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Determining the factors that positively and negatively affect the resilience of transport networks provides valuable information that leads to a deeper understanding of the preparedness and response of networks to external disruptions. Over the past few decades, several review papers have explored various interpretations of transport network resilience and its calculation metrics. Nevertheless, only a limited number of these papers have paid attention on the utilisation of empirical data in resilience studies. This paper, through a systematic literature review, contributes to filling this gap. To this end, from a pool of 127 relevant articles, a subset of 53 articles using real-world data was selected. The paper analyses and classifies empirical findings in transport network resilience studies. In particular, it highlights and thoroughly discusses spatial patterns of resilience and relevant influencing factors that positively or negatively affect the resilience attributes of a transport network. Although it is possible to place the empirical results within the theoretical framework proposed by the literature, two main issues on target reference levels arise from the graphical representation of transport network resilience as suggested by the theory. Based on these findings, research gaps are identified and future directions for transport researchers are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport service reliability is crucial for all stakeholders, including users, operators, and society. Bus bunching, where two or more buses on the same route travel closely together, significantly undermines service reliability. This paper reviews bus bunching, its causes and consequences, and control strategies from demand, supply, and decision-making perspectives. It identifies gaps in the literature, emphasising the need for realistic evaluations of control methods and real-world applications. The paper reveals that most bunching solutions prioritise operators over public transport users, and the trade-offs posed by these methods require further examinations. Hybrid methods combining holding with other measures have outperformed standalone holding methods but need real-world testing. User-centric approaches, such as encouraging and incentivising passengers to choose less crowded vehicles or wait, have demonstrated some potential in alleviating service bunching. However, their effectiveness in real-world applications present important research directions. In summary, the practical classification and framework presented in this review can assist policymakers in making informed and optimised decisions by considering various variables and performance measures involved in the process, and in finding balanced solutions for passenger and operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transit crowding results in negative experiences and mode change for transit riders and operational challenges for operators. The COVID-19 pandemic initiated an ongoing transformation of how, when, and where people travel, yet the challenge of balancing demand and supply in transportation remained topical. The pandemic has also exposed the traditional approach of infrastructure expansion for being too slow to respond to the challenges of crowding in a timely manner. As such, this paper provides a systematic literature review of the ex-post studies that evaluated the impact of transit demand management strategies. The paper synthesises the findings from 13 different programmes analysed in 20 studies. It is concluded that at least within the scope of the limited number of identified ex-post studies, the practice of alternative work schedules that allow employees greater freedom when to travel is the demand management approach that can bring the most significant crowding reduction. Once that flexibility is expanded, other strategies that appeal to riders’ preferences might have a larger effect as well. The findings of this review aim to encourage transit agencies to develop collaborations with large employers that can introduce alternative work schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting alternative travel modes to private cars is a crucial aspect of sustainable transport policies. The integration of different transport modes and services, facilitated by mobile apps and payment systems, has expanded travel options and fostered multimodal travel behaviour. Despite the increasing prevalence of multimodal transport in practice, there exists a shortage of systematic academic research on this subject. This paper seeks to fill this gap by presenting an overview of key themes related to multimodality in travel behaviour, providing valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners. Leveraging an in-depth analysis of 182 relevant papers extracted from the Web of Science database, this paper intricately formulates a comprehensive conceptual framework that delves into the definition and measurement of multimodality. Furthermore, it synthesises recent perspectives and insights pertaining to the factors shaping multimodality and its socio-environmental impacts. The paper suggests several potential research directions in multimodality, including a focus on the supportive environment for multimodal behaviour (termed multimodal-oriented development, MMOD), an examination of the socio-environmental effects of multimodality and MMOD, and an investigation of regional variations in knowledge and practices related to multimodality. By exploring these research avenues, this paper aims to advance our understanding of multimodal travel behaviour and contribute to the development of effective strategies and policies promoting sustainable transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a scoping review concerning the state of knowledge with respect to the impacts of COVID-19 on daily personal travel in the Global South. Based on the available literature in the Global South, the paper aims to: (1) provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the personal daily travel of different socio-economic and demographic groups during COVID-19; (2) synthesise the literature to explore the needs of the different socio-economic and demographic groups; and (3) identify groups who received less attention in transportation research in the Global South so far. The paper reviewed 47 studies and found that while investigating personal travel during COVID-19, the most explored socio-economic and demographic attributes were sex, age, income, occupation and educational qualifications. Some regional differences were evident in terms of mode choice during COVID-19. Through the review, it is also noticeable that none of the studies explored LGBTQ+ communities' and individuals with disabilities' transportation needs and challenges and how COVID-19 has impacted their personal travel. Other overlooked socio-economic and demographic groups in the Global South whose personal travel during COVID-19 and the post-pandemic period needs investigation are migrant and seasonal workers, children and youths, ethnic minorities, racial minorities, religious minorities, linguistically diverse individuals, indigenous individuals, and individuals residing in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the aviation sector. Correspondingly, Extensive research has explored various perspectives on the effects of the pandemic on the aviation sector. With the pandemic gradually coming to an end, it is important to conduct a detailed review of the literature and analyze past events carefully. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the impact of COVID-19 on air passenger travel at different stages. It identifies potential direct effects and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also investigates the two stages of the pandemic-aviation relationship, providing insights into how the relationship has evolved over time. Additionally, the research summarises key findings on the effects of COVID-19 on air travel demand and supply. These findings encompass various aspects, including travel demand, airport operations, airline operations, and network operations. The paper concludes by suggesting that ongoing analysis of the pandemic's effects can inform future policies and measures that can help the aviation industry recover and thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews 100 peer-reviewed articles and 12 non-refereed papers on COVID-19 and cycling published from March 2020 to January 2023. Overall, the studies suggest more increases than decreases in cycling, with some cities reporting large increases. However, there has been much variation among countries, cities, and specific corridors within cities as well as variation by gender, age, ethnicity, income group, trip purpose, and time period of the pandemic. The largest increases in cycling in 2020 were for recreation, exercise, and stress relief on weekends and weekday afternoons. By comparison, cycling to work, university, schools, and shopping generally declined. Most studies reported expansions or improvements in bikeway networks, often specifically related to COVID or accelerated due to COVID, and with a particular emphasis on low-stress facilities such as protected bike lanes, slow streets, car-free streets, and traffic calmed neighbourhood streets. Most of the studies examining the social equity impacts of COVID-related cycling policies found them to be broadly equitable across income, ethnic, age, and gender dimensions. Many studies recommended further expansion of low-stress, safer facilities in order to attract a broader cross-section of the population to cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport policies affect the quality of life and social wellbeing of citizens and communities; incorporating such impacts in policy and decision making, however, remains a challenge. This paper aims to: (1) present a systematic literature review that links transport policy to Community Wellbeing using the Capability Approach by Sen and Nussbaum, and (2) using that basis, establish a theoretical framework to systematically address Community Wellbeing impacts of municipal transport policies. This can improve qualitative assessments of policy interventions on multiple dimensions, such as safety, health, the (built) environment and accessibility, and inequalities within those dimensions. Using existing literature on the Capability Approach, Community Wellbeing dimensions can indeed successfully be integrated in transport policies. Additional tools and theories, such as the Theory of Change, are needed to structure relations between the sociotechnical transport system and the policy process. For analyses and assessment of policy interventions, additions from the affordances theory, potential accessibility, activity spaces, and sufficientarianism are needed to finalise the framework. Further development and testing of the framework is recommended. The most prominent research gaps are processes to set thresholds for sufficient accessibility, as well as potential limits to mobility behaviours through collective capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has extensively examined in-vehicle display designs for supporting the operation of driving automation. As automation relieves drivers from various driving tasks including vehicle control (e.g. steering, accelerating, and braking), driving performance measures (e.g. speed, lane deviations) may not be informative indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of in-vehicle displays. Gaze-based measures are a better alternative given their link to driver visual attention, an indication of driver engagement. A scoping review was conducted to review the literature on the design of displays for supporting the operation of driving automation and the evaluation of these displays using gaze-based measures. Forty-three articles were included in the review. Most of the studies investigated visual (and mixed visual-auditory) displays that provide alerts to the driver for when to intervene automation classified as Level 3. The adopted gaze measures mostly relied on static areas of interest (AOIs), with fewer studies looking at more fine-grained, context dependent AOIs. The paper summarises the findings of the review, including research trends and gaps, as well as recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air transportation is a mode of transport developed specifically to provide access to long-distance destinations that may otherwise be infeasible or at least more difficult to reach. Accordingly, there are distinct aspects of air travel that require consideration when assessing accessibility by air transportation, which are not addressed in general local accessibility studies. This paper reviews studies of accessibility by air transportation. The studies in question were published in academic journals, and we analysed them using the broad theoretical framework of accessibility of Geurs and van Wee [Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: Review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography, 12(2), 127–140]. We discuss the characteristics of accessibility by air transportation to