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This paper investigates the spatial spillover effects of built environment features on household car and motorcycle ownership through aggregate ward-level analysis and household-level disaggregated analysis. Using a primary data collected in Hubli-Dharwad city in Southern India, the paper estimates Spatial Durbin models to assess the direct and spillover effects of socio-economic characteristics (household income, the number of children and household size), built environment characteristics (population density, diversity, distance, and subjective built environment measures), travel attitudes (pro-car, pro-NMT and pro-public transport), and commute behavior (distance and time) on household car and motorcycle ownership. The paper finds that spatial dependencies exist in both aggregate and disaggregate levels of analysis. There is a significant spatial dependency in car ownership due to household income, household size, the number of children, and pro-car attitude, and the correlations are significant in both aggregate and disaggregate levels of analysis. The positive lag effects of these variables suggests that socio-economic settings and attitudes of neighboring wards affect car and motorcycle ownership in a ward. The effects of diversity on car and motorcycle ownership maintain similar correlations in both levels of analysis. The likelihood of motorcycle ownership increases with improvements in diversity, while car ownership likelihood decreases. The study also shows that the spatial effects of built environment features could vary between the aggregate and disaggregate levels of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined driving behavior, vehicle operational performance, and exhaust emissions data at a roundabout level. The relative positive acceleration, power demand, speed, acceleration, vehicular jerk, Vehicle Specific Power modes, mass carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions were evaluated by roundabout type (single-lane, compact two-lane, and multi-lane) and sub-segment (downstream, circulating area, and upstream). Real-world vehicle tailpipe emissions, internally observable variables, dynamic and location data were measured along six conventional roundabouts in Portugal (1 Hz resolution). Although the multilane roundabout yielded the lowest amounts of carbon dioxide, it resulted in highly volatile behaviors based on vehicular jerk thresholds. The emission hotspots were found downstream roundabouts while drivers tend to adopt highly volatile behaviors close to the circulatory roadway. This paper brings valuable knowledge to researchers and transportation practitioners, who are involved in intersection design and control strategies, about the impacts of roundabout design and location based on several criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how political-institutional factors influence the transition towards automated vehicles (AVs) in New Zealand (NZ). Using the lens of 'mobilities paradigm' and analysing policy documents along with interviews data from government officials, the findings reveal the complexity of governing AVs transition due to fragmented responsibility, contested visions, and high interdependency across government agencies. The findings suggest that strong political leadership coupled with infrastructure investments and building regulators' capability are important catalysts of change towards AVs transition in NZ. The paper concludes that the complex governance environment, and the central government action and inaction to set priority for the AVs agenda, may hinder or facilitate a smooth transition towards AVs in NZ. This paper contributes to the mobilities paradigm by enriching our understanding of the political-institutional challenges associated with the emergence of AVs and offers illuminating policy guidance to better inform decision-making around governing the future transition towards AVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a reply to the recently published paper Road markings and microplastics- A critical literature review. In our opinion, that paper presented a deceptive picture, of why we found it necessary to write a short reply where we comment on two major flaws: the stated lack of road markings in environmental samples, and the definition of microplastics. We discuss possible reasons for the absence of positive findings in environmental samples and relate that to two of the major issues within the research area of microplastics- the complexity of environmental samples and the analytical difficulties. We also argue that it can be relevant for upcoming studies to report both total microplastic concentration and polymer content to facilitate the comparison between studies since the definition of microplastics might change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Vessel train in ocean shipping offers environmental and economic benefits. • Multi-scenario analysis reveals diverse applications of vessel train. • Case study from Yangshan Port to Port of Piraeus showcases the potentials of vessel train. • Sensitivity analysis emphasizes dependence of vessel train on shipping productivity. This paper introduces the concept of vessel train, a new mode in maritime transport offering both environmental and economic advantages. The study provides a framework for analyzing the economic feasibility of vessel train in ocean shipping, focusing on four different scenarios to evaluate its impact on navigation speed and productivity for both round-trip and year-long operations. Using the container ship route from Yangshan Port to the Port of Piraeus as a case study, the research compares vessel train with traditional shipping methods by categorizing shipping costs. It also includes a sensitivity analysis considering factors like route length, frictional resistance reduction, and variations in the container freight index, fuel prices, and carbon tax rates. The findings indicate that vessel train can reduce transportation costs and fuel emissions. The paper concludes that vessel train could significantly contribute to a competitive and sustainable future in shipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports new insights into how the selection of route based characteristic parameters can influence the predicted energy consumption for next generation battery electric buses. 