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There has been limited research about the impact of ballot paper design in multiparty elections and effects of information or training over the invalid vote and the vote mistakes. This study was to measure the effect of training and ballot paper design on the probability of invalid vote and vote mechanism compression. There has been applied three quasi-experimental designs with different samples, the first experiment (60 volunteers) to design a post test and control group were the hypothesis was rejected because the training doesn’t reduces the likelihood of invalid ballots. The second experiment (172 volunteers) with a post-test design, a control group and two experimental treatments with different groups where the hypothesis of ballot paper decrease the likelihood of invalid ballots was also rejected. The third experiment (60 participants) with a 2x2 factorial design showed that the priming obtained through the instructional design of the on separate large sheet decreased the percentage of null vote even in cases where voters had no experience with the electoral system. The importance of the pedagogical ballot paper design and other items that are part of the voting system in the light of consumer psychology and behavioral economics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of providing public, empirical data on the psychology undergraduate education offered by the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina from a socio-bibliometrical perspective, we conducted a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the mandatory readings of the 22 compulsory undergraduate syllabi of the basic and professional cycles (N = 2572) at the psychology program, retrieving information on 12 socio-bibliometric indicators, and comparing our results with studies of previous decades. Our findings indicate a hegemonic and almost exclusive predominance of psychoanalytic texts and authors, a decrease in other theoretical orientations, in texts published in recent years and in papers from refereed journals, an increase in authors with a psychology degree, and a literature obsolescence of more than 35 years. We conclude on the legal and socio-institutional implications of such a situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latin American journals of psychology indexed in the Journal of Citation Reports (JCR), are generally edited by professional associations of psychologists, universities and private foundations. This paper analyzes the positioning strategy adopted by the Professional Association of Psychologists of Madrid, regarding the psychological journals in the area in which they edit. The methodological approach taken to explore the topic uses socio-bibliometric techniques gathering numerical data, and then using that data to perform analyses for a well-informed description of what the topic might be. The results reveal that journals, whose editor or co-editor was Professional Association of Psychologists of Madrid, have increased their visibility in recent years, in both, the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR= 8 journals) and that of the Journal of Citation Reports (JCR= 7 journals) with a greater citation count for its articles, and a higher number of views and downloads for the papers published in its journals. The conclusion is, that the positioning strategy adopted by the Professional Association of Psychologists of Madrid was an effective one, involving the unification of certain rules relating to the edition of articles in their journals, the professionalization of editorial management, the electronic publishing with digital publication of journals and using the open access publishing model for scholarly communication that makes research information available to readers at no cost, as well as their integration in the list of international databases. Although a broader strategy concerning gender equality is recommended, the Spanish professional association of psychologists still stands today as the main editorial group of psychological journals indexed in JCR and SJR of Spain [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview on the history of the earliest applications of psychological practices in the two main mental institutions linked to the Assistance for Psychopaths in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the beginning of the 20th Century. This encompassed a range of clinical practices that employed psychological techniques and tools thought as having a curative effect on the causes or symptoms of mental illness. Mental hygiene doctors used those techniques as well, with the biopolitical goal of averting illness and any consequent risk and social danger. The techniques are analyzed in their relation to the modernization project of Brazilian nation and to the problem of what was then understood as its "degenerated population". The main objective of the paper is to investigate the role of Psychology in Brazil in the early 20th Century. The results appoint an effective interrelation between the raise of scientific legitimacy of Psychological knowledge and technology and the integration of Psychiatry within different nation's modernization projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta una introducción a la revista, en la cual se discurre sobre la transición de la publicación a un formato completamente digital.

