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Forest fires are a frequent event in Mediterranean climate-dominated regions and have great importance on succession. This reality, which is also valid for forest trees, facilitates the regeneration of some species and causes some species to lost their presence in the area. Therefore; it is important to know the fire ecology of the each species. To know the effects of the fires on seed viability and germination; will facilitate the development and follow-up of existing species in the area. In this study, different heat shocks (70, 90, 110 and 130 ºC) at different durations (1 and 5 min.) were applied on seeds obtained from 15 different populations of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] from four different main breeding zones and germinations was followed. As a result, the treatment of 130°C-5 min. reduced germination ability of seeds. However, it was found that Anatolian black pine seeds can withstand high heat shocks without affecting the germination ability up to 110 ºC. In addition, it was found that 1 min. heat shock application did not decrease the germination ability. Among the populations Sütçüler-Tota (1600 m), Çal-İnceler (1560 m), Alaçam-Gölcük (1050 m) Bursa (950 m) and Domaniç-Dereçarşamba (1400 m) populations have shown the highest germination capacity as general mean. And the treatments of 70ºC-5 min, 90ºC-1 and 5 min, 110ºC-1 min and 130ºC-1 min among the applications increased germination percentage according to the control group.

The ecological conditions of nurseries can have an impact on both morphological and physiological characteristics of seedlings and may affect their development. Furthermore, the genetic characteristics of the populations adapted to the conditions of the growing environment, also influence the development of the seedlings. In this study, seeds collected from different districts of the natural distribution area of Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) were sown under the same ecological conditions. Morphological and physiological characteristics of the seedlings belonging to different populations under the same ecological conditions were compared. In this study; Seeds from Bursa-İnegöl, Balıkesir-Dursunbey, Sakarya-Akyazı, Kastamonu-Çatalzeytin, Zonguldak-Devrek-Tefen, Zonguldak-Devrek-Akçasu and Bartın-Yenihan populations were supplied and grown in Zonguldak Gökçebey State Forestry Nursery. At the end of the 2nd vegetation period; physiological [chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, relative humidity percentage on leaf (NNİ%) and cumulative transpiration (S)] and morphological characteristics [seedling height (FB), diameter of root collar (KBÇ), number of seedling branches (FDS), the fresh weight of the shoot and root (GTA, KTA), the total fresh weight of the seedlings (TFTA), the dry weight of the shoot and root (GKA, KKA), the total dry weight of the seedlings (TFKA), dry root percentage (%KKök), shoot-root ratio (KI), sturdiness index (GI) and Dickson quality index (DKI)] of 2+0 aged bare root seedlings were determined. As a result; the population factor affected a significant variation in all morphological characters except the shoot-root ratio (KI) and the sturdiness index (GI). In addition, it was determined that the population factor caused significant difference on the physiological properties of total chlorophyll amount and NNİ% of seedlings. The seedlings belonging to Zonguldak-Devrek-Akçasu and Zonguldak-Devrek-Tefen populations had the highest values in terms of both morphological and physiological characteristics. The most important issue that attracts attention in the research; It is stated that the seedlings obtained from the populations closest to the nursery ecology have the highest seedling values.

Parrots are birds that naturally spread in the tropical regions of the world. International trade is carried out according to the CITES Convention. 135 parrot species were imported and 40 parrot species were re-exported between 1982 and 2016 in Turkey. Two of these exotic species have started to spread and established breeding populations in wild in Turkey. Nine species have been monitored in wild as cage escapes. Establishing breeding populations of alien species in the country is undesirable because alien species can have adverse effects on the resident species of the countries. The sale of the Rose ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and the Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria)'s as cage birds must be banned to prevent the expansion of their spread because they have established breeding populations in Turkey. Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) is the most imported and exported species in Turkey. Very high number of individuals in some species which were imported to Turkey have been detected. It is known that the populations of these species have decreased in the regions where their natural distribution areas. Therefore, Turkey should implement quotas and restrictions based on species in the parrot trade.