24 characteristic parameters have been studied to understand their relative importance on vehicle energy consumption and to develop new data-driven prediction models. The parameters are grouped into two scenarios, representative of the varying levels of route information available to a typical bus operator. A combination of feature selection methods was used to determine which characteristic parameters had the greatest influence on energy consumption. Regression based prediction models were developed, and models were then validated using standard and real vehicle drive cycles. The prediction models had a mean absolute percentage difference of 2.10–10.67%. This paper presents a novel methodology to estimate energy consumption of operating zero emission vehicles, which will support public transport operators, policy makers and energy suppliers in the decarbonisation of public transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freight curbside management has become a contentious issue as various stakeholders claim access to public urban space. Although prior research has offered solutions to mitigate freight-related conflicts in the use of space, a deeper understanding of the extent to which those interventions contribute to cities' sustainable development goals is needed. This paper presents the results of a meta -analysis that examines the effects of four freight curbside interventions: curbside space allocation for freight, data sharing, parking duration limits, and enforcement. The paper pinpoints benefits and drawbacks of those interventions on last-mile deliveries, the urban environment, and the use of public transport infrastructure. The findings suggest positive impacts and underscore the necessity of incorporating people-centred approaches in the design, implementation, and evaluation of policies concerning public space. Nevertheless, trade-offs when implementing those interventions have been identified. The paper concludes by outlining directions for future research and suggesting implications for urban freight policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric ships are becoming a promising way in shipping decarbonization. Nevertheless, the promotion of electric ships encounters obstacles related to indirect emissions, energy and costs. This paper proposes the Shipping Emission-Energy-Economic Impact Assessment Model (SE3IAM) to assess the decarbonization potential of electric ships. China is selected for the case study. This paper also analyzes the impact of climate policies and other factors on CO 2 emissions. Results indicate that as the market share of electric ships gradually reaches 1%, 20%, and 35% by 2050, accompanied by advancements in other technological aspects, the total emissions to 2050 are estimated to be around 2, 1.5, and 1 billion tons, respectively. There is a positive correlation between energy demand and decarbonization costs with the level of economic development. Technological progress can alleviate pressures on energy and costs. It is recommended to advance decarbonization at a fundamental level by enhancing energy efficiency and fostering electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessment of ship emission performance under diverse decarbonization measures. • Technical options reduce more carbon and air pollutant emissions than operational. • Trade-offs between air pollutant reduction and decarbonization strategies. • Contribution in policies for reducing both carbon emissions and air pollutants. Shipping emits Greenhouse Gases (GHG), contributing to climate change and various air pollutants, posing risks on human health. To address GHG, maritime has responded with increasingly stringent legislations, including recent commitments to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Substantial investments have been made in cutting-edge technologies, alternative fuels and operational strategies ensuring emissions regulations compliance. This paper aims to quantitatively evaluate the emission performance of diverse decarbonization options, focusing on assessing their potential to mitigate GHG and addressing air pollutants. Our analysis utilizes a new set of load-dependent Emission Factors and employs Automatic Identification System data for 5 ship classes. While operational measures moderately reduce emissions, fuel shift to alternatives and on-board carbon capture and storage offer a more promising pathway towards decarbonization and air pollutants reduction. The outcomes intend to provide insights into the effectiveness of measures in reducing external costs, while serving as a valuable resource for regulatory authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] To overcome the challenge transport presents to net zero, the Scottish Government has proposed a series of interventions to significantly reduce transport emissions and car kilometres travelled. This paper develops, validates and applies a system dynamics model of the Scottish road passenger transport sector to interrogate key proposed interventions up to 2030: namely, modal shifting sub-10 km car journeys to active travel, modal shifting medium-length car journeys to buses, achieving a majority electrification of the bus fleet, and replacing 50 % of petrol/diesel cars with electric vehicles. Results indicate government targets can be met, but only as a result of multiple interventions. Modal shifting of medium-length car journeys and private car electrification are predicted to be the most effective interventions for emissions reduction, although these measures alone do not attain reduction targets. Results further indicate that realising the reduction in car kilometres does not guarantee the emissions target will also be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied the motivations, constraints, negotiations, and policy changes for riding transit to parks in Utah's Wasatch Front region, exploring how these factors vary between disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged individuals. This is one of the first studies to explore transit-to-parks experiences in large urban regions. We conducted interviews with 25 diverse transit riders. Motivations for riding transit to parks included environmental concerns and the convenience of avoiding parking and traffic. Constraints involved excessive travel time due to limited service, transit frequency and reliability issues, and last-mile connection issues. The main negotiation strategy was to plan trips to limit travel time. People in low-income neighborhoods had limited transit-to-parks services, and available services were adequate for fit and non-disabled people. Policy changes that would help participants address constraints included new or modified routes, improved last-mile connections, information and marketing campaigns, and better service for low-income communities and people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online retail is characterized by an increasing emphasis on shorter delivery times, which often comes with high logistics costs and a negative environmental impact. Conversely, longer order fulfillment times improve cost and eco-efficiency. This paper investigates whether customers in German-speaking countries are willing to wait longer for their online orders in the fashion, shoes, and accessories sector when offered incentives in return. The research employed an online survey using a within-subjects design. Results indicate that incentives significantly extend customers' patience. Savings on shipping costs and information on the reduction in CO 2 emissions greatly impact willingness to wait. Personal traits like gender, age, eco-awareness, and order urgency affect incentive responses. This demonstrates customers' readiness to make trade-offs in