This paper reports the adaptation and validation of the Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI) in a Spanish organizational context. In addition, this study empirically explores the positive relationship between identity leadership and followers' work engagement as mediated by positive and negative job-related affect. A total of 854 employees from different organizations (53.6% female, 46.4% male; M = 40.7 years, SD = 11.5, 19-74) completed an online questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, as well as confirmatory factor analyses, were conducted. According to our results, the Spanish version of the ILI had adequate psychometric properties. The four dimensions obtained in other countries (i.e., identity prototypicality, identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship, and identity impresarioship) were replicated in our sample. Moreover, we found that only identity entrepreneurship significantly related to followers' positive and negative affect at work, which in turn, related to reported work engagement. We conclude that the Spanish version of the ILI adequately measures identity leadership in organizations. Future studies can build on this instrument to assess and foster identity leadership among supervisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores to what extent individual, organizational and social factors determine academic trajectories, controlling for socio-demographic variables such as sex and academic rank. For this, a correlational study was developed in a convenience sample of academics from the Federico II University of Naples, in Italy (N = 228, 55.3 % men and 44.7 % women), between 21 and 67 years old (M = 51.7, SD = 9.2), with the use of descriptive statistics and multiple correspondence analysis. The results show two differentiated tendencies: (1) that of male and full-professors, and (2) that of women and middle and early-career levels. The first group perceive less difficulties and value personal (Model 1, 53.9 % of variance) and family success (Model 2, 50.3 % of variance) factors more. Barriers such as the influence of informal power networks (Model 3, 42.7 % of variance) and family issues, as work-life balance (Model 4 and 5, 50.2 % and 59.9 % of variance), are perceived with greater intensity by the second group. The results highlight the importance of measures for equal opportunities in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is to discuss the cycle of migration and its psychological impact on the lives of immigrants. An overview of current migration trends, a discussion on the cycle of immigration (Casas, 2014), and its psychological consequences are presented. A qualitative phenomenological approach was utilized to analyze the stories of four immigrants, which resulted in a thematic analysis that discusses the cycle of immigration and its impact. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications, limitations, and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has sickened more than six million people worldwide. This context has led to an abundance of publications quickly since the beginning of the outbreak. In a few months, thousands of scientific papers have appeared. This article aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of the publications on COVID-19 in five high-impact journals indexed to the Web of Science Core Collection's Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) including The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, Science, Nature, and JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association. We found 169 documents associated with the search criteria. The findings indicate that China, the United States, and the United Kingdom are the most represented countries in these publications, The Lancet is the journal with the highest number of contributions with 66% of documents, and the University of Hong Kong leads the ranking of institutions. Future bibliometric and scientometric studies on COVID-19 should provide updated information to analyse other relevant indicators in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: The Invalidating Childhood Environment Scale (ICES) is an instrument designed to assess retrospectively parental invalidation experience, according to Marsha Linehan's definition of invalidation. The main aim of this paper is to determine the factorial structure of the ICES. Three factor structures: Standard Model, Reduced Model, and 2 Factor Model are examined. Also, the association between invalidating experience and borderline symptoms is studied. Method: Data from a non-clinical, volunteer sample of 274 adults was collected. Participants completed 4 surveys: Demographic surveys, Invalidating Childhood Environment Scale (ICES), Borderline Symptoms List (BSL 23), and Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Statistical analyses included confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression. Results: The results of the analysis presented indicate that the ICES is a reliable instrument, and that the 2 Factor Model is good fit and allows for a broader understanding of invalidation and it's qualities. The results of the linear regression analysis indicated a mild but significant association between invalidation and BPD symptoms. Internal consistency was acceptable for all levels. Conclusion: The outcome of this study shows that the ICES is a useful instrument that can be used to make progress in uncovering the role of childhood invalidation in BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mindfulness refers to a general layout to deal, with awareness, the present moment involving an active and reflective acceptance, and a non-judgmental attitude. Although the benefits of mindfulness in clinical settings are known, the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships between specific facets of Mindfulness and specific symptoms of anxiety and depression in Spanish population as well as gender differences, considering the personality effects. In this study was used a sample of 176 subjects (51.7 % female, 48.3 % male), aged between 18 and 69 years (M = 29; SD = 9.66) residents on Murcia and Andalusia (Spain). The results showed that in women with high anxiety, Describe facet is able to predict anxious-depressive symptoms while in the case of man are the facets of Do not judge and Do not react. In women with high depression scores the facets that best predict specific symptoms are Describe and Do not judge , whereas in the case of men with high depression, is the Do not judge facet. In conclusion, the results, could improve the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression disorders, both in men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the body image and its differences by physical activity and Body Mass Index (BMI), in a sample of 2942 Lithuanian adolescents (1405 males and 1537 females), aged between 11 and 19. Body image was measured with the questionnaire HBSC, physical activity with questionnaire PACE, and BMI through the formula height/weight2, classifying the adolescents according to the IOTF. The results indicated that girls saw themselves fatter than boys (t 2935.50= 11.37; p =0.000; d =0.420). The