to implement because of a lack of understanding of their associated costs. This is one reason why agricultural pollution control is still regulation-based rather than market-based as has been widely used in controlling industrial pollution. Shadow price of agricultural pollutant is a key to help policy-make strategies to remediate agricultural pollutants. The purpose of this paper is to address this issue by taking agricultural data measured from 1978 to 2017 at provincial scale in China as an example. We estimated the quadratic directional distance function, revenue function and the costs of pollution in agricultural production. The results showed that the shadow prices of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and COD had reduced by 26.8%, 35.9% and 59.7%, respectively, from 1978 to 2017, having undergone through free development stage, reform promotion stage, market regulation stage and policy incentive stage. Because of the difference in natural and socio-economic conditions between the provinces, there was a noticeable spatial variation in shadow prices of agricultural pollutants in them. In the northwest China, the shadow price of TN was the lowest, while in the southwest China, the shadow price of TN and TP was the highest and the price of COD was the lowest. In east China the shadow price of TP was the lowest and the price of COD was the highest. The average annual costs of pollution in agricultural production was 76.06 billion Yuan per year, accounting for 10.8% of the value of the total agricultural production. In particular, the costs of pollution in Ningxia, Guizhou, Hebei, and Shandong accounted for more than 14% of the value of their total annual agricultural production. The long-term change in shadow price of agricultural pollutants and the costs of agricultural pollution in China indicated that agricultural production was complex and affected by individual and combined natural, social-economic and political factors. Agricultural policies should be made based on the requirement of the "two-oriented agriculture" development by reforming agricultural supply structure to improve quality and efficiency of the agricultural supply to avoid falling into the "profit pursuing policy" trap. Transformation of agricultural production should focus on improving land productivity and resource and labor use efficiency, along with reducing dependence on petrochemicals and remediating non-point agricultural pollutant. It also needs to consider resource conservation and environmental protection by developing circular, and ecological-friendly intensive agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]