consider when designing research, as well as trends and knowledge gaps in the existing literature. An important gap is that, while there is a growing interest towards perceived accessibility by air transportation, accessibility measures based on this perspective have not yet been applied yet. Additionally, the literature is largely focused on the transport and land-use components of accessibility as opposed to the individual and temporal components. We finish by discussing the benefits and drawbacks of directly applying conventional accessibility measures for research on accessibility by air transportation, as well as options to modify the temporal component of conventional person-based accessibility measures for better applicability in the air travel context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commuting, the spatial mismatch between work and residential locations, necessitates integrated urban and transport policies to mitigate its societal impacts. While cross-border commuting (CBC) is increasing and governance of border regions is on the rise beyond national borders, no systemic review of this specific commuting pattern exists. We aim to consolidate the CBC literature accumulated over the years into a coherent and synthetic framework. Our systematic review assembles an inaugural comprehensive corpus of cross-border commuting literature. It reveals three transversal key topics (transport-oriented topic, qualitative approaches versus a lack of quantitative data, and a large majority of European papers) and four sub-topics (patterns, determinants, impacts and policies). Moreover, we consolidate findings through meticulous mapping of evidence, where most links are traced between the determinants and the level of flows across borders. Finally, the discussion offers directions for future research, with an exhortation to explicitly link policies to sustainability and social concerns, and the necessity for standardised datasets for methodological comparability across cases and in alignment with general commuting research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parking in dense urban areas is a major challenge for last mile logistics. Parking shortage and policies that do not address commercial vehicles' needs often lead these vehicles to park illegally. This paper conducts a scoping literature review on the parking behaviours of commercial freight and service vehicles, methods used to model these behaviours, and factors that determine their outcomes. Thirty-four studies are included in the review. It is found that commercial vehicles' parking behaviours mainly comprise parking location and type choices including illegal parking, parking duration, and parking cruising. Methods used to model these behaviours primarily include discrete-choice modelling, regression analysis, survival analysis and simulation. We identify key knowledge gaps and provide insights on research opportunities in modelling more complex parking decisions, investigating parking cruising of commercial vehicles, evaluating the implications of freight demand management, and developing data fusion techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the high-speed rail debate (HSR) there has been lacking in-depth theoretical and evidential research on the role HSR has on tacit knowledge flows between industrial clusters or regions of economic productivity. The research that has begun to emerge has focused on knowledge indicators such as patents for social/tacit knowledge exchange, which this paper raises concerns over. This review aims to discover new links for HSR with cluster economics through social knowledge theory and aims to create a conceptual framework that will provide a new perspective for future research in the HSR debate concerning social knowledge exchange. Potential implications are presented for future transport policy decision-making, based on the relationship HSR may have with inter-regional tacit knowledge flows and accessibility benefits in regional balancing. Future research considerations are pointed out that argue to measure the flow of knowledge from HSR, research needs to go in-depth to the social aspect of interactions and relationship buildings, as quantitative data will struggle to capture tacit knowledge flow itself, due to the tacit nature of such information. The presented framework highlights the tacit nature of interactions facilitated by HSR connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite many years of research and rapid changes in the field of bicycle route choice modelling, a review of factors associated with cyclists’ route choice decisions is missing. This paper reviews 33 studies that employed GPS data and statistical modelling to explain the route choice behaviour of cyclists on utilitarian trips. Factors associated with bicycle route choice are divided into network, contextual, and individual factors. Findings from this review demonstrate that a refined categorisation of model attributes is essential, as the preferences vary greatly between different route attributes. Moreover, the analysis indicates a strong influence of the local context on the attribute definitions and route choice preferences. Although some commonalities between studies w.r.t. the network factors (e.g. a preference towards bicycle infrastructure or avoidance of slopes) can be determined, many results are contradictory or intertwined with other factors. Specifically, results related to intersections, land use characteristics, and interaction with other modes of transport are not always conclusive and are strongly dependent on the local context. However, the explanation of some of the unclear effects can be facilitated by incorporating contextual or individual information in the models. Based on the analysis of the existing studies, this review encourages a joint consideration of studies employing quantitative and qualitative methods to explain cyclists’ behaviour. Moreover, reporting model results in an accessible form (e.g. through relatable values or visualisation) is essential to build bridges between bicycle research and policymaking. Future research is encouraged to study cyclists’ route choice decisions from the perspective of objective well-being, quantifying and modelling the influence of factors such as safety, health, energy expenditure, or noise exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to reduce transport-related GHG emissions has led many governments to stimulate a shift from the use of traditional combustion engine vehicles to the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). While private and