delivery time and emphasizes the importance of explicitly addressing the ecological impact of delivery. Suggestions for online retailers and logistics include slower delivery choices and customized incentives aligned with target audience and market. • Empirical study on online fashion customers' willingness to accept slower delivery. • Economic and ecological incentives significantly increase willingness to wait. • Responses vary by age, gender, environmental awareness and urgency of orders. • Practical recommendations to expand the range of delivery options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Developing a novel framework for appraising shared electric micro-mobility hubs in Dublin. • Employing DEA and negative binomial regression and using six months of real-world data. • Proposing an e-bike sharing scalability measure using returns-to-scale analysis. • Assessing eco-efficiency based on trip and user characteristics and emission offset. • High scalability suggests system's expansion and improving infrastructure can boost performance. In car-dominated urban areas, shared electric micro-mobility offers a sustainable alternative to decarbonise and reshape mobility paradigms. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for evaluating Dublin's e-bike sharing system, comprising 12 stations (eHUBs). Using six months of real-world riding data, it employs data envelopment analysis to assess the eco-efficiency of each eHUB in utilising nearby infrastructure, population in the catchment area, and location to achieve desired economic, social, and environmental outputs. Results indicate an upward trajectory for the system's eco-efficiency. The returns-to-scale analysis provides insights into the system's scalability, suggesting that expanding the e-bike sharing system, along with infrastructural enhancements, would significantly increase ridership. Analysing decarbonisation, usage patterns, and spatial factors of eHUBs reveals the substantial potential of shared e-bikes if optimally used. The research highlights the need to reevaluate car-centric policies in favour of more inclusive and environmentally sustainable alternatives and proposes actionable policy recommendations to achieve this transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper forecasts the growth of freight transport emissions in India's trucking sector until 2050. We use the ARIMAX time series model to project the commercial vehicle population under various economic growth scenarios. CO 2 emissions are estimated using emission factors, distance traveled, and the projected commercial vehicle population. We use the validated forecasting model to investigate how emissions can be curbed through vehicle scrappage policies or fleet electrification to realign with the 2015 Paris Agreement's targets. Compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, 10-year and 15-year vehicle scrappage policies are estimated to reduce freight emissions by 6–11% and 1–2%, respectively. Fleet electrification has more pronounced effects as it results in a 35% and 70% reduction in carbon emissions for heavy and light goods vehicles in 2050, respectively, compared to the BAU scenario. These findings provide crucial insights for devising policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in India's trucking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme weather, especially typhoons, frequently impacts port operations, causing substantial economic losses. Thus, it has become vital to quantitatively evaluate the resilience of ports to typhoon disasters. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of the current evaluation methods used in assessing the resilience of ports and develops a quantitative port typhoon resilience assessment model based on the 4R (i.e., Reliability, Redundancy, Robustness, and Recoverability) framework. Ports' overall resilience to typhoon disasters can be assessed by integrating the analytic hierarchy process method, fuzzy logic, and the evidence reasoning approach. Four representative coastal ports in China were selected as case studies to examine the suitability and efficacy of the suggested model. This study provides innovative theoretical insights and empirical evidence to advance port resilience research, with a valuable reference for port administrators and policymakers, equipping them to address forthcoming challenges of climate change efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban transportation is a significant contributor to energy consumption and environmental degradation, while solar electric bikes (SE-bikes) represent a viable solution for alleviating both problems. In this paper, the charging and discharging properties of the SE-bike are investigated. An SE-bike is constructed for short and long term experiments. Experimental results indicate that the SE-bike can increase endurance by 20.5 km on a sunny day, and can meet daily cycling needs of 10 km without charging in both summer and autumn in Hefei. To assess the annual performance of the SE-bike, a theoretical model is developed, which includes the effects of environmental factors, vehicle shapes, daily electricity usage, etc. Simulation results reveal that the SE-bike only needs to be charged 5 times per year to meet daily demands in Hefei, which is a relative reduction of 93.0 % compared to 71 times per year for the regular bike without solar power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First stated preference study on electric outboard engines adoption for water taxis. • Novel and replicable methodology, combining choice experiments with focus groups. • Taxi owners prefer small electric systems with similar power to combustion engines. • Collective preferences for charging infrastructure are specific to local context. • Study yields direct insights for policy design to decarbonize water taxi sector. This paper investigates individual and collective preferences of water taxi owners regarding electric outboard engines and batteries in the Galápagos Islands. The study addresses a gap in the literature on clean maritime transportation and deploys a novel mixed-method approach, using qualitative methods to complement discrete choice experiments. Results from mixed logit models and focus groups reveal a preference for smaller, lighter electric systems that can both provide similar speed and power to internal combustion counterparts while avoiding economic loss or excessive costs to service providers. Water taxi owners on different islands arrived at different collective preferences for charging infrastructure, thus illustrating the relevance of local context, and the importance of the participation of local actors in the successful design of systems and strategies facilitating maritime transport decarbonization. Additionally, identified instruments to reduce uncertainties and proposed subsidies offer practical considerations for accelerating the transition from internal combustion engines to electric propulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analyze the spatiotemporal variation of shared autonomous vehicle demand. • Consider demand uncertainty in mode choice and departure time choice. • Establish a two-stage joint optimization with the travel price and allowance. Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) is an emerging travel mode that can reduce parking spaces and accelerate urban sprawl. The time–space varying demand leads to the imbalance between travel demand and vehicle supply. Using pricing to affect clients' mode choice is a key method for addressing the imbalance problem, which includes long-term pricing and short-term allowance. Hence, in this paper, we propose an innovative method to enhance the SAV utilization rate while considering stochastic demand: fixed price on population mode choice and real-time allowance on personal departure time choice. A mixed integer nonlinear program is formulated to maximize the total profits of SAV operators. To solve this model, a customized gradient search algorithm is proposed. A case study is conducted in Suzhou Industrial Park, China. It reveals the impacts on travel demand and departure time choices and discusses the impacts and policy-making for SAV applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the liner shipping resilience under high marine environmental requirements is essential in routine operations. However, operations are often affected by unforced events, which cause the occurrence of disruptions. Therefore, disruption recovery is essential in enhancing liner operations' resilience with emission control area policies. This paper focuses on the liner disruption recovery problem, allowing a mode of different fuel types and sailing speeds inside and outside emission control areas. An improved solution performance model based on a redundancy-reduced time–space network is proposed. Numerical studies based on a real route show that the mode can realize a lower-cost recovery of the liner shipping schedule. Meanwhile, the fuel cost inside ECA is reduced by at least 4.81%. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of emission control area boundary changes on disruption recovery, providing decision support for emission control area regulators' policy-making. The research improves maritime transportation resilience under high environmental requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) framework has the potential to induce changes in individual travel behavior towards more sustainable transportation alternatives by integrating multimodal travel services. However, insights into the behavioral responses of specific groups of people to MaaS, thus promoting green travel, are currently lacking. This paper intends to investigate the intergroup heterogeneous preferences on the choice of MaaS bundles and evaluate their contributions to eco-friendly travel. A stated choice experiment is designed, incorporating personalized MaaS service bundles complemented by different green travel-oriented ticketing strategies. The experiment caters to different groups of users related to public transport, cars, and other modes of transport. The results indicate a substantial improvement in the goodness-of-fit of the behavioral model after user classification, revealing significant heterogeneity in preferences among users regarding MaaS bundle choices. Notably, the impact of sub-tickets on nudging toward green transportation is more pronounced than that of monthly and discount tickets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper disentangles the impact of critical water levels on container cargo transported along the Rhine River. It analyzes monthly throughput and all instances where navigability was constrained due to low or high water levels between 2000 and 2022, employing a time series econometric model. The study considers water level conditions at critical locations between economic centers while controlling for confounding effects. Our findings reveal an average monthly impact of -0.2% per day of disruption and -5.9% when the disruption remained for more than 24 days. Notably, vulnerability to critical conditions has doubled since 2018 and exhibits spatial variation. The most pronounced disturbances and their lagged effects are associated with localized low water level incidents. We show that enhancing the resilience of inland waterways to climate change is essential to avert potential losses in container throughput, estimated to range between 7% and 20% annual average by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are the primary natural disaster causing port disruptions, yet their impacts on global maritime transport remain largely unknown. This paper develops a framework to assess the resilience of global liner shipping network (GLSN) to TCs, focusing on path redundancy. The framework considers both direct and indirect impacts of port disruptions on GLSN performance in TC scenarios. We demonstrate this framework through case studies under historical and stress-test TC scenarios in the Western North Pacific region. Results show that the GLSN can be quite resilient in typical or mild-stress scenarios, but the increasing decline in its resilience under higher stress levels signals significant risks when facing with extreme scenarios. Those least resilient countries under mild stress turn out to be the same countries exhibiting least resilience under severe stress, most of which are SIDS countries. This research has implications for the design of resilient maritime transport networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation resilience is a multifaceted construct, including technical, socioeconomic, and geospatial factors. Developing effective plans demands evaluation of all resilience aspects across two major resilience dimensions: robustness and rapidity. Quantitative evaluation and monitoring of resilience aspects provides a thorough understanding of changes in transportation resilience over time. This paper proposes a resilience index framework to quantitively measure the road transportation systems' resilience to wind and water-related hazards in coastal areas. The framework streamlines abundant information derived from various resilience factors in a hierarchical structure and allows transportation planners to analyze changes in system resilience and identify corresponding root causes. Case study results indicate that the framework can effectively capture and track progress/deterioration in various resilience aspects and enhance our understanding of multidimensional transportation resilience. Transportation planners can utilize the developed index to set resilience goals, monitor progress toward goals, and prioritize projects to address the root causes of resilience deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of dry ports has reshaped the international freight shipping market, introducing both competition pressure (i.e., the common hinterland) and cooperation opportunities (sea-rail intermodal) for seaports. This is more evident in China with the development of the China Railway Express. Unlike dry ports, seaports are more vulnerable to climate change-related