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We present a patient with panfacial neurofibromatosis type 1 who underwent allogeneic transplantation of facial structures, which was complicated by severe rhabdomyolysis and temporary oligoanuria. Because of his underlying disease, this 35 year-old man, weighing 68 kg and with a body mass index (BMI) of 27, had undergone 17 operations for resection modeling of hypertrophied tissues, either alone or combined with static suspension techniques. He finally underwent allogeneic transplantation of facial structures. In the early hours of the postoperative period, in the context of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, he experienced severe rhabdomyolysis, with elevation of the muscle enzyme creatine kinase producing a minor impact on kidney function. The patient was discharged home at 12 weeks after the transplantation., (Crown Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)