adolescents that performed less physical activity (t 2012.21= 2.57; p =0.010; d =0.115) and those with excess weight/obesity (t 392.04= 14.86; p =0.000; d =1.501) had worse body image. It is recommendable to implement physical activity programs and psychological programs to improve the body image and the body composition of Lithuanian adolescents, paying special attention to girls, those who do less physical activity and those who are overweight/obese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personal religious orientation understood as the motivation behind religious behaviors must be considered as the process that manages and organizes the behavior of those who are religious. Thus, identifying the dimensionality of religiosity is important (Francis, 2007 ; Kirkpatrick & Hood, 1990). This paper analyzed the structural validity and internal consistency of the 31-item Batson and Ventis Religious Orientation Scale. Participants were 529 Spanish Catholic undergraduates aged between 18 and 55 years, M = 21.55, SD = 4.39. A Principal Component Analysis with Equamax rotation method was performed on the ROS-31 with the randomized 50% of the sample, obtaining a 21-item three-component model (intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious orientations). Then, a CFA carried out with the other 50% of the sample showed an adequate fit of the obtained model, SBχ2(186) = 352.45, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.059 (CI 90% [0.049, 0.067]). The intrinsic scale showed an excellent internal consistency, the quest scale showed good internal consistency, and the extrinsic scale showed an acceptable internal consistency. Future lines of research are suggested in order to clarify the relationship between the religious orientation scales and some psychosocial variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the paper will be to analyze the influence of parental academic expectations and gender stereotypes in secondary education students' self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and interests. 2364 students in their final year of Lower Secondary Education participated in the study in Spain. Data have been analyzed combining three procedures: descriptive analysis, comparison of means and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that boys perceive higher parental support than girls in technology and computing. Regarding gender stereotypes, boys perceive higher parental gender stereotypes than girls in technology/computing and science. In our sample, perceived parental support and gender stereotypes do not have a direct influence on outcome expectations and interest, however, self-efficacy beliefs do influence outcome expectations and interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to present a guide to prepare specific programs to develop emotional intelligence in children aged 0-3 years. We believe that, before applying higher age programs, it is critical to understand how prior learning was made. In program development we had in mind three basic theoretical approaches: the theory of the stages of early childhood development of French theorist Henri Wallon, noted for his efforts to describe the child's emotional development and the role of emotions in the building relationships and links between the infant and the outside world; the Emotional Intelligence Model of Mayer and Salovey (2007); and the principles formulated by Carrol Izard on preventive interventions focused on emotion (Izard, 2002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a study comparing articles from Latin America and other regions, to assess the quality of both methodology and results presentation. These articles were included in a systematic review about the prevalence of postpartum depression. The study is of the documentary research type with critical analysis of the literature. Two independent reviewers performed the critical analysis of the studies. The quality of the articles was measured according to the Loney Scale. Statistical analysis was applied and the hypotheses were tested through the usage of nonparametric tests. Thirty-four Latin American studies were identified, evaluated, and compared to a random sample of thirty-four articles from other regions. The quality of the methodology and results of the two groups of articles did not show a significant difference. In both cases, quality was found to be low. Scientific articles are evidences that can support decision-making both in the clinical practice and in public policymaking. For authors to generate scientific articles of quality that are reliable evidence is necessary to build the capability of researchers in developing rigorous methodologies to generate consistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impulsivity is a widely studied construct and has been characterized by a lack of consensus among authors about its definition, characteristics and assessment. This has provoked that impulsivity can be seen as a complex construct. We have conducted a systematic review of impulsivity in adolescents, in order to identify the different definitions, analyze the measures that are used to assess impulsivity and point out the different features which are related to the research on impulsivity. The literature was collected in an exhaustive search from several databases: Web of Knowledge, Scopus, PsycINFO, Scielo, Redalyc, Google School and Cochrane, where a set of 3,457 papers was selected. From this initial set, we reviewed 108 papers. Our results showed the definitions of impulsivity, the population, the evaluation measures and the relationship with other variables. We concluded that, (a) impulsivity has multiple definitions, (b) the most used measure to assess the construct is the MFFT and (c) we found that impulsivity has been research on topics such as behavioral problems, cognitive measures, assault and family issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this historiographic paper is to carry out a critical analysis about one particular moment of the scientific trajectory of María Martina Casullo (1940-2008). In the first place, the article reviews her studies about the risk factors in adolescents from an epidemiologic-preventive approach since 1985. Secondly, the work points out how these epidemiologic studies concerning depression, suicidal