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Background: Arterial cannulation and intra-arterial (IA) fluid and blood resuscitation in the patients with severe shock is an easier approach compared with the intravenous (IV) access if concerns regarding the efficiency and safety of this approach are addressed. Objectives: We hypothesized that IA fluid resuscitation is more effective than IV resuscitation in restoring cardiac contractions (CC) of cardiac-arrested mice following severe hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Mice (N = 22) were anesthetized using ketamine/xylazine. Arterial and venous systems accessed through cannulation of the carotid artery and the Jugular vein, respectively. As much blood as possible was aspirated from the carotid artery access. Mice were observed until the complete cessation of chest wall motions. Following 30 seconds delay, IV (N = 5) and IA access (N = 6) were used for fluid resuscitation using Ringer Lactate (RL) in a similar volume to the aspirated blood. Mice were observed for restoration of chest wall motions. In phase-IIof the study, after cessation of chest motions, mice (N = 11) underwent a thoracotomy and CCs were observed. In three mice, IV RL Infusion after cardiac arrest failed to restore CCs and was followed by IA RL infusion. In eight mice, following cardiac arrest intermittent IA RL infusion was performed. Results: While IV RL Infusion failed to restore chestmotion inmice (N = 5), IA RL infusion restored chestmotion in allmice examined (N = 6) (P = 0.0067). In three mice, IV RL infusion after cardiac arrest showed no effect on CC. After failure of venous infusion, IA RL infusion was performed which resulted in restoration of CC for 13.33 ± 1.76 minutes. In eight mice, intermittent IA infusion of RL after cardiac arrest, sustained CC for 31.43 ± 10.9 minutes (P = 0.017). Conclusions: IA fluid resuscitation is superior to IV resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock induced cardiac arrest.

Introduction: Diaphragmatic rupture (DR) is an uncommon, potentially serious complication following blunt or penetrating ab- dominal trauma. Even with a high index of suspicion, the diagnosis of DR can easily be missed for a long period post injury. Delayed or missed diagnosis (delayed diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture (DDDR)) and delayed diaphragmatic rupture (DDR) are possible explanations in cases where the initial operative exploration fails to show the diaphragmatic damage. Case Presentation: Here we present a patient with suspected DR that was not seen on initial open abdominal exploration, but was suggested by subsequent serial imaging. This injury was ultimately identified on laparoscopic exploration. The procedure was converted to open (celiotomy) due to poor tolerance of the pneumoperitoneum required for laparoscopy, and the laceration was primarily repaired. We propose that DDR and DDDR be considered as a dierential diagnosis in patients with a previous thoraco- abdominal trauma when presenting with radiologic/clinical signs suspicious for DR, even when the immediate post traumatic ex- ploration failed to demonstrate a DR. Conclusions: A high index of suspicion is essential for early detection of DDR and DDDR. Patients with high impact injuries or surrounding organ damage should be followed with serial clinical examinations, follow-up radiologic assessments, and even re- exploration in situations highly suspicious for diaphragmatic injuries.

Introduction: Delayed splenic rupture (DSR) is an unusual outcome following blunt abdominal trauma. Although DSR is defined as bleeding more than 48 hours after blunt trauma in a previously hemodynamically stable patient, a review of the reported cases in the literature shows that in almost all of the cases the initial CT imaging revealed some form of damage to the spleen. Case Presentation: Here we describe an extremely rare condition in a case that presented with a DSR following blunt trauma and had a normal appearing spleen in the initial post trauma MDCT scan. Conclusions: DSR is a serious consequence of trauma and is associated with a significantly higher mortality rate compared with the overall mortality for acute splenic injuries. A High index of suspicion along with the liberal serial utilization of the imaging studies are the essential elements for early detection of DSR.We propose that DSR be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with hemodynamic instability late post trauma, even when the immediate post trauma MDCT scan has shown a normal appearing spleen. We suggest that every patient with a high impact injury or injuries to peri-splenic organs should have a repeat MDCT scan 2 - 3 days post trauma or before the patients is discharged from hospital.

Introduction: Lung herniation following blunt chest trauma is extremely rare and only a few hundred cases of this pathology have been reported in the English language medical literature. This type of lung hernia is divided into intercostal, parasternal, or supraclavicular subtypes based on the exact location of the chest wall defect. Traumatic intercostal lung hernia is even more uncommon. Delayed presentation of a traumatic lung hernia has been reported in two cases in the medical literature where cases had a delayed presentation of 2-29 days. Case Presentation: We present a case of 72-year-old white male who had a delayed presentation of an intercostal post traumatic lung hernia (PTLH) 50 years after severe blunt chest trauma. Conclusions: This is a rare case of a delayed presentation of a traumatic intercostal lung hernia. Based on our literature search, this case seems to be the first reported case with such a long delay prior to presentation. We suggest that in patients with even a remote history of blunt chest trauma, a physical examination and preoperative evaluation including assessment for possible PTLH be considered before patients undergo positive pressure ventilation. We also suggest that PTLD be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with blunt traumatic chest injuries and rib fractures.