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Background: Complications of cirrhosis may persist after liver transplantation. When indicated, partial splenic embolization (PSE) is an alternative to splenectomy but can cause severe infection. The identification of modifiable risk factors when performing PSE in immunocompromised liver transplant recipients may help reduce the risk of severe infection., Methods: Data were collected retrospectively for all PSE performed after liver transplantation at a single institution and included demographics, etiology of liver disease, indication for PSE, vaccination status, laboratory findings, procedural details, extent and pattern of splenic infarction, hospital length-of-stay, readmissions, procedural complications, and mortality. Statistical analysis included 2-tailed t test, Fisher exact test, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves, with significance defined as P < .05., Results: Sixteen patients received 22 embolizations, with 11 patients undergoing a single session and 5 patients undergoing multiple sessions. Indications included hypersplenism, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, ascites, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. PSE produced significant and sustained cell count increases, improved ascites, and controlled hemorrhage. Splenic abscess, septic shock, need for splenectomy, and PSE-related mortality were seen in the group with large confluent splenic infarction but not in peripheral/wedge-shaped infarction. Multiple-session PSE exclusively using particles for embolization correlated with the pattern of peripheral/wedge-shaped infarction and avoided severe infection and PSE-related mortality., Conclusions: PSE in the immunosuppressed liver transplant recipient is an effective alternative to splenectomy, but carries substantial infectious risk. The risk is decreased when PSE performed with polyvinyl alcohol particles results in a pattern of peripheral/wedge-shaped infarction, which correlates with smaller infarction volumes, favorable length-of-stay, and minimal risk of abscess, sepsis, and mortality., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a rare, serious, fatal disease that occurs after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)., Case Report: We treated a 60-year-old man who underwent OLT owing to familial amyloidosis. The patient developed fever on postoperative day 16. The fever was persistent and did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Cultures and radiologic studies were done and excluded infection as a potential cause. On postoperative day 26, a skin rash appeared on his chest, accompanied by diarrhea and persistent fever. The rash spread all over the trunk, neck, and arms, but spared the palms of his hands and soles of his feet. In the meantime, his blood cell count revealed pancytopenia. Skin biopsy was done and showed interface lymphocytic infiltrate that are largely centered on the dermal-epidermal junction, is consistent with GVHD (this pattern of rash distribution is unique and different from the rash of GVHD after hematopoietic stem cell transplant, which is confined to palms of the hands and soles of the feet; Fig 1). The diagnosis was confirmed by colonoscopy and multiple forceps biopsies, which revealed extensive crypt loss. After hematology consultation, the patient was treated by withdrawal of all immunosuppressive therapy coupled with abatacept infusion. Abatacept is a chimeric protein that inhibits T-lymphocytes and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, after second dose of abatacept the patient showed marked clinical and laboratory improvement. The patient was discharged after 47 days in a stable condition., Conclusion: Because of the lack of a consensus for treatment of these patients, we report our experience with a male patient who had post-OLT GVHD and showed a marked improvement in response to abatacept., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)