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This paper introduces a two-sector model of endogenous distributive cycles and overproduction, by using elements from Marxian and Kaleckian perspectives. The model combines the two-sector model with market power presented by Dutt (1988) with insights from the cyclical model of Goodwin (1967) and the model of growth and distribution of Dutt (1987). The paper establishes the analytical conditions for a short-run equilibrium point for sectoral capacity utilization rates. Furthermore, for the long run, considering capital accumulation, the paper demonstrates the existence of stable cycles in four dimensions (sectoral distribution of capital, employment rate, and markups for sectors producing capital and consumption goods). These findings are used to reinterpret overproduction within capitalist cycles, where the relative magnitudes of overaccumulation of capital and underconsumption change at different phases of the cycle, while full employment is not a relevant case. The paper concludes by suggesting insights for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is: first, to show that the relationship between Latin America and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a faithful reflection of a class struggle on a world scale, where the correlation of internal and external forces has been articulated over the years in favor of capital; second, to analyze the concrete possibilities that the region will face in the future if it intends to reverse this unfavorable history. The paper argues that the IMF has played a key role in the reconfiguration and extension of the dominance of international finance capital over the productive resources of Latin America by favoring the consolidation of a local capitalist class subordinated to the designs and power of transnational capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively address the grand challenges of our time, we cannot simply tinker around the edges by fixing market failures. We must actively shape markets to deliver on the objective of generating more sustainable and inclusive growth. This paper argues that an objective-oriented economy requires a market-shaping approach; one that accompanies the concept of the public good with the common good framing that is needed to design the interface for this collaboration. This is about structuring the conditions and governance mechanisms that shape the capabilities, tools, institutions, and partnerships needed to take concrete action. Building collective intelligence into these dimensions ex-ante is essential for maximising public value for all actors involved. This paper sets out how a market-shaping and common good framing can be conceptualised and brought together. Importantly, missions can be used to orient and coordinate policies, institutions, innovation, and investments around clear, ambitious, and measurable goals. Further, this paper addresses the implications for key global challenges, from climate change to pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies Argentina's economic growth trajectory between 1962 and 2019. To achieve this, we analyze the pattern of technological progress deduced from the dynamics of labor productivity and the output capital ratio. Between 1962 and the mid 1980s, technical change was Marx biased (for example, labor saving and capital consuming), which resulted in decreased profitability. From then and until 2008, technological change has been Hicks neutral with increased profitability. Afterward, profitability resumes the negative trend until the end of the analyzed period. The structural change observed since the middle 1970s is associated with a halving of the average rate of capital accumulation, greater macroeconomic volatility, and changes in development models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the different approaches and policies that are most used in the literature to measure the level of poverty with tools of fuzzy logic. These policies are based on the integrated measurement method (IM), which combines poverty line methods and unmet basic needs. Moreover, we present the most recent studies on the measurement of the level of poverty in different sectors and populations, as well as the more relevant conclusions of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoliberalism is a political-economic philosophy that consists of two claims: one economic and the other political. The economic claim is: that free market laissez faire economies are the best way to organize economic activity as they generate efficient outcomes that maximize well-being. The political claim is: that free market economic arrangements promote individual liberty. This paper argues both claims are problematic. The evidence from the forty-year experiment that began in 1980 shows neo liberalism has undercut shared prosperity and unleashed illiberal forces that threaten liberty. The paper distinguishes between the first political turn which saw the establishment of neoliberal political hegemony, and the second one toward proto-fascism that we are now experiencing. The second turn is being driven by a collection of factors that have created a demand for proto-fascism and weakened the defenses against alt-right ideas. Those factors include socio-economic disembedding, institutional destruction and political disembedding, increased economic inequality that tilts political power, an alteration in attitudes to government and governance, transformation of economic identity, and a cultural transformation that celebrates sociopathic egotism. The Third Way's capture of center-left politics means liberal elites occupy the political place that should be held by true opponents of neoliberalism. Those liberal elites obstruct the politics needed to reverse the deep causes of the drift to proto-fascism. Ironically, that makes those elites a real danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions as a function of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and its quadratic term in 26 Latin American and Caribbean countries (1990-2019). It also considers the stock of foreign investment to test the polluting paradise hypothesis, agricultural land (AL), and, additionally, methane