shared electric mobility (EM) options may have positive environmental outcomes, equity concerns regarding the adoption transition to EM are receiving increasing attention. This paper examines a number of theoretical concepts that describe the underlying processes that lead to transportation inequalities and identifies empirical evidence on EM adoption mechanisms with justice implications that sustain inequalities and potentially prevent a desired social-inclusive transition to EM. The empirical findings from the literature reviewed revealed how factors such as unequal distribution of economic incentives, charging and access to EM, power configuration of the space, and differences in personal characteristics and capabilities all play a role in EM adoption. Accordingly, the acceleration of EM diffusion without a critical evaluation might lead to undesired societal outcomes regarding social exclusion and transportation burdens. The results make evident the necessity to set social inclusion as both a goal and as a process, as one of the main strategic targets, along with the urgency for decarbonisation, in the current early stage of the transition to EM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modal shift of freight from road to rail and waterborne transport can contribute to reduced negative externalities (mainly air pollution) from freight transport. The purpose of this paper is to identify modal shift public policy instruments in Europe and analyse their performance based on existing ex post evaluations. This analysis identifies 93 public policy instruments, in which 20 ex post evaluations were found. The evaluations mainly consider subsidies/grants at the national level or regulations and directives at the European Union (EU) level. The results suggest that evaluations of subsidies and grants at the national level most commonly describe a positive performance, while several evaluations at the EU level describe a poor or mixed performance. Well-defined targets and simpler application processes are mentioned in several ex post evaluations as suggestions for improving the performance of modal shift policy instruments in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our societies struggle to provide a good life for all without overconsuming environmental resources. Consequently, scholarly search for approaches to meet environmental and social goals of sustainability have become popular. In transport research, accessibility is a key tool to characterise linkages between people, transport, and land use. In the current paper, we propose a conceptual framework for measuring just accessibility within planetary boundaries. We reviewed transport studies and discovered a substantial literature body on accessibility and social disadvantage, much vaster compared to the literature around environmental and ecological impacts of accessibility. We also show a gap in approaches that have integrated these two perspectives. Building on the review, we suggest a conceptual framework for incorporating environmental and social sustainability goals in accessibility research. We conclude the paper by pointing to key challenges and research avenues related to the framework, including (i) dealing with uncertainty and complexity in socio-ecological thresholds, (ii) integrating environmental limits into the conceptualisations of transport equity, (iii) measuring accessibility through other costs than travel time, and (iv) integrating both quantitative and qualitative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission's concept of Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning (SUMP) aims to prepare transport planners for the challenge of fundamental transformations to achieve climate-neutral and sustainable cities. While the concept has been widely adopted by European cities over the last decade, it can be asked whether SUMP is able to trigger the required transformative change in mobility systems. This paper critically reflects on the SUMP concept by systematically comparing it with the theoretical governance framework of Transition Management (TM), which is explicitly designed to foster transformative change. Based on a literature review, we examine similarities and differences between these approaches regarding the planning dimensions of context, content and process. Drawing on this comparison, the paper demonstrates how SUMP could learn from TM in practice and research in four main ways: (i) utilising transition theory to better address transition features; (ii) using collaborative formats from TM while taking account of legitimacy concerns; (iii) incorporating backcasting approaches; and (iv) explicitly integrating experiments into the process cycle. The paper exemplifies how insights from transition research can stimulate the further development of procedures, methods and tools towards transformation-oriented planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originally conceived to create dense, diverse and mixed-used communities that are inclusive and sustainable communities, Transit-oriented Development (“TOD”) has come under increasing academic scrutiny on its negative implications on equity and justice. However, these injustices are often examined case-by-case individually, which revealed the lack of a comprehensive framework that is grounded in justice concepts and theories for analysing justice in TOD. In this paper, we aim to show the importance of, and suggest a framework for, analysing justice in TOD holistically. We begin by taking a brief overview of key theories and concepts in process and outcome justice. Then, through a thematic review of justice-related TOD literature, we synthesised three main justice issues currently existing in TOD: transit-induced gentrification; neglect of livelihood and well-being of disadvantaged groups; and poor inclusion and representation of different stakeholders. These issues revealed the interconnectedness and importance of both process and outcome justices in TOD. As such, we formulated an analytical framework by adopting the Institutional Analysis and Development (“IAD”) model (a tool for understanding institutional interactions in public policies) to examine process justice; and the 5Ds of the built environment (namely Density, Diversity, Design, Destination Accessibility, and Distance to Transit) to examine outcome justice. In brief, for process justice, our framework advocates open, accessible and equitable particiaption by all interested stakeholders to be able to give views, exercise their power, obtain and share information, and make decisions collectively, with dedicated