risk and psychological unease were the kickoff for the analysis of the salutogenic or protective processes that prevent people to fall ill even when facing adverse environmental situations. Finally, this study concludes that these researches are the main record of the field that subsequently Casullo defined as salutogenic or positive psychology in Argentine at the end of 20th century. Thus, this paper critically analyzes the naturalized and whig tradition in psychology that has neglected the ideological and political conditions of the emergence of positive psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like other cognitive skills, the ability to reason causally changes during the course of development from early childhood to adulthood. There is, however, no agreement about how its development occurs. In this paper we propose a theoretical analysis to understand this process, namely, the idea that causal reasoning is a domain-general ability that is gradually enriched by the refinement of metacognitive skills, which allows reasoning independently from the immediate context. This proposal is based on the analysis of evidence of causal reasoning in young children, as well as evidence of integration of these skills during early adolescence with processes of argumentation and explanation. The paper also points out some methodological differences in studies with children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify different profiles of emotional regulation, and to see if they differ in academic stress coping strategies. The participants were 487 physiotherapy students (74% female) from different universities, aged between 18 and 40 years. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Cuestionario de Estrés Académico (CEA) were applied. A total of three emotional regulation profiles were obtained in the cluster analysis. The first one is composed of students with low emotional regulation, a second group with mixed results was obtained and a third cluster shows students with high emotional regulation. Statistically significant differences in all the coping strategies were found between the profiles of low and high emotional regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the psychometric properties of the My-School (MS) 3D simulation program, which was designed to detect students at risk of drug abuse and bullying. In particular, two empirical studies have been carried out to evaluate, on the one hand, the content validity of the scenes, and on the other, the validity criterion (predictive) of the software. Specifically, in terms of the evaluation of content validity, the results showed the existence of a substantial agreement among the expert judges regarding the relevance, coherence, clarity and low bias of situations. In relation to the criterion validity, there were no differences between the answers given in the program and the interviews. The MS software thus has adequate validity properties for detecting students at risk of substance use and bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous scholarship highlights migration from the Global South to the Global North. This paper focuses on South-South migration using a case study of a Kaqchikel Maya woman, Brenda, migrating from Guatemala to El Salvador. Her life history and participant-observation data were gathered over the course of 18 months between 2010 and 2015. In her case, migration within Central America encouraged ethnic revitalization, particularly through her investment in Kaqchikel language and clothing. Such revitalization might be a common occurrence among indigenous women and is a significant consequence for indigenous women because of the reinforcement of gendered ethnic work as women are responsible for reproducing indigenous language and the use of ethnically marked clothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive functions are a set of abilities that allow the production of adaptive behaviours to specific challenges from the environment. Mentalization refers to the way in which humans are able to discern mental states, intentions and beliefs of others through observed behaviour. This paper clarifies the way in which we should understand the relationship between these two concepts. After presenting some of the most fundamental aspects of these concepts, it is proposed that mentalization underlies, organizes, and enhances the development of executive functions, this, contrary to the dominant approach defended by Carlson Moses, and Brenton (2002) that suggests that executive functions underlie the development of mentalization. After reviewing empirical evidence for the defended alternative, the last section explores some of its applications in areas such as the study of the neurophysiological nature of the social, the subjective nature of consciousness, and the domain of psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the Spanish adaptation and validation of the Guess Who 4 Sociometric Questionnaire (GW4) (Mavroveli, Petrides, Sangareau, and Furnham, 2009), which assesses the social reputation in the context of group-classroom, based on the peer assessment technique by Coie and Dodge (1988). The sample consists of 668 students from third to sixth of primary education, aged 7-13 years (M =9.6, SD=1.11). GW4 correlations with emotional and behavioral problems of child and academic performance are analyzed. The results support the reliability and criterion validity of the instrument as a brief assessment of social competence, for use in research or application to psychoeducational assessment and counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific study of the ability to localize sounds in children with normal vision began in the early 80s. However, in the case of blind children, scarce research has been conducted on this subject. This paper presents a review of articles on cognitive and motor development of blind children that evaluated sound localization behaviors in early childhood. First, pioneering studies published in the 60s are summarized and then researches from the 80s are presented. Finally, the main findings of these papers are analyzed and integrated, their implications are discussed and some questions unresolved in this field of knowledge are stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes two new methods for comparing two independent, discrete distributions, when the sample space is small, using an extension of the Storer–Kim method for comparing independent binomials. These methods are relevant, for example, when comparing groups based on a Likert scale, which was the motivation for the paper. In essence, the goal is to test the hypothesis that the cell probabilities associated with two independent multinomial distributions are equal. Both a global test and a multiple comparison procedure are proposed. The small-sample properties of both methods are compared to four other techniques via simulations: Cliff's generalization of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test that effectively deals with heteroscedasticity and tied values, Yuen's test based on trimmed means, Welch's test and Student's t test. For the simulations, data were generated from beta-binomial distributions. Both symmetric and skewed distributions were used. The sample space consisted of the integers 0(1)4 or 0(1)10. For the global test that is proposed, when testing at the 0.05 level, simulation estimates of the actual Type I error probability ranged between 0.043 and 0.059. For the new multiple comparison procedure, the estimated family wise error rate ranged between 0.031 and 0.054 for the sample space 0(1)4. But for 0(1)10, the estimates dropped as low as 0.016 in some situations. Given the goal of comparing means, Student's t is well known to have practical problems when distributions differ. Similar problems are found here among the situations considered. No single method dominates in terms of power, as would be expected, because different methods are sensitive to different features of the distributions being compared. But in general, one of the new methods tends to have relatively good power based on both simulations and experience with data from actual studies. If, however, there is explicit interest in comparing means, rather than comparing the cell probabilities, Welch's test was found to perform well. The new methods are illustrated using data from the Well-Elderly Study where the goal is to compare groups in terms of depression and the strategies used for dealing with stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osgood developed the semantic differential to bridge the phenomena from semantics and perception, and we applied its modified version to investigate current issues in cognitive science. We used two-dimensional rather than one-dimensional space to position nominal word items, and subjected data to multidimensional scaling (MDS). In Experiment 1 (paper-and-pencil) participants judged concrete and abstract nouns on seven bipolar semantic differential scales in three perceptual modalities: visual, auditory and touch. Six months later, in Experiment 2 (computer-assisted), the same participants mapped the same ten nouns on a balanced subset of two-dimensional planes. Our findings support the hypothesis that semantic space is physically constrained. MDS over one-dimensional ratings from Experiment 1 resulted in a particular two-dimensional solution. This two-dimensional combination was very similar to one of the raw two-dimensional maps from Experiment 2. We then concluded that this particular raw two-dimensional map is highly informative, as it captures almost all differences between word items in the given set of perceptual opposites. Its informativeness proved to be robust to experimental administration (paper-and-pencil vs. computer-assisted) and scale-orientations (horizontal vs. vertical). Recent theories, such as Barsalou's perceptual theory of knowledge, capture the tradition of conceptualizing all knowledge as inherently perceptual. Our results strongly support these theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe and understand the phenomena of chronic pain without organic cause (better known as fibromyalgia) from a feminist and critical perspective through made of a tool by which to diagnose this pain as bio-psycho-social dimensions: gender psycho-social diagnosis. This tool, presented here, taking into account the labour dimension (both professional and family) of the affected people in the cultural context Catalan (Spanish State) of the last 5 decades, ambivalent in terms of gender equality. The production data we use in this paper it's obtained through in-depth interviews (conducted in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain) and analyzed by content analysis and critical discourse analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to propose an analysis of dirty work. It is argued that this kind of work may contribute to an enlargement of the Social Psychology of Work agenda. In methodological terms, firstly the paper recasts and refreshes the meaning of dirty work such as originally proposed by Chicago School members. Next, a reconceptualization of dirty work is carried out, based on the frame of reference developed in the work clinics field. The paper argues that dirty work should not be confused with other kinds of work studied by Social Psychology. It holds that dirty work refers only to those activities in which one can't identify an instituted sense of collective work. Finally, the paper discusses theoretical challenges in studying dirty work, making suggestions for researchers interested in this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an editorial in which the author discusses research communication and output within the scientific community. He comments on the use of scientometric indicators to determine the output of research papers submitted to journals and describes the growth of such research papers in Latin America.

