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Ultrasound is an essential tool in evaluating the underlying etiology of scrotal lesions, which range from traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, congenital, and neoplastic conditions. Understanding the sonographic characteristics of benign scrotal masses is essential for a radiologist to determine whether conservative management is appropriate or if more aggressive follow-up or treatment is necessary. While surgical intervention may sometimes be necessary, combining the clinical presentation and imaging appearance can sometimes lead to a confident radiologic diagnosis that spares the patient from surgery. Examples of benign scrotal lesions and their ultrasound appearance are illustrated in this review.

In the setting of mechanical circulatory support devices, including ventricular assist devices, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, intraaortic balloon pumps, and the total artificial heart, the spectral Doppler waveform is significantly altered, reflecting systemic hemodynamic changes. As the prevalence of these devices increases, a better understanding of both the devices themselves and their associated Doppler ultrasound findings is necessary for accurate image interpretation. This article reviews the clinical indications, pathophysiology, and sonographic findings of these devices, with emphasis on the variation in arterial Doppler waveforms that can be seen with normal function, as well as the major complications.

Carotid and vertebral artery spectral Doppler ultrasound waveforms can be affected by many types of local lesions, proximal cardiovascular disease, and devices, as well as distal cerebrovascular disease. Recognizing abnormal spectral Doppler ultrasound waveforms and their significance is important for proper management. Examples of normal and abnormal carotid and vertebral artery spectral Doppler ultrasound waveforms are reviewed and illustrated in this pictorial review.

Objectives: To determine the significance of spectral Doppler hepatic artery waveforms obtained in the first 10 days after primary liver transplantation and to determine the best early predictor of hepatic arterial thrombosis (HAT)., Subjects and Methods: A total of 645 patients were retrospectively followed up to 1 year after liver transplantation. Doppler waveforms of the hepatic arteries were categorized as normal, abnormally elevated, not visualized, or with resistive index (RI) <0.5 on all examinations performed within the first 10 days. Waveforms were then correlated with patient outcomes within 1 year., Results: Of the 645 patients, 83 (12.8%) had nonvisualization of at least one hepatic artery on Doppler evaluation and 56 (8.7%) developed HAT or stenosis within the first year after transplantation. Odds ratios (ORs) demonstrate that a single nonvisualized hepatic artery (OR, 9.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.51-20.70) has a much higher incidence of HAT in the first 10 days after transplantation compared to low RI (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.77-4.79)] or high RI (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.44-2.55]. The loss or reversal of diastolic flow on Doppler ultrasound performed in the first 10 days after transplantation does not seem to correlate with active or impending HAT., Conclusion: Absence of hepatic arterial flow Doppler signal in the first 10 days after liver transplantation is associated with higher incidence of thrombosis than previously demonstrated, whereas persistently high diastolic flow early on seems to be more significant and leads to further hepatic arterial complications than decreased diastolic flow.