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In this paper, a robust fault estimation for polynomial systems with time delay via a polynomial adaptive observer is presented and described. In fact, in contrast to previous research works on actuator faults, the learning rate utilized to govern the convergence speed of states and faults errors is not predetermined but is derived using the sum of squares optimization problem. Furthermore, the H ∞ optimization approach was created to reduce the impact of disturbances on state estimation error and fault estimation error. Finally, an illustrative practical example is given to validate the effectiveness of the suggested methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]