efforts to facilitate participation of more disadvantaged groups. For outcome justice, our framework calls for providing suitable and equitable built environments (in terms of 5Ds) in different neighbourhoods in a TOD, with special attention towards the needs of disadvantaged groups. The framework serves as general guidance for researchers and planners to analyse the justice implications of TOD (both ex-ante and ex-post) in a holistic and conceptually-grounded manner, with a view to better positioning justice issues and directing efforts towards more just TODs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport (PT) usage was severely impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in up to a 90% reduction in many cities in 2020. Numerous studies have been conducted since then to determine the relationship between individual-level factors (such as gender, attitudes, etc.) and the decrease in PT usage during the pandemic. Despite the evidence provided, findings are dispersed, and for several factors contradictory, making it challenging to reach any generalised conclusion. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison of the effect sizes among travellers' factors affecting PT use during this period is yet to be compiled. This paper aims to address these gaps by systematically reviewing the existing evidence and synthesising the effect sizes of travellers' factors through a meta-analysis. We first identified 36 studies that statistically assessed the contribution of 15 individual-level factors on PT usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. By merging the empirical evidence of those studies, the direction of the association between those factors and PT usage was analysed. Then, after selecting comparable studies, meta-analyses were conducted for each factor to estimate the corresponding pooled effect sizes. The meta-analysis established that car availability, teleworking opportunities and high educational level contributed the most to reducing PT use during the pandemic. These factors increased the odds of reducing PT usage compared with the pre-pandemic by about three times. Factors such as COVID-19 risk perception, gender, high income and health had a moderate effect on the decision to stop using PT. PT habits, travel distance and physical accessibility also influenced PT use during the pandemic. Geographical location and the pandemic period explained part of the heterogeneity found. The findings provided in this study can help policy-makers understand the impacts of travellers' factors on the decision to reduce PT usage during future pandemics/epidemics and guide public policies accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation safety has substantially been impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic. To contain the spread of the virus, governments around the world released guidelines (e.g. stay-at-home orders), which reduced or eliminated peoples' daily commutes. These travel restrictions introduced new safety challenges for roadways and drivers, transit riders, and pedestrians and cyclists. Many cities, states, and countries around the world reported more severe crashes despite fewer drivers on the road. Transit ridership reduced as the risk of infection with COVID-19 kept transit users away, and walking and biking became more popular as they could be done individually in open air. This paper conducts a structured critical review to summarise and discuss studies around the world on roadway, transit, and pedestrian and bicycle safety since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. For roadway safety, we further review studies that examine the direct measures of safety (e.g. crash statistics and models) as well as indirect or surrogate measures (e.g. speeding, aggressive driving, and reduced seatbelt usage). Surrogate measures, although indirectly, can affect the risk of crashes and contribute to the increase in frequency and severity of crashes. Findings are documented and discussed. We then provide suggestions on potential avenues for future research. Particularly, research studies show that the rate of severe injury crashes, as well as aggressive driving (e.g. speeding) increased in most places during the travel restrictions, and continued even after these restrictions were lifted. The safety of pedestrians and bicycles has also become increasingly important due to the increase in the number of users of these modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human mobility is subject to collective dynamics that are the outcome of numerous individual choices. Smart card data which originated as a means of facilitating automated fare collection has emerged as an invaluable source for analysing mobility patterns. A variety of clustering and segmentation techniques has been adopted and adapted for applications ranging from market segmentation to the analysis of urban activity locations. In this paper we provide a systematic review of the state-of-the-art on clustering public transport users based on their temporal or spatial-temporal characteristics as well as studies that use the latter to characterise individual stations, lines or urban areas. Furthermore, a critical review of the literature reveals an important distinction between studies focusing on the intra-personal variability of travel patterns versus those concerned with the inter-personal variability of travel patterns. We synthesise the key analysis approaches as well as substantive findings and subsequently identify common trends and shortcomings and outline related directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of shared mobility hubs, offering shared mobility and other services, have emerged in many cities across the globe. This paper provides a literature review on of the definition and categorisation of shared mobility hubs, guidance for the design of these hubs, and develops a multidimensional typology for shared mobility hubs. The typology, named the SmartHubs Integration Ladder, is based on three integration dimensions: physical, digital, and democratic. The literature review shows that digital and democratic (participation) integration dimensions, and universal design principles are typically missing in shared mobility hub concepts, definitions and planning practice. This implies that existing shared mobility hubs will not reach their full potential in terms of user and societal value. The "smarter" shared mobility hubs are physically, digitally, and democratically, the more user and societal value can potentially be created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]