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The genomic variability of HIV viruses circulating in different regions of the world has impeded the development of a globally relevant HIV vaccine. Broadly conserved HIV-1 cytotoxic T cell (CTL) epitopes were identified by screening protein sequences in the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) HIV sequence database with a sequence parsing and matching algorithm (Conservatrix). Putative HIV-1 CTL epitopes were selected from this list using the epitope prediction tool EpiMatrix. Methods: One hundred peptides representing putative HLA A ∗ 0201, HLA A ∗ 1101, HLA A ∗ 0301, and HLA B ∗ 07 ligands conserved in many isolates of HIV-1 were synthesized. Seventy-five HLA A ∗ 0201, HLA A ∗ 1101 and HLA B ∗ 07 peptides were incubated with transport associated protein (TAP)-deficient T2 cells transfected with the gene for the corresponding human HLA molecule (HLA A ∗ 0201, HLA A ∗ 1101, and HLA B ∗ 07). Binding and stabilization of peptide–HLA complexes on the surface of the T2 cells was measured by FACS. T cell responses to the entire set of 100 peptides (HLA A ∗ 0201, HLA A ∗ 1101, HLA A ∗ 0301, and HLA B ∗ 07) were measured in ELIspot assays using PBMC from healthy HIV-1 infected subjects who possessed a matching HLA allele. Results: Fifty-seven (76%) of the 75 peptides tested in binding studies, including all (three of three) of the control (published) ligands bound to the T2 cells expressing the corresponding MHC molecule. Forty-three of the 100 peptides (43%) including all (four of four) of the control (published) epitopes tested in ELIspot assays stimulated -interferon release. Thirty-one of these 43 epitopes are novel, highly conserved HIV-1 epitopes. EpiMatrix predicted and assays confirmed MHC-restriction by more than one HLA allele for nine of the 43 novel epitopes; of these epitopes five were recognized in the context of MHC “supertypes” and four were promiscuous epitopes. Conclusion: Epitopes identified using this approach were conserved in a broad range of HIV-1 sequences derived from isolates obtained in Latin America, Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands, Europe and the US. The successful identification of cross-clade epitopes by this bioinformatics approach may accelerate the development of a globally relevant HIV-1 vaccine. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bioinformatics tools enable researchers to move rapidly from genome sequence to vaccine design. EpiMer and EpiMatrix are computer-driven pattern-matching algorithms that identify T cell epitopes. Conservatrix, BlastiMer, and Patent-Blast permit the analysis of protein sequences for highly conserved regions, for homology with other known proteins, and for homology with previously patented epitopes, respectively. Two applications of these tools to epitope-driven vaccine design are described in this review. Using Conservatrix and EpiMatrix, we analyzed more than 10000 HIV-1 sequences and identified peptides that were potentially immunostimulatory and highly conserved across HIV-1 clades. MHC binding assays and CTL assays have been carried out: 50 (69%) of the 72 candidate epitopes bound in assays with cell lines expressing the corresponding MHC molecule; 15 of the 24 B7 peptides (63%) stimulated gamma-interferon release in ELISpot assays. These results lend support to the bioinformatics approach to selecting novel, conserved, HIV-1 CTL epitopes. EpiMatrix was also applied to the entire 'proteome' derived from two Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genomes. Using EpiMatrix, BlastiMer, and Patent-Blast, we narrowed the list of putative Mtb epitopes to be tested in vitro from 1600000 to 3000, a 99.8% reduction. The pace of vaccine design will accelerate when these and other bioinformatics tools are systematically applied to whole genomes and used in combination with in vitro methods for screening and confirming epitopes.

This preliminary study was undertaken to identify new human leucocyte antigens (HLA) ligands from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) which are highly conserved across HIV-1 clades and which may serve to induce cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). EpiMatrix was used to predict putative ligands from HIV-1 for HLA-A2 and HLA-B27. Twenty-six peptides that were both likely to bind and also highly conserved across HIV-1 strains in the Los Alamos HIV sequence database were selected for binding assays using the T2 stabilization assay. Two peptides that were also highly likely to bind (for A2 and B27, as determined by EpiMatrix) and well conserved across HIV-1 strains, and had previously been described to bind in the published literature, were also selected to serve as positive controls for the assays. Ten new major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands were identified among the 26 study peptides. The control peptides bound, as expected. These data confirm that EpiMatrix can be used to screen HIV-1 protein sequences for highly conserved regions that are likely to bind to MHC and may prove to be highly conserved HIV-1 CTL epitopes.