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The prevalence of chronic kidney failure is significantly increasing in Vietnam, causing a burden for health care. This study assessed the relationship of HLA-A, -B, and –DRB1 alleles with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A retrospective, cross-sectional study and a comparative study using secondary data analysis were conducted on 196 ESRD patients and 187 controls from 2009 to 2017. The patient and donor profiles were collected from medical records, including age, sex, etiology of renal failure, and HLA phenotypes. HLA-A*, -B*, and -DRB1* typing were done by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers. The most frequent HLA alleles in Vietnamese patients with ESRD were HLA-A*02, -A*11, -B*15, -B*46, -DRB1*04, -DRB1*09, and -DRB1*12. The haplotypes HLA-A*0233 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.15–0.98) had a negative association for ESRD. The haplotypes HLA-B*1515 (OR = 4.14, 95% CI: 1.52–11.26) and HLA-DRB1*1212 (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.06–3.81) had a positive association for ESRD. The haplotypes HLA-B*1515 (OR = 4.69, 95% CI: 1.69–13.03) and -DRB1*1212 (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.10–4.21) had a positive association for ESRD related to glomerulonephritis. The HLA-B*1557 (OR = 17.34, 95% CI: 2.70–11.49) had a positive association for ESRD related to hypertension. The haplotypes of HLA class I and II had significant relationships with ESRD. The results of our study should be confirmed in further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]