There are few studies on pathological gambling (PG) tests and prevalence for Colombian population. The aim of this paper was to obtain both psychometric properties of the Pathological Gambling Short Questionnaire (PGSQ), as well as to calculate the prevalence of pathological gambling (PG) for a non-randomized sample of university and technical courses from all Colombian capital cities. Results showed a PGSQ good internal reliability (0.74) and convergent validity with a cognitive distortions indicator -r(5618)= 0.462, p < 0.001-. The prevalence of possible pathological gamblers was similar to other studies which have used broader measures of pathological gambling (19.2%). Men, youngest people and members of low social class had higher scores in PG. According to these results, it should be confirmed PG prevalence with other measures, in order to boost legal and socio-health actions for prevention of PG in high risk groups and to know utility of PGSQ for Colombian clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to test the predictive power of the channels of communication used by fitness monitor, the intrinsic motivation and the enjoyment of the activity, in the commitment of fitness. 287 gym fitness were involved in the study to which were analyzed the degree of perceived communication and the communicational barriers with the monitor, the intrinsic motivation, the enjoyment and the level of sport commitment. The result of linear regression analysis showed that the use of channels of communication verbal, no-verbal and the avoidance of communication barriers, as well as high levels of intrinsic motivation and enjoyment during the practice, predicted a future commitment of the participants. In this way, the use of effective communication strategies by the fitness monitor during the interaction with practitioners would increase the motivation of individuals allowing a greater adherence to practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses Emotional Intelligence (EI) in Colombian Primary School Children depending on their location (rural or urban) and gender. The final sample consisted of 1451 students in fourth and fifth grade of three provinces in the Boyacá department. Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version ([EQ-i: YV]; Bar-On & Parker, 2000) was used for data collection. Both the reliability and validity of EQ-i: YV have been determined for this sample. The main results revealed differences in EI according to location. Overall, EI was higher in urban than in rural settings. Also, scores on the interpersonal and adaptability dimensions differed by gender. Additionally, the need for future research and development of Social and Emotional Learning programs in schools is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how the sexist attitudes are related to the assumption of responsibility, as well as the predictive capacity of this variable with respect to the aggressors' minimization of the harm and a lack of attributing responsibility of 129 aggressors convicted in Spain for gender violence. There was applied the Scale of Attribution of Responsibility and Minimization and the Inventory of Ambivalent Sexism (ASI). The results indicate that a high percentage of aggressors tends to assume the responsibility for the violence exercised and do not justify the aggression. Likewise, there has been stated that the aggressors do not present a high number of sexist attitudes. Nevertheless, sexist attitudes allow to predict the minimization of hurt of the aggressors. The conclusions redound to the importance of intervention with this population, given the efficiency of the programs in the assumption of responsibility and in the decrease of sexist attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper researches motivation for physical activity in the framework of the goal orientation theory. This work is based on data from 786 students. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed identifying four goal orientation profiles. The most adaptive profile (high task, high ego, high expectancy) is associated with the best results. Students with high motivation for physical activity, ego, and performance expectancy are concluded to obtain more indications of support from their relatives and peers for physical activity practice, perceive themselves self-effective to complete this activity, claim their better self-perceived fitness, and show more frequent physical-sports activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social desirability seems to enhance well-being measures because individuals tend to increase the degree of their satisfaction and happiness resulting in response artifacts and in a serious threat to the validity of self-reported data. This paper explores social desirability bias in self-reported subjective well-being, controlling for several sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, education, marital/relationship status, and employment status. This is in order to test whether social desirability has incremental validity in predicting some well-being measures. Three different facets of well-being are proposed which deal with subjective happiness, general life satisfaction, and gratitude and loneliness, respectively regarded as a positive and negative emotional response. Through a web-based survey a convenience sample of 170 participants completed an online questionnaire including measures of social desirability, subjective happiness, life satisfaction, gratitude, and loneliness. Correlation analyses and two-step hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted. All well-being measures show modest significant correlations with social desirability ranging from 0.235 to 0.309, except subjective happiness. Social desirability accounted for from about 3% to 6% of the variance of these measures, after controlling for socio-demographic variables. Social desirability seems thus to play little role in well-being self-report measures, as revealed by previous studies. Some limitations are discussed, as well as issues about social desirability bias in online investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substance user's readiness to change is fundamental to the success of psychological interventions and treatments. Preserving neuropsychological functions is an integral part of moving towards readiness, yet few studies have evaluated the influence of cognition on a user's motivation to change. Therefore, this paper aimed to verify the possible correlations between a user's cognitive deficits and readiness to change through examining cocaine/crack users. This study analyzed a sample of 113 chronic cocaine/crack users' performances on the WCST and WAIS-III subtests, the URICA, and the Readiness to Change Ruler. The results showed significant correlations between the presence of cognitive deficits and lower levels of motivation to change. Multiple regression analyses revealed the influence of cognitive test performance on the increase of readiness to change among the participants, suggesting a direct relation between the preservation of neuropsychological functions and a stronger willingness to change in cocaine/crack users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyses leadership from the perspective of Social and Organisational Psychology, with scientific, empirical, objective, systematic and likely replicable rigour. The literature on leadership features a large number of diverse and heterogeneous sources stemming from several different disciplines. However, there is no agreement on what leadership is, nor is there a single explanatory model of it. This paper describes how leadership is investigated, and three dimensions are mentioned that it is expected that all theories on leadership address: leader, followers, and context. 