disasters, calling for investment in adaptation measures. This paper examines how co-opetition with the dry port affects seaport adaptation investment using a two-stage game-theoretical economic model. Results indicate that cooperation leads to more seaport adaptation investment, while competition results in reduced investment. When compared to the social optimal level of adaptation investment, the seaport tends to under-invest (over-invest) when the cooperation (competition) market size is larger. We also analyze how government subsidies in the seaport's adaptation help achieve optimal social adaptation and how the Knightian uncertainty of the disaster occurrence affects seaport adaptation investments. The relevant policy implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the operating costs of first-generation electric-powered aircraft with those of their conventional counterparts. We develop a cost model that incorporates both fixed and variable costs to evaluate the cost convenience of operating short-haul routes with electric aircraft. We find that first-generation electric aircraft have higher operating costs than conventional aircraft. However, reductions in aircraft price, maintenance requirements, and battery replacement costs, due to the consolidation of this technology, could soon make it convenient to deploy 19-seat electric aircraft on regional routes. Conversely, the most promising prospects for larger regional aircraft are anticipated in the medium-term with the advent of second-generation electric aircraft featuring significant technological enhancements. Substitution to electric aircraft is expected to have a limited contribution to aviation emissions reduction in the short-term – approximately 0.1% of emissions from intra-European flights – but this could increase substantially following upgrades in electric-powered aircraft technology expected in the medium-to-long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport is in need of innovation to reach the goals set for social and, more importantly, environmental sustainability. However, in transport, innovation rarely goes from pilot to large-scale implementation, as various barriers create blocking mechanisms to implementation. This paper focuses on the technology of geofencing in transport management, with the aim to contribute to the understanding of actors' perceptions of drivers and barriers to the technology and how these perceptions impact its implementation. A qualitative approach, based on 34 interviews, helped identify drivers and barriers to geofencing, with the focus on Sweden. The drivers and barriers were then analyzed at different institutional levels (macro, meso, and micro). Drivers could be identified for actors at all levels, indicating that geofencing can contribute to transport sustainability. However, there are also barriers at all levels that hinder implementation. Closer collaboration is necessary to reduce knowledge gaps, develop policies, and establish viable business models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• • Cost efficiency analysis of vehicle technologies for semi-flexible transit. • • Total system cost estimated includes operator, user, and environmental costs. • • Diesel and battery-electric vehicle technology evaluated for three vehicle sizes. • • Optimal values of service headway and slack time are identified. • • Analysed sensitivity to charging speed, demand, and battery capacity. In low-demand areas, semi-flexible transit system (SFT) operated by battery electric vehicles (BEVs) can reduce operational costs and achieve zero emissions, allowing SFT to be used more widely, and transit agencies to benefit more significantly. This paper is aimed at analyzing the effect of the additional requirements of BEVs on the cost efficiency of SFT services while considering different headways and slack time to accommodate route-deviation. Analytical models are used for detailed estimation of the total cost, including operator, user, and environmental costs, allowing a comparison with internal combustion engine (ICEV) vehicle technology, and three vehicle sizes: minivans, standard vans, and minibuses. Study results can be used to evaluate budget requirements to upgrade an existing ICEV based standard bus service along an underperforming low demand route to a BEV based SFT service. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated for a low-demand bus route in Regina, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs) pose a significant challenge in meeting emissions reduction targets. However, studies on estimating emissions from Irish HDV fleet are rare. This paper estimates fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions from tractor-trailers that occupy nearly half of Ireland's HDV fleet using the European Commission recommended VECTO tool. To improve the estimation accuracy, driving cycles specific to Irish road conditions were developed utilising real naturalistic driving data from trucks. The Irish driving cycles significantly differ from the VECTO inbuilt driving cycles in percentage time spent in different gears, fuel consumption, and CO 2 emissions. CO 2 emissions estimated with Irish driving cycles range from 733 to 1961 g/km, while with VECTO driving cycles, the values ranged from 728 to 1865 g/km. Further, the study evaluated the sensitivity towards payload, road gradient, and idling percentages. The study insights would provide an essential evidence base for policymakers in Ireland. [Display omitted] • Developed Irish urban, regional, and freeway driving cycles. • Employed the VECTO tool to assess CO 2 emissions from Irish heavy-duty vehicle fleet. • Focused on tractor-trailers with a major share in the Irish fleet. • Evaluated the effect of idling, gradient, and payload on CO 2 emissions. • Fuel consumption is underestimated by up to 7.1% when the road gradient is ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, one of the most important causes of mortality is air pollution. To solve this problem, governments have implemented policies to reduce on-road and industrial emissions. In this regard, the Barcelona city council and Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) started implementing the Nova Xarxa de Bus (NXB) to redefine the bus network following the criteria of connectivity, efficiency, and rationality. This policy was implemented in seven phases from 2012 to 2018. In this context, this paper analyses the impact of this policy on Barcelona's air quality using a dataset from 2008 to 2016. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we show that implementing these new routes increased air quality in Barcelona. Additionally, we show that pollution decreased in each phase analysed, especially in the air quality stations near the main roads. From our results, we can infer that an optimal bus route design can improve air quality in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commute time is an important determinant of commute satisfaction. However, commuters may perceive the same length of commute differently and adopt different standards (reference points) to evaluate their commute time. This paper explores the effects of commute time discrepancies relative to four reference points on commute satisfaction based on a survey in Guangzhou, China. The reference points include ideal commute time (ICT), acceptable commute time (ACT), comparison other's commute time (COCT), and non-congested commute time (NCCT). We find that the gaps between actual commute time and the four reference points are all important for commute satisfaction, though ICT and ACT seem to be more salient reference points in evaluating commute satisfaction. Our analysis also confirms the loss aversion phenomenon, as the effect sizes of loss variables tend to be larger than those of gain variables. The effects on satisfaction with commute to and from work are also different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Self-healing asphalt concrete can reduce maintenance costs and extend the lifespan of asphalt pavements. To advance the self-healing technique, this paper proposes a pioneering approach involving a dual microwave-heating pathway to produce a type of microwave-heating healing asphalt concrete that can offer better self-healing ability. Throughout the healing process, limestone powder filler is substituted with a waste microwave-sensitivity ferrite powder filler, primarily remedying microcracks within asphalt mastic. Additionally, the conventional aggregate is substituted with a functional aggregate to establish a three-dimensional thermally conductive framework under microwave radiation, effectively repairing microcracks at the aggregate-asphalt interface. The experimental findings reveal that the optimized formulation retains a substantial healing index of 70% after undergoing three damage-healing-damage cycles, with a reduction of 4% in crack resistance. These findings strongly endorse the practical application of functional aggregates and waste ferrite in asphalt concrete, resulting in enhanced maintenance efficiency and fostering the sustainability of the pavement system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable assessment of the resilience of transportation networks to natural disasters is a prominent issue. This paper investigates how the spatial feature of natural disasters affects the resilience of transportation networks. Our research reveals that incorporating spatial feature data on disaster impacts is highly important for assessing network resilience. More precisely, the uncertainty linked to the estimation of the resilience index in the context of disaster-induced interruptions with spatial feature significantly exceeds that of conventional approaches. We present an illustrative case of a transportation network affected by a hurricane. The results reveal that the improved characteristics of disaster-induced outages greatly alter the manner in which the network recovers, including changes in emergency system characteristics. Our research indicates that extant methodologies employed for evaluating the resilience of critical infrastructure potentially inflate the confidence levels pertaining to network recovery predictions, primarily owing to insufficient attention given to the spatial configuration of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental justice – the concept that environmental amenities and burdens should be shared equitably among all races and socioeconomic classes – has gained diplomatic traction internationally, and political traction domestically in the United States, in recent years. In this paper, we focus on developing federal policy relevant to transportation project planning and operation in the U.S.; however, these developments reflect international issues of inequity associated with climate change and environmental burdens. First, we provide an overview of federal policy initiatives related to environmental justice, including President Biden's Justice40 initiative. Then, we examine the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) as a potential avenue for mandating environmental justice assessment in the transportation industry, through the lenses of both procedural and distributive justice. Finally, we review several publicly available online Geographical Information System (GIS) tools that were recently developed for purposes of expanding public and governmental understanding of environmental justice challenges, and provide decision support for users to incorporate these tools into the environmental impact assessment process for transportation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change impacts such as extreme temperatures, snow and ice, flooding, and sea level rise posed significant threats to railway infrastructure networks. One of the important questions that infrastructure managers need to answer is, "How will maintenance costs be affected due to climate change in different climate change scenarios?" This paper proposes an approach to estimate the implication of climate change on the life cycle cost (LCC) of railways infrastructure assets. The proportional hazard model is employed to capture the dynamic effects of climate change on reliability parameters and LCC of railway assets. A use-case from a railway in North Sweden is analyzed to validate the proposed process using data collected over 18 years. The results have shown that precipitation, temperature, and humidity are significant weather factors in selected use-case. Furthermore, our analyses show that LCC under future climate scenarios will be about 11 % higher than LCC without climate impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Euro 7 standard is expected to intensify its focus on real-driving emissions compliance thanks to the on-board monitoring (OBM) system. OBM is designed to bridge the gap between emission limits and real-world vehicle emissions by continuously monitoring their levels using on-board sensors and models. Essentially, this system aims to verify vehicles compliance, prompt timely repairs otherwise, and provide authorities with emissions data for fleet inspection. Leveraging a large real-driving emissions database from an in-service Euro 6d-Temp vehicle, this paper reviews the current OBM proposal and discusses its possible outcomes and challenges using available sensor technology. • The Euro 7 on-board monitoring concept is reviewed and discussed. • On-board monitoring emissions assessment is analyzed with real-driving data. • Challenging aspects regarding the correct emissions estimation are highlighted. • More than 60% of the NOx trip information can be lost due to sensor light-off delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas emissions lead to climate change, subjecting the maritime environment to severe threats. In response, globally, states and organizations are taking actions to decarbonize. In this context, this paper builds an evolutionary game analysis involving the government and shipping company under a governance framework with IMO, from a perspective of economic regulations, and explores how to establish a proper shipping