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Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients reirradiated with high-dose-rate (HDR) intensity-modulated brachytherapy (IMBT) for recurrent head and neck cancer and to perform a systematic review of the literature., Materials and Methods: Patients treated with prior radiation doses >65 Gy were considered. After resection of macroscopic disease, catheters were fixed to the tumor bed. The total dose was 30 Gy in 12 fractions of 2.5 Gy twice daily for 5 days a week. A systematic literature search was conducted through several electronic databases including Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase and the Cochrane library., Results: Seventeen patients were included; median overall survival was 19 months with a median local control interval of 15 months. Median follow-up was 36 months. Seven papers were considered for the review., Conclusions: IMBT could play an important role in the retreatment of recurrent head and neck cancer.

Purpose: Breast cancer survivors have a high risk of cardiac death as a consequence of heart irradiation during left breast tangential radiotherapy (RT). This study compares the cardiac dose delivered by standard 3D conformal tangential RT (CRT) to that delivered by prospective-gating RT (PGRT) or 5-field intensity-modulated RT (IMRT)., Methods: Patients with early left breast cancer, referred for adjuvant RT to our institution, were enrolled in this study. For each patient, 2 simulation computed tomography scans were acquired: the first during free breathing, and the second on prospective gating during deep inspiration breath-hold. The scans were monitored by the Varian RPM™ respiratory gating system. For each patient, 3 treatment plans were performed: a 3D-CRT and an IMRT plan, each based on the free-breathing scan, and a PGRT plan, based on the deep inspiration breath-hold scan. Dose-volume histograms were compared by means of the Friedman test., Results: The median mean heart dose was 3 Gy (range 0.9-7.3 Gy) in the CRT plans, 1.9 Gy (range 0.5-3.6 Gy) in the PGRT plans, and 4.5 Gy (range 1.1-10.5 Gy) in the IMRT plans (p = 0.001). The mean heart V25 was 1.2% (range 0%-9.7%), 0% (range 0%-2.0%), and 0.2% (range 0%-7.3%) for CRT, PGRT, and IMRT plans, respectively (p<0.001)., Conclusions: Prospective-gating RT to the left breast offered the best protection of heart and lung, as well as a lower irradiation of the contralateral breast, compared to CRT or IMRT.

Background: Given the poor compliance with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in gastric cancer reported in previous studies, a survey was conducted among 18 Italian institutions within the AIRO Gastrointestinal Group to investigate current treatment modalities, toxicities, and compliance with adjuvant CRT., Patients and Methods: Data from 348 patients operated on for gastric cancer were collected retrospectively from September 2000 to June 2008 and analyzed. The adjuvant treatments included CRT according to center guidelines. In multivariate analysis, acute hematological, gastrointestinal, and renal toxicity (according to the RTOG Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria) and compliance with treatment were studied, as well as risk factors for local control, metastasis-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival., Results: Compliance with treatment was excellent: 95.7% of patients completed CRT. During CRT, acute G3-G4 ­hematological toxicity was 3.7% and acute G3-G4 gastrointestinal toxicity 4%. 78.4% of patients completed chemotherapy (CT), either before or after CRT. During CT acute G3-G4 hematological toxicity was 5.4% and acute G3-G4 gastrointestinal toxicity 6%. Overall, 74.1% of patients completed the prescribed treatment (CRT and CT). Doses greater than 4500 cGy did not compensate for more aggressive disease. The 5-year overall survival was 51%., Conclusions: The adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer within the AIRO group was diverse, but radiotherapy treatment was homogeneous (in terms of technique) and well tolerated. Toxicity was low and compliance with treatment was good during CRT; these results may be due to the radiotherapy technique applied. This survey could be used as a benchmark for further studies.

Aims and Background: In recent years, preoperative chemoradiation has received growing interest for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. In an attempt to improve resectability and disease control, we used preoperative radiation therapy and concomitant 5-fluorouracil in a combined modality therapy protocol. The aim of the study was to evaluate definitive results in terms of toxicity, response and clinical outcome., Material and Methods: Twenty-eight patients with unresectable (cT4, 19 patients) or resectable (cT3, 9 patients) nonmetastatic pancreatic tumors received radiotherapy (39.6 Gy) plus 5-fluorouracil (continuous infusion, days 1-4 at 1000 mg/m(2)/day). After 4 weeks, patients were evaluated for surgical resection. In 9 resected patients, electron-beam intra-operative radiotherapy (10 Gy) was given before reconstruction. Thereafter, in resected patients, adjuvant chemotherapy was prescribed., Results: During chemoradiation, 1 patient (3.6%) developed grade 3 acute gastrointestinal toxicity and 2 patients (7.1%) developed grade 3 hematological toxicity. Three of 19 patients with unresectable tumors had tumor downstaging (15.8%). Two patients showed partial response (response rate, 7.1%; 95% CI, 0.2-25.3) and 4 patients (14.3%) had minimal tumor response. Four patients (14.3%) showed progressive disease after chemoradiation. One postoperative death was recorded. The median survival time was 11.3 months (20.5 and 9.0 months in resected and unresected patients, respectively). Only one local failure was recorded in 8 patients resected with negative margins., Conclusions: Although the response rate is still low, our preliminary results suggest that preoperative 5-fluorouracil chemoradiation is well tolerated and may result in tumor downstaging. Delivery of intra-operative radiotherapy seems to be associated with a low rate of local recurrences.