68 studies from works published by Iberoamerican authors and covered by Redalyc and Scopus fulfilled criteria. The systematic analysis of these works had three stages: the delimitation of the search strategy and the selection of the studies; systematisation and lemmatisation of the text corpus, and statistical descriptive, unidimensional and multidimensional analysis. Results compiled using SPSS and SPAD show important contributions made by the studies in the last decade, with identification of their basic components, their theoretical explanatory models, the different methodologies used, the development of associated psychological variables, and the organisational aspects mentioned by the scientific literature in terms of leadership in organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily life demands constant making judgments or decisions. Some of those decisions may be more or less complex depending on ethical, social, historical and political context of social factors and the interaction of these factors with subjects who judge. The aim of this article is to show how Functional Theory of Cognition allows detailed cognitive decision making process analysis, in which they operate: the valuation of stimuli, integration of psychological representation of these stimuli and finally, explicit answer. This process of judgment meets three rules: addition, multiplication, average, for observing the functions that are generated between the factors involved in decisions and issuing a judgment. This theory has had important applications in the areas of clinical psychology and health, political psychology, sports psychology and developmental psychology, areas in which the paper presents the most relevant findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper was to provide new evidence on the effects of valence on recognition memory of emotional pictures, on the basis of rigorous experimental control of stimulus material. Valence was manipulated using pleasant and unpleasant pictures, keeping arousal constant at a high level. A reference condition with a neutral value in both dimensions was also included. We found greater discrimination and a more conservative response bias, as well as slower recognition decisions, for pleasant pictures. Also worthy of mention is the high positive correlation between response times and discrimination measures just for such pictures. These results would be consistent with an adaptive interpretation based on motivation and personal relevance of emotional information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide penetration of the Internet and its related technologies, the rapid developments of new technologies and the pervasive use of technology in people's lives, are indicators that we live in a technological age. New technologies and their potential for use in psychological interventions and mental health services have not gone unnoticed. The last 15 years or so have witnessed the employment of new technologies in developing and delivering a variety of psychological interventions, these include information WebPages, internet-based computer programs that are addressed to treatment of specific problems, the use of mobile phones and games to help psychological practice, among others. However, while a broad range of technology- delivered psychological interventions have demonstrated success in high-income countries, little is known of their potential for countries such as Colombia. The paper begins with a brief history, followed by an overview of the field of technology-delivered psychological interventions. Lastly, the paper seeks to present a justification for the potential use of technology-delivered psychological interventions in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was investigate the relationship between executive function and functional capacity and determine predictors engines for decline of executive functions in elderly patients with AD. A total of 24 elderly patients with EA were evaluated to estimate predictors engines. Descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson Correlation and multiple linear regressions was used. Executive functions related to the flexibility (r = 0.54), static and dynamic balance (r = 0.48) and with the agility and mobility (r = -0.41). Regression analysis pointed to balance and flexibility as predictors engines deficiency executive functions. The decline of balance and flexibility can predict the prejudice of the executive functions of elderly with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological and pharmacological treatments for eating disorder involve personal and health costs. In this paper we study the various reasons that may be associated to abandonment in both types of treatments in patients diagnosed with a disorder of eating behavior and the kind of neglect: neglect after evaluation, early and late abandonment. On the other hand, we analyze whether there is any relationship between the diagnosis and the type of abandonment. Various characteristics (age, sex, diagnosis, motives and types of neglect, and satisfaction with the unit eating disorder) in 212 patients treated at a specialized service in the treatment of eating disorder were examined during a period of two years. Our data support the hypothesis that the rate of abandonment of the most common treatments is delayed type, motivated by the improvement of the disorder of eating behavior, while no verified that there is some relationship between