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Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is recognized as the most frequent cause of transfusion-related severe morbidity and mortality. TRALI is characterized by post-transfusional respiratory distress, hypoxaemia and radiographic verified lung infiltration, in the absence of sign of circulatory overload. TRALI is predominantly triggered by human leukocyte antigen or human neutrophil antigen (HNA) antibodies from the transfused blood component. Particularly antibodies against the HNA-3a are involved in severe and fatal TRALI cases. The serological investigation is important to trace and exclude blood donors with TRALI antibodies.

Primary autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is characterised by severe neutropenia and the presence of granulocyte reactive autoantibodies. The pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown and the disease is believed to be underdiagnosed. AIN occurs predominantly at the age of 6-24 months and despite severe neutropenia the symptomatology covers mainly benign infections. Serious bacterial infections might occur and some patients thus may benefit from treatment with prophylactic antibiotics or granulocyte growth factor. Spontaneous remission usually occurs within 30 months from the time of diagnosis.