for nitrous function. The study comprised unit root and cointegration tests. Coefficients were estimated by using fully modified least squares (FMOLS), correlated common effects (CCE), and augmented mean group (AMG). Results by FMOLS show statistical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the set of countries for methane and support the polluting paradise hypothesis. However, results from CCE and AMG show the opposite. For nitrous oxide, FMOLS confirms a U-shaped curve. The above supports a joint environmental policy for both gases, where AL is a key element. The previous results must be corroborated with other methods and the studies extended to other countries over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reinterprets some intuitions from Marx by using a model of endogenous cycles in three dimensions: employment rate, wage share, and labor intensity (this last variable has not received enough attention in the Marxian literature of cyclical models). The paper presents an analytical demonstration (using the Hopf bifurcation theorem) and numerical simulations for the existence of stable cycles in the model if the mechanization rate is sufficiently high and the bargaining power of the working class to increase wages is lower than a given threshold. In contrast, the model is unstable when the bargaining power of the working class is too high; a result that motivates the discussion of the notion of structural economic crises (which differ from the periodic economic crises that emerge in the context of capitalist cycles). The paper concludes with a summary of results and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its appearance in 2020, Brazil and Mexico have been among the most affected countries in the world by covid-19. Their respective presidents, Jair Bolsonaro and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (known as AMLO), have played a leading role in specific policies during the pandemic. Their choices were both singular and counter- intuitive. On the health front, AMLO initially underplayed the seriousness of the situation, and the Brazilian president, Bolsonaro, defended a frankly negationist attitude, with a dramatic balance sheet, without his popularity being seriously affected. On the economic front, they have chosen policies that contradict not only each other but also their own supposed ideological stances. Bolsonaro, who is ranked on the far right, has implemented an emergency transfer program on a scale comparable to those of developed countries and the most massive the country has ever seen. Conversely, AMLO, considered a progressist, provided just a minimum policy package, maintaining his previous electoral program. By adopting a comparative approach and mobilizing a unique and diversified set of data, the objective of this paper is to explore these apparent contradictions. After having established the precise diagnosis of the policies implemented to deal with the crisis and the economic and health situation in the two countries during the 2020-2022 period, we propose an original interpretation grid of the central role played by the two presidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the progressivism in Latin America, by inquiring about the peculiarities for which this phenomenon could not promote structural changes and what would be the chances of achieving them with the advance of the hegemonic and capitalist transition that the world is going through. If progressivism manages to continue and preserve itself to the point of the transition where the advanced capitalist class emerges to replace the decadent class, it could achieve, in alliance with the latter, the promotion of changes that modify the productive structure in favor of the subaltern classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to quantify the land use from the primary activities in terms of consumption in Mexico. To do this, we assign data on the land use for agriculture, livestock, productive forestry, and aquaculture to the primary economic activities represented in the 2018 input-output table. Also, the input-output model of land use is complemented with statistical information from the import matrix and the social accounting matrix of 2018. The results indicate that the land footprint amounts to 61 745 416 hectares and 0.49 hectares per capita. This means that 73% of the land footprint is represented by land areas within our country and 27% by areas in other countries. The land demand derived from the consumption of the population in Mexico is greater than the land areas used in the production of primary activities. This study has two limitations: one referred to the assumptions of the input-output model and another, to the concept of land use. The originality and value of the article consist in analyzing the demand for land for food production in Mexico, which represents the greatest threat to the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems and the ecological services that emanate from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the effects of trade with China on the productive structures of Latin American economies. For this, a structural decomposition analysis is carried out based on the input-output matrices of the Asian Development Bank for the period 2007-2017. The document shows that the effects of import substitution (negative) and exports (positive) on the change in gross production reflect the growing importance that China has acquired in recent decades as a source of imports and as a destination of exports of various sectors for Latin America. Results are included for Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of the financial crisis of the 1930s on the path of aggregate output during that period. Our approach is complementary to that of Friedman and Schwartz, who emphasized the monetary impact of the bank failures; we focus on non-monetary (primarily credit-related) aspects of the financial sector-output link and consider the problems of debtors as well as those of the banking system. We argue that the financial disruptions of 1930-1933 reduced the efficiency of the credit allocation process; and that the resulting higher cost and reduced availability of credit