decarbonization mechanism and implementation plans in the process of dynamic evolution. Based on a system dynamics simulation model, we analyzed how the cap-and-trade policy system, tax-and-subsidy policy system, and cooperative policy system perform in terms of shipping decarbonization and the role of IMO in shipping decarbonization. Our research proves that the cooperative system is more efficient and stable in decarbonization than singular economic regulations; static and dynamic implementation plans should be coordinated in different stages; and finally, IMO plays an active role in multi-agent coordinated controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates Integrated-Demand Responsive Transport (I-DRT) as a solution to the challenges faced by traditional public transport (PT) systems in low-demand urban areas. The study investigates the implications of replacing local PT with I-DRT in low-demand urban areas. A multi-objective model, incorporating operational cost, environmental impact, passengers' travel time, and inequity is used to simulate the I-DRT performance. The analysis compares the performance of I-DRT and existing local bus lines in Belconnen, Canberra, Australia, based on number of utilised vehicles, operational cost, fuel consumption, average travel time, individual passenger travel time, delay, and inequity in delay distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freight transport decarbonization is challenging due to the slow implementation of policies to meet climate goals. This paper analyzes the dynamics of the implementation of freight decarbonization measures. A System Dynamics model was developed and applied to the Brazilian freight system to simulate the use of more sustainable modes and means of transport, including electrification, increased use of biofuels, acceleration of fleet renewal, and modal shift. Significant emission reductions are found in the scenarios combining a shift to alternative modes and a rapid phase-out of diesel vehicles. Even so, the Brazilian freight sector's emission budgets towards limiting global warming to 1.5 °C and 2 °C will be depleted during the current and next decade, respectively. An absolute reduction of carbon emissions before 2050 seems unlikely. Besides confirming the need to study the dynamics of the freight system, the findings corroborate the urgency for stronger actions on freight decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of information on trip purpose and alternative mode in micromobility service usage data remains a major analytical challenge. Conventional survey method is subject to significant sampling and stated preference biases. To overcome this challenge, this paper presents a new inference method through a case study of rental e-scooters in London. The inference method features a rule-based algorithm for matching observed rental e-scooter trips with filtered trip samples in the English National Travel Survey (NTS) series. Probability distribution of trip purposes and alternative modes are then retrieved from NTS. Inference results are validated using official data. Discrepancies, sources of biases and correction measures are investigated. Based on the inferred mode substitution pattern, we estimate greenhouse gas emissions reduction of selected rental e-scooter trips in London (36–103 g CO 2 e per mile). It is expected that the proposed method is applicable to a wide range of micromobility studies using service usage data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern over air pollution and community health, demands a comprehensive understanding of the political nature of transport-related emissions. This paper approaches how structures of power influence travel behaviour and, consequently, how they shape emissions from mobility in Barcelona. To comprehend how the intersection of gender, age, and migration background influences air pollution, we use a travel survey to build a set of models that are known to theoretically engage with intersectionality studies. Results show that identities tied to structures of power promote a greater contribution to air pollution than other mechanisms. That is, middle-aged European-born men have the most NO x -intensive mobility practices. In contrast, people that embody intersectional experiences of oppression such as misogyny, racism, or ageism, have lower emission levels. Considering these results, we argue that policies which acknowledge the unequal distribution of responsibilities present an opportunity to reduce emissions from transportation, while guaranteeing fairness and advancing environmental justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessibility-oriented development (AOD) strategies are the extension of transit-oriented development (TOD) strategies but focus more on access to destinations. Adopting AOD strategies can help identify and improve the defects of imperfect TOD construction. Based on AOD strategies, this paper evaluated the comprehensive accessibility to multiple public facilities with the Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method (G2SFCA) in the heart area of Chengdu City and further analyzed its equity issues. The comprehensive accessibility analysis proved the efficiency of AOD-based analysis in public resources shortage area determination and TOD level evaluation. The equity analysis indicated that the improvement of equity could not reflect the progress on total accessibility but only rationalize the allocation structure of public resources. Based on the case study, several suggestions for policy-making are given, including the construction of the non-motorized transportation system, adjustment of supply allocation, and comprehensive consideration of equity and accessibility in urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One of the most sparsely populated areas in Europe. • Long distances to services and other destinations for daily activities. • Two villages were selected due to ongoing DiSS initiatives. • The results support the idea that DiSS could be a viable solution to mitigate and counteract accessibility poverty in rural areas. • DiSS for reducing long-distance private car journeys in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. • Essential to support older people in adopting digital solutions for a more sustainable digital transition. Norrbotten region is one of the most sparsely populated areas in Europe, with often long distances to services. This paper aims to gain a deeper understanding of the everyday mobilities in later life in rural areas, and to assess to what extent digital service solutions (DiSS) can contribute to reduced accessibility poverty. The study focuses on how DiSS contribute to more equitable accessibility by means of a case study in two villages, selected due to implemented DiSS (store with digital locks, digital hubs, etc.). Interviews with older people and other informants show the potential of DiSS to counteract accessibility poverty by bringing services nearer to home and reducing the need for longer trips, while contributing to the creation