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Introduction: Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a rare occurrence in bony free flaps used in head-and-neck reconstructive surgery. HO is an incidental finding, described as a rare phenomenon in the literature. The periosteal theory is one of the most emphasized physiopathological descriptions for HO. This study aimed to address the causes, outcomes, and prevention of HO. Methods: This retrospective study included 30 patients undergoing reconstructive surgery for head-and-neck bone defects using bony free flaps. The patients underwent postoperative clinical examinations and computed tomography imaging. The age, sex, indications for reconstruction, ossification time, symptoms, and clinical findings were collected and reviewed. Results: The reviewed medical records showed that 5 patients developed HO after reconstruction with bony free flaps. Free fibula flap was used in 4 patients, whereas free medial femoral condylar flap was used in 1 patient. Conclusion: Clinical signs of HO were not observed in any patient. A modified approach with preservation of the periosteum is recommended in selected patients to avoid HO. Surgical ossification removal should be performed only in patients with symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganglion cysts are the most common soft‑tissue tumors observed in the finger. Some tumors could be easily confused clinically with ganglion cysts due to their localization, mobility, shape, and being soft in nature. In this article, two cases of schwannoma and superficial acral myxoma that were clinically and radiologically confused with ganglion cysts are presented. Suspecting this tumor type in the preoperative diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary surgical approaches. Masses in close proximity to the nerve or nerve sheath are very important as they require preservation of the nerve during surgery. For these masses, surgeons should be prepared as these cases can have many intraoperative surprises in store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: There is no current study presenting a descriptive cost-based analysis of operative maxillofacial fracture managements in Turkey. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the overall treatment costs of maxillofacial traumas. Materials and Methods: Maxillofacial trauma patients treated between January 2012 and December 2016 with at least 12 months of follow-up were included in this study. Parameters including age, gender, etiology of injury, site of trauma, additional traumas, comorbidities, length of hospitalization, treatment technique and material used in surgery, duration of surgery, complication rates, and hospital costs for treatments were analyzed retrospectively. The costs were converted into USD ($) according to the currency exchange rate. Results: The most cost-effective (351$) was the teenage group (10--17 years) and the most expensive (793$) was the group over 61 years of age with significant differences. Etiologically, assaults were statistically significantly (P = 0.047) cheaper than motorbike accidents. The most expensive treatments were tetrad site fractures, and the most cost-effective treatments were maxillary fractures. The total costs of tetrad site fractures (1088$) was statistically significantly expensive than that of maxillary fractures (245$) (P = 0.006). Additional injuries caused statistically significantly higher costs to maxillofacial trauma treatments (P = 0.002). Closed techniques or plate fixations with six holes or less were statistically significantly cheaper than plate fixations with more than six holes (P < 0.001). Maxillofacial treatments had a complication rate of 8.6%. Complications caused statistically significantly higher treatment costs (P = 0.038). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that maxillofacial surgeons should use the resources in the most effective way to maintain low complication rates and treatment costs in managing maxillofacial traumas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery is the property of Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery is the property of Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery is the property of Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery is the property of Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery is the property of Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery is the property of Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Plastic Surgery is the property of Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ganglion cysts are the most common soft-tissue tumors observed in the finger. Some tumors could be easily confused clinically with ganglion cysts due to their localization, mobility, shape, and being soft in nature. In this article, two cases of schwannoma and superficial acral myxoma that were clinically and radiologically confused with ganglion cysts are presented. Suspecting this tumor type in the preoperative diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary surgical approaches. Masses in close proximity to the nerve or nerve sheath are very important as they require preservation of the nerve during surgery. For these masses, surgeons should be prepared as these cases can have many intraoperative surprises in store.

Aims: There is no current study presenting a descriptive cost-based analysis of operative maxillofacial fracture managements in Turkey. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the overall treatment costs of maxillofacial traumas. Materials and Methods: Maxillofacial trauma patients treated between January 2012 and December 2016 with at least 12 months of follow-up were included in this study. Parameters including age, gender, etiology of injury, site of trauma, additional traumas, comorbidities, length of hospitalization, treatment technique and material used in surgery, duration of surgery, complication rates, and hospital costs for treatments were analyzed retrospectively. The costs were converted into USD ($) according to the currency exchange rate. Results: The most cost-effective (351$) was the teenage group (10–17 years) and the most expensive (793$) was the group over 61 years of age with significant differences. Etiologically, assaults were statistically significantly (P = 0.047) cheaper than motorbike accidents. The most expensive treatments were tetrad site fractures, and the most cost-effective treatments were maxillary fractures. The total costs of tetrad site fractures (1088$) was statistically significantly expensive than that of maxillary fractures (245$) (P = 0.006). Additional injuries caused statistically significantly higher costs to maxillofacial trauma treatments (P = 0.002). Closed techniques or plate fixations with six holes or less were statistically significantly cheaper than plate fixations with more than six holes (P < 0.001). Maxillofacial treatments had a complication rate of 8.6%. Complications caused statistically significantly higher treatment costs (P = 0.038). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that maxillofacial surgeons should use the resources in the most effective way to maintain low complication rates and treatment costs in managing maxillofacial traumas.

Objective: Placing gold implants in the upper eyelids is a widely accepted method in lagophthalmos treatment. Gold can be obtained as custom-made or from medical firms, as well as from jewelers. This review intends to share the algorithm applied in our clinic, to help avoid undesirable postoperative results. Material and Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, seven patients were planned to undergo gold implant surgery for lagophthalmos. In each of the seven cases preoperative weight tests were performed in upright-seated position, incision site and implant weights were measured, and the determined weights were tested twice, sterilization was applied. Results: None of the patients showed any early or late complications. Complete closure of the eyelids was achieved. Aesthetic evaluations of the patients were found to be better than the physician’s evaluations. Conclusion: The weight of the gold is the most important factor that determines the success of the implant treatment. It is possible to reduce postoperative morbidity and increase success by adhering to simple preoperative criteria when gold is obtained from jewelers, a cost-effective method that yields high patient satisfaction.