acted to depress aggregate demand. Evidence suggests that effects of this type can help explain the unusual length and depth of the Great Depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we built an input-output environmental model for the Mexican economy to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by this economy to the year 2030 and to explore the possibilities for their reduction. The model shows how innovative technologies applied in selected subsectors of the economy might reduce total emissions, through their direct and indirect effects on other sectors. We used the model to calculate two trajectories: one called "business as usual" and another that results from simulating a technological change in selected sectors. We conclude from the results that technological change, even limited to a few sectors, tends to produce important beneficial effects in terms of GHG reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing Mexico's productive structure in the 1980s and 2013, this paper explores whether promoting the domestic market may complement the dynamism of the external sector and achieve a process of sustained growth and development for an economy highly integrated into the international market. The methodology applied is an extension of the input-output model and network analysis; in particular, the concept of vertically integrated sectors is a major feature to reach conclusions. The results show that stimulating the domestic market can be a complementary strategy for promoting the export sector to boost growth and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows that the liberalization processes and the expansion of the financial sector have changed profoundly the economic, social, and political life of the world economy. New phenomena have arisen, such as the supremacy of the monetary authorities over the fiscal ones and the transformation of national governments into creditors of the central banks. These changes have generated negative consequences, like financial instability, an increase in the number of crises, low growth, and distributive inequality. The article clarifies the need to modify relevant aspects of economic policy. It argues that attributing the role of leaders to the monetary authorities in the coordination of economic policies harms growth and distributive equity. The work claims that discretion should be returned to fiscal policy and that public intervention should guide the evolution of the productive structure. To restore discretion to fiscal policy, the quality of public policies and the levels of trust between the different institutions of national economic policy and between financial market operators and government authorities must be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new model is developed by referring to the literature on Dutch disease and rent-seeking for explaining how a natural resource boom in the energy sector decreases national income and induces a resource movement effect under a rent-seeking monopoly. In such a model, it is shown that the resource movement effect certainly occurs during the boom where labor inputs will move to the energy sector from the services sector. Moreover, the boom facilitates rent-seeking and decreases national income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment in the industrial sector has decreased in all advanced countries, even though the sector's share in the gross domestic product (gdp) has not changed or has decreased only slightly in many cases, mostly because of improvements in labour productivity. Simultaneously, services have not stopped growing, reaching a share in developed economies of around 75%, sometimes higher, both in employment and contribution to nominal gdp. These processes have been the subject of extensive literature developed on the concepts of "deindustrialization" and "tertiarization", and on their possible explanations. Though delayed, these two far-reaching trends have taken, or are taking place, also in countries classified as middle-income or developing countries, giving rise to the concept of "premature deindustrialization". Various explanations have emerged around these issues, all of which have qualified the two major trends as worrisome. A common explanation suggests an industry-services contrast, where the trade-off between them appears as "the villain of the story"--borrowing an expression from the traditional theatre. This paper aims to show that this view is oversimplifying and wrong. What is observed in almost all economies is a process of growing integration between the two sectors, instead of a confrontation between them, and everything indicates that they will only integrate further in the coming years. The characteristics of such integration will be analyzed in the paper as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 40 years of neoliberalism, even governments believe that they are inefficient when compared to the private sector. And economics, in its swing to the right, reinforces this view. The philosophy behind public expenditure for social purposes and the criteria for judging such projects has not been a subject of public debate until recently. In particular, industrial policy was very simple: leave it to the private sector to allocate resources as the market prompts. In Keynes's time, this was not the case. This article reviews some of the issues concerning the industrial policy that was aired in the interwar period. The debate needs to be revived, revisited and, where appropriate, revised to suit the present day, but on basic principles there is much to learn from the interwar discussions. The contrast between the recent (2018) UK government's White Paper on industrial strategy and the Liberal Industrial Inquiry's Britain's Industrial Future (1928) is quite instructive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews pressing issues related to corporate taxation in the oil industry amid the financial crisis, sanctions imposed against Russia, and low oil prices. It pays special attention to the analysis of the first results of the tax reform and to the introduction of a profit-based tax. The main goal of the research is to develop and implement a modern and efficient tax regime