Aims and Background: Clinical studies published in the last decade have shown the possible improvement in prognosis of patients with prostatic carcinoma undergoing radiation therapy with dose escalation or in combination with hormone therapy. However, in studies on hormone therapy, moderate doses of radiation therapy have been used, whereas in studies with high-dose radiotherapy, hormone therapy usually was not administered. Therefore, it is not clear whether the concomitant use of high doses and prolonged hormone therapy could determine an additional beneficial effect. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the relative prognostic role of different dose levels (< 70 versus > or = 70 Gy) of external beam radiotherapy and of different hormone therapies (neoadjuvant only versus neoadjuvant + adjuvant)., Methods: A total of 426 patients (median age, 71 yrs; range, 51-87 yrs) underwent external beam radiotherapy (70 Gy median dose to prostate volume +/- 45 Gy to pelvic lymph nodes) and neoadjuvant hormone therapy (bicalutamide for 30 days; goserelin, 3.6 mg every 28 days starting two months before radiotherapy and for its entire duration). Dose to the prostate was < 70 Gy in 44.8% of patients and > or = 70 Gy in 55.2%. A total of 244 patients received adjuvant hormonal therapy. The distribution according to the clinical stage was 48.1% T2 and 51.9% T3. The distribution according to the Gleason score was 14.3% grades 2-4, 66.7% grades 5-7 and 19.0% grades 8-10. The distribution according to pretreatment prostate-specific antigen levels (in ng/mL) was 7.0% for 0-4, 29.3% for 4-10, 30.3% for 10-20, and 33.3% for > 20., Results: With a median follow-up of 35 months (range, 1-151), 81 patients (19.0%) showed biochemical recurrence, 17 patients (4.0%) showed local disease progression, and 12 patients (2.8%) showed distant metastases. Overall, 23 patients (5.4%) showed disease progression. Four patients (0.9%) died. At the time of this writing, no patient has died from prostatic carcinoma. At univariate analysis, the radiation dose delivered to the tumor and the administration of adjuvant hormone therapy were shown to be significantly correlated with biochemical disease-free survival. At multivariate analysis, the single parameter significantly correlated with biochemical disease-free survival was the radiation dose delivered to the tumor. In the subset of patients not treated with adjuvant hormone therapy, there was a significant correlation between radiation dose and biochemical disease-free survival at univariate and multivariate analysis. A similar correlation between adjuvant hormone therapy and biochemical disease-free survival was observed in the subset of stage cT3 patients at univariate and multivariate analysis. In patients undergoing combined treatment without adjuvant hormone therapy, a significant correlation was observed between clinical stage and biochemical disease-free survival, at univariate and at multivariate analysis., Conclusions: The results of the study confirmed the positive impact of radiotherapy doses > 70 Gy and of adjuvant hormone therapy in patients with locally advanced prostatic carcinoma. Owing to the lack of evidence of a correlation between radiation dose and biochemical outcome in patients undergoing prolonged hormone therapy, the role of further dose escalation in patients undergoing combined hormone and radiation therapy is still unclear.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of several clinical variables in a patient population undergoing neoadjuvant hormonotherapy (NHT) with external beam radiotherapy (ERT) to identify subsets of patients with an unfavorable prognosis who require intensified therapy. Eighty-four patients (mean age, 68.2 +/- 6.1 years; range, 52-81 years) underwent ERT (45 Gy to pelvic volume; 65 Gy mean dose to prostate volume) and NHT (oral flutamide: 250 mg three times daily for 30 days; LH-RH analogue: one vial every 28 days starting two months before radiotherapy and for its entire duration). The distribution according to clinical stage was T2: 46.4%, T3: 50.0%, T4: 3.6%. The distribution according to the Gleason score was grade 2-4: 17.9%; grade 5-7: 53.6%; grade 8-10: 28.5%. The distribution according to pretreatment PSA levels (in ng/mL) was 0-4: 5.9%; 4-10: 26.2%; 10-20:16.7%; > or = 20: 51.2%. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 3.6% of patients died; hematogenous metastases and local disease progression were found in 16.7% and 6% of patients, respectively. Overall, the incidence of disease progression was 17.9%. 32.9% of patients showed biochemical failure during followup. Overall, metastasis-free, local progression-free and biochemical failure-free actuarial survival at five years was 89.2%, 66.5%, 85.0% and 41.9%, respectively. At univariate analysis (log-rank) clinical stage (cT) was shown to be significantly correlated with the incidence of metastasis (P = 0.0004), local progression (P < 0.0001) and disease-free survival (P = 0.0005). At multivariate analysis (Cox) the correlations between clinical stage and metastasis (P = 0.0175), local progression (P = 0.0200) and disease-free survival (P = 0.0175) were confirmed. Gleason score and pretreatment PSA levels did not show any significant correlation with these endpoints. These results confirm the indications of the recent literature, which, in prostate carcinoma at higher clinical stages, suggest the use of prolonged hormonal therapy after radiotherapy.