of healthier and more resilient environments. If implemented carefully, DiSS can have the potential to contribute to the development of more transport-efficient and socially just societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines individual preferences for a reduction of life-cycle CO 2 emissions in vehicle purchase decisions. The empirical analysis is based on data from a stated choice experiment among citizens in Germany that refers to decisions between three types of electric vehicles and one conventional vehicle that are characterized by several attributes. With respect to CO 2 emissions, we specifically examine emissions in vehicle production besides the commonly considered emissions in vehicle use. Our econometric analysis reveals a strong stated preference for the reduction of both components of life-cycle CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, we find that conventional vehicles are significantly preferred over electric vehicles. Surprisingly, environmental attitudes, i.e. environmental awareness and ecological policy identification, have no significant effects on the reduction of CO 2 emissions. Instead, citizens with a strong environmental identity rather tend to avoid the purchase of conventional vehicles. We discuss several practical policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Influence of driving behavior on fuel efficiency is analyzed. • Volatility used as a surrogate for identifying driving behavior. • K-means, K-medoids and hierarchical clustering used to classify driving behavior. • Powertrain drive cycle simulations used to assess fuel efficiency and emissions. • Aggressive driving observed to create 23% increase in fuel consumption. Consumption of fossil fuel-based energy for vehicle propulsion and associated emissions are a global concern. One pathway to energy reduction is to examine situations where high-energy consumption occurs on roadways, e.g., speed volatility at work zones, or on sharp curves, which has been understudied. Harnessing second-by-second data from the naturalistic driving study and using the concept of driving volatility, this paper explores driving styles in work-zones and curves using machine learning approaches (k-medoids, hierarchical clustering) and drive-cycle simulations from Autonomie®. Results show that aggressive driving account for 12.2 % and 15.4 % of events that occurred in work zones and on curves and leads to 23 % increase in fuel consumption as opposed to normal driving. These results have implications for transportation agencies to improve work-zone configurations and provide signage or technology on curves to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Moreover, automated and connected vehicles can smooth out traffic flow with advanced advisories and warnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate identification of the spatial and temporal dynamic impacts of disasters on road networks is crucial for making informed decisions regarding postdisaster emergency response and recovery. In this paper, we propose a multidimensional vulnerability assessment framework that utilizes time series crowdsourced data. The framework enables a spatiotemporal analysis of traffic flows at the link level, allowing us to identify the primary factors that contribute to vulnerability after a disaster. The results show that there is a significant variation in link vulnerability over time, with the overall network gradually returning to a normal state. We also observe a global correlation in link vulnerability across the spatial aspect, although the autocorrelation effect is only present among directly contiguous links. Furthermore, metrics affecting link vulnerability varied during different periods of response. Graph-based metrics of road network structure, population density, and road type are key factors influencing postearthquake vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing popularity of electric buses (EBs), accurate estimation of the trip-level energy consumption of EBs has become increasingly essential. In this paper, an effective energy consumption estimation approach was proposed based on real-world operation data of EBs. Operation data of EBs from 3 different bus routes were collected and pre-processed to extract energy consumption-related features from various aspects such as traffic condition, environment, vehicle status and driving behaviour. The analyses of feature distribution, feature interaction and feature importance were then carried out. And the contributions of features to energy consumption were thoroughly analysed by Shapley value. Finally, different machine learning models were built and compared. The optimal results achieved an MAPE of 4.404% under 10-fold cross-validation, with an improvement of at least 29% over existing studies on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shore power (SP) is a key technology to reduce emissions in a port. The deployment of SP has faced a significant challenge due to its high management costs. This study aims to compare various incentive policies that can promote SP from the perspectives of pollutant penalty, berth allocation, construction subsidy, electricity subsidy, and their combinations. To identify effective incentive policies for wide use of SP from both sides, this paper develops a cost-minimizing nonlinear mixed-integer programming model. The model optimizes decisions regarding SP deployment, berth allocation, and ship service sorting simultaneously. The performance of these incentive policies is evaluated in a bulk terminal scenario. Sensitivity analysis of key parameters was conducted to examine the impact of policies. The results show that all the proposed policies can effectively promote SP use and emissions reduction. Policymakers are recommended to implement a mixed incentive policy instead of a single incentive policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequitable distribution of public electric vehicle (EV) charging facilities may result in disparities in charging accessibility, potentially impeding the uptake of EVs. In response, this paper proposes an analytical framework to assess the accessibility-based equity of public EV charging infrastructure systematically, using Hong Kong (HK) as the study area. The results demonstrated severe spatial inequity of charging facilities in central, north, and southwest HK. Meanwhile, the Gini index of all public EV charger types for the total population was 0.751, and the indices for low-income, low-education level, and government-funded housing subgroups were 0.791, 0.809, and 0.893, respectively. These indicated considerable horizontal and vertical inequity from a statistical perspective. Furthermore, age, education level, family structure, and housing type were identified as significant socio-demographic characteristics correlated to the accessibility-based equity of public EV charging infrastructure in HK. These findings are expected to be useful for future policymaking and infrastructure planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]