the diagnosis and the type of abandonment. Our results indicate that the reasons for dropping out are heterogeneous. You can set two different profiles of dropouts, one linked to improvement and to temporary disability, and other related to various reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to analyze the training needs and career guidance, as well as the guidance received in the adult population in the Spanish region of Castile and Leon. This work is part of the R & D project "The orientation of the vital and professional project in adulthood: Needs analysis, assessment of employment services and identification of best practices". Currently, the importance of vocational dimension in personal and social welfare is now recognized. The sample consisted of 375 subjects, mostly unemployed or in a position to improve their employment situation. Through the SPSS version 20 program, data corresponding to the descriptive statistics were obtained, as well as reliability values obtained by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the correlation analysis, and the ANOVA findings. The results showed a positive relationship between the satisfaction with the career followed and the content of training. In addition, it was found that the importance of training content fits the profile of the participants in the training process. Subjects with a lower level of studies showed significant differences in training needs in relation to subjects with higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the prevalence of girls in the U.S. juvenile justice system, compares national and international incarceration rates, and reviews the profile needs of justice-involved girls. The authors offer their Model as an example of how to develop a gender-responsive approach to girls in the justice system, including a description of how the model was operationalized in a community in the United States. Critical developments and emerging opportunities for each of the Model's components: advocacy, model programming, public education, training and technical assistance, gender responsive tools, systems accountability, and evaluation are highlighted. Lessons learned are offered as a springboard for conversations about how the international community can individually assess their needs and resources and work together to improve the response to girls. The paper concludes with recommendations for choosing, evaluating, and implementing best-practice approaches for meaningful reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is presented the results of the first three years (2005-2007) of the application of Restorative Justice (RJ) in the Brazilian juvenile justice system. To this end, it was made a bibliographical and documental researches, so all data used in the paper has not been collected directly by the authors. Good results are verified, despite the almost complete absence of publicity given to the work developed in the country. It was also noticed a considerable lack of dialogue between those who are responsible for the programmes, the legal actors involved, and the local Universities. For even better results, it is suggested that all institutions involved improve the dialogue between them and encourage scientific researches of their own practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenneth Gergen is one of the most widely known contributors to social constructionist thought in the world today. Since the publication of his paper "Social Psychology as History" he has become a central player in what is known as the Social Psychology Crisis. In his academic career, and from what he has called 'Relational Theory', Gergen has revisited a significant number of psychological constructs and has proposed various dialogical and collaborative practices in therapy, organizational development, education, community development, social work and peace-building, among other things. This paper is a conversation with Gergen in which together we explore the particular way in which he understands the social constructionist movement. It is also a conversation about relational theory and related practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to identify whether the components involved in different processes of social learning, both imitative and non imitative, evaluated in appetitive contexts can be identified in an aversive context. This identification will allow us to appraise the goodness and/or limitations of the concepts and their heuristic value. The paper begins with the definitions of learning, individual learning and social learning, followed by the definition of the different processes of social learning in appetitive contexts, with emphasis in conceptual and experimental difficulties. Then, the definition of the different processes of social learning in aversive context is proposed and the paper concludes with a discussion about differences and similarities in both contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is a review of the literature about the influence of child abuse on the formation of attachment representations. It describes the main theoretical assumptions about the effects of abuse on the defensive processes, memory systems and attachment strategies. These elements are discussed trough the presentation of an integrative model which is contrasted with empirical studies. It shows that child abuse affects the quality of attachment representations; however the studies do not take in to account all the complexity of the phenomenon of abuse. Theoretical issues discussed in this paper are marginally tested in the research reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the grounds of today's psychoanalytic field distinction between the classical symptoms and the "contemporary" ones, this paper inquires into the formulation of contemporary symptom notion itself. Considering the broad scope of the Freudian distinction between psychoneurosis and the actual neurosis symptoms, the paper speaks in behalf of the thesis that it'd be wrong to regard as symptoms the responses through which the subject submits point blank to discourse imperatives--for the symptoms serve as objections against the Other, and their relation to juissance is based on a structural lack: ajouissance-minus [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]