that would ensure a continuous and stable flow of tax revenues to the national budget and contribute to the long-term development of the national oil industry. The subject of the study is the current issues of oil taxation, in particular, the application of the taxation mechanism of the financial results of oil companies and the reform of the taxation system of export duties to the oil refining industry. The article presents the ways of effective tax policy for the qualitative development of oil sector enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financialization refers to the process by which financial markets, actors, instruments, and institutions gain importance in the functioning of economies and where the surplus generated is directed towards financial accumulation, which displaces productive accumulation (Epstein, 2005). However, this process is heterogeneous among regions and countries, and occurs in the periphery in the form of "subordinate financialization", since the dynamics of global accumulation condition its asymmetric and dependent insertion. This paper aims to examine a set of central aspects of the process of subordinate financialization of Latin American countries, which is manifested in the loss of sovereign monetary spaces, and which are linked to the process of dollarization of banking systems, the degree of indebtedness, and the internationalization of wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, higher education is considered one of the main routes of upward social mobility. However, given the plurality of options offered by the education system at this level, there may be a distinctive pattern not only of socioeconomic origin but also of economic results after graduating from a specific higher education institution (hei), which can inhibit the promotion of social mobility through hei. Using data from the Intergenerational Social Mobility Module 2016, this paper analyzes whether the hei in Mexico promote the social mobility of their graduates. The results suggest a potential mediating effect of hei in the intergenerational transmission of wealth. This means that the wealth of the original household is an important determinant of the type of hei from which the respondents graduate, furthermore, the type of hei also explains part of the variation in the wealth of the current household of graduates. Specifically, individuals who reported having completed their university studies at the National Polytechnic Institute (ipn, Mexico) present the lowest intergenerational correlation of wealth, 0.18. In contrast, normal schools and the National Pedagogical University (upn, Mexico) have the highest intergenerational persistence rates, 0.48 and 0.47, respectively. Under these findings, it is argued that the type of hei from which individuals graduate can complement the explanation of the mechanisms of intergenerational persistence of wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to other countries, in Mexico, there is no survey to numerically measure consumer inflation expectations. This paper reports the results of the application of a simple questionnaire that aims to obtain a first approximation of these expectations. The exercise also seeks to obtain information on the process of expectations formation through a controlled intervention, as well as to investigate which products have an effect on inflation expectations the most. Four groups were randomly formed: three that received information on past, present or expected inflation, and a control group with no additional information. Consistent with the literature, the results show that people have a higher inflation expectation than specialists. The experiment also reveals that providing information does affect and reduce inflation expectations. Finally, we find that inflation expectations depend mainly on everyday consumer products, such as food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of some early Asian emerging countries such as Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, followed by China and India since 1980, has raised the bar for developing economies. However, other Asian emerging countries, like those from Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and now Viet Nam, have not yet been able to replicate the performance of their Asian predecessors. Could it be that they are already experiencing the problems of a Latin American-style "middle-income trap"? In these two regions, the common factor has been the inability to "upgrade" their growth strategies when the existing ones have run their course and become counterproductive. The "middle-income trap" indicates that productivity growth is more difficult to sustain at higher and more complex stages of the catching-up process. While Latin American countries have exhausted their purely extractive development model (and productivity growth has stalled for decades), Southeast Asian ones have failed to recapture their pre-1997 high growth trajectories as they have been priced out of labor-intensive activities. This paper analyses how the "more of the same but hopefully better" supply-side-strategy that many mainstream economists and trade agreements focus on is the wrong solution for escaping the "trap"; instead, middle-income countries facing a slowdown in productivity growth should reengineer existing development strategies. Matching the performance of the above-mentioned countries requires a conscious, national-level strategy to promote investment in activities with higher long-term potentials for productivity growth, especially higher value-added manufactured exports. The main policy implication of this analysis is that Latin America must reignite productivity growth by adding value to their commodity exports and strengthening backward linkages of export products and services, while Southeast Asian countries should "deepen" their assembly operations in manufacturing. Nicholas Kaldor's argument that manufacturing has the greatest scope to realize increasing returns to scale remains true, even in today's decentralized, fragmented manufacturing systems, but the limited size of domestic markets means that middle-income countries must prioritize manufactured exports using all of the policy instruments still available to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate comparatively the quality of exports from Mexico and South Korea. The indicators used are the following: domestic value-added (va) embodied in exports; decomposition of domestic value-added between direct, generated indirectly exporting activities, and indirect, created in those that produce inputs that are embodied in exports; use of domestic va embodied in exports by the rest of the world, divided between the parts to produce exports and for uses other than exports; domestic employment contained in exports, both for directly and indirectly exporting activities; labor productivity in the export sector in direct and indirect exporting activities; and wages per worker in the export sector, also classified between those that export directly and those that supply inputs to exporting activities. All indicators are broken down by technological level of exports according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (oecd) classification (2011). The data analysis allows us to conclude that, despite the high weight of manufacturing exports, particularly those of high and medium-high technology, in total exports of Korea and Mexico, the quality of these exports of the former is much higher than those of the latter: domestic va contained in their exports (as a percentage of exports) is notably higher; they are more integrated into the global value networks of parts and components; domestic linkages, measured by the indirect jobs they generate, are more intense; and labor productivity and, consequently, wages per employee in export activity are three times higher than in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon the "new interpretation" of Marxian value theory, this paper provides the inverse transformation method to estimate the rate of surplus value at the industry level. Without assuming the equalized rate of surplus-value as a longperiod position, we can analyze the dynamic of unequal development between industries. As an empirical verification of the methodology, we also examine the South Korean economy through Marxian's perspective of value theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to integrate into a single analytical framework the three dimensions of sustainable development, namely the economic, social, and environmental ones. With this objective, a three-gap model within the structuralist tradition is laid down, which identifies and compares three rates of growth: the maximum rate compatible with external equilibrium, the maximum rate compatible with the environmental commitments of the region, and the minimum rate necessary for increasing equality. Policy scenarios are simulated using the E3ME Cambridge Econometrics model, a macroeconometric model of the socioeconomic, energy, and environmental systems. The simulation exercises confirm the crucial importance of combining industrial and technological policies with those for social protection and welfare to foster growth, formal employment, the decoupling of emissions, and equality. An international governance that encourages the reduction of technological asymmetries and broadens the policy space for development in the periphery is necessary to advance towards a new style of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first analyzes the performance of Latin America during the long economic cycle that took place between 1998 and 2014, which combined the regional effects of the Asian crisis with a growth phase driven by a supercycle of commodity prices. However, the expansionary phase was followed by a five-year period of economic stagnation, during which previous achievements were weakened, even before the covid-19 crisis erupted, with its negative consequences. This confirms the persistence of the region's economic vulnerability to external shocks, as well as the difficulties in maintaining sustained growth rates associated with processes of structural change, which make it possible to reduce the gap in the development levels vis-à-vis the leading countries and face the challenges of environmental sustainability. It is also pointed out that, despite the important achievements in terms of social development during the recent growth cycle, the high structural inequalities that characterize the region were not broken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the different trends that will determine the future of work in Latin America; it reviews the hypothesis that places the impact of technological change at the center of the explanation of changes in the future of work. We discuss the studies on the potential impact of these technological transformations on the labor world, in terms of employment levels, the quality of work, as well as the aspect of control and labor discipline. Also, other important trends that could over-determine the labor market are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican automotive sector--integrated into the regional value chain of North America, led by the United States--is characterized by performing mainly manufacturing tasks, which limits its value-added contribution. However, this does not imply that the environmental impact resulting from these tasks is proportional to the value it generates. The paper aims to analyze this dual dimension of the Mexican automotive sector, by describing both its productive structure and its environmental impact related to its foreign trade flows. The results reveal uneven participation in the regional value chain depending on whether Mexican value-added exports are considered in monetary or emission terms, which exhibits a greater contribution in terms of emissions than in value compared to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constitutes a preliminary report that analyzes the crisis and indebtedness of countries, particularly those in developing and emerging markets, in the face of the covid-19 pandemic. It makes a critical recount of the measures and recommendations that various international organizations and developed countries are taking, and based on these it proposes some suggestions to fight the crisis equitably for the whole world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]