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U radu su navedene biološke i ekološke značajke, rasprostranjenost, primjena u krajobrazu i gospodarstvu te šumsko-uzgojne karakteristike za odabrane vrste čempresa i cedrova koji se najviše koriste u šumarstvu i hortikulturi. Rezimirajući navedeno došli smo do sljedećih činjenica: stablo običnog čempresa je heliofitna vrsta visoka do 30 m. Kserofitna je vrsta. Kod nas se može uzgajati u arealskim razmjerima rasprostranjenja masline. Uzgaja se u hortikulturi i u svrhu šumskih melioracija. Sjeme mu je adaptirano na požare pa se dobro samoobnavlja nakon požara. Arizonski čempres naraste od 12-15 m i nije zahtjevan prema tlu. Pogodan je za podizanje vjetrobranih pojaseva, šumskih melioracija i u svrhu pošumljavanja. Atlaski cedar je stablo visine do 40 metara, aridnih područja te za rast i uzgoj treba obilje svjetla. U meliorativnom smislu je značajna četinjača. Stablo libanonskog cedra doseže i do 40 metara visine te raste u aridnim područjima. Heliofitna je vrsta. U meliorativnom pogledu je značajna četinjača. Himalajski cedar je do 50 m visoko stablo. U nas se često uzgaja u primorskim nasadima. Kod nas su cedrovi sađeni gotovo isključivo kao dekorativne, hortikulturne vrste dok ih vrlo malo ima, uglavnom u mješovitim, kulturama s borovima, pretežito u Istri i rijetko na obalnom području (Musapstan-Zadar) ili otocima. Općenito sažimajući, ove perspektivne mediteranske vrste bi se trebale više koristiti u melioracijama krša, sanaciji izgorenih površina, u šumarstvu kao gospodarske vrste u mješovitim kulturama, pa i u hortikulturi., he paper lists biological and ecological features, distribution, use in landscape and economy, as well as forest growth characteristics for selected species of cypress and cedar trees that are the most frequently used in forestry and horticulture. Upon summing up the previously mentioned the following facts were identified: a common cypress tree reaches up to 30 m in height and is a heliophyte. It is a xerophyte species. In our country it can be grown on a scale of areal distribution of olive growing areas. It is grown in horticulture and is intended for forest melioration. Its seed is fire-adapted and hence it is easily restored after a fire. The Arizona cypress reaches from 12 to 15 m in height and it is not demanding in terms of soil. It is suitable for windbreak, forest meliorations and for the purpose of afforestation. The Atlas cedar is a tree that reaches up to 40 meters in height, growing in arid areas and hence it needs huge quantities of light for growth. It is an important conifer from the aspect of melioration. The cedar of Lebanon reaches up to 40 meters in height and grows in arid regions. It is a heliophyte species. From the aspect of melioration it is an important conifer. The Himalayan cedar (Deodar cedar) tree reaches up to 50 meters in height. In our country it is frequently grown in coastal tree nurseries. Moreover, in our country cedar trees are planted almost exclusively as ornamental horticultural species, while they are very scarce primarily in mixed cultures with pine trees, primarily in Istria and seldom also in coastal areas (Musapstan-Zadar) or on the islands. Summing up in general, these promising Mediterranean species need to be used more frequently in karst melioration, burned area restoration, in forestry as economically important species in mixed cultures and even in horticulture.

Osim razumijevanja i poznavanja biološko-ekoloških posljedica šumskih požara, kao i metoda sanacije i obnove opožarenih površina, poznavanje čimbenika koji uvjetuju nastanak šumskih požara te čimbenika koji uzrokuju početno širenje vatre bitno je zbog smanjenja opožarenih površina te pripreme i vođenja preventivnih aktivnosti. Stoga, bolje razumijevanje parametara zapaljivosti i gorivosti može doprinijeti poboljšanju spoznaja o protupožarnoj problematici i identificirati kritična razdoblja visokog rizika od šumskih požara. Za testiranje parametara zapaljivosti i gorivosti korištena je propisana metodologija. Rezultatima ovih istraživanja utvrđene su točne vrijednosti pojedinih istraživanih varijabli za vrstu našeg podneblja. Oni bi trebali pomoći kao smjernice u što boljoj protupožarnoj stategiji, a na korist potrajnog gospodarenja i očuvanja općekorisnih funkcija., In addition to understanding and knowing the biological and ecological consequences of forest fires as well as methods of recovery and restoration of fired surfaces, the knowledge of factors that cause the occurrence of forest fires and the factors causing initial spread of fire is essential due to the reduction of burned surfaces and the preparation and management of preventative activities. Therefore, a better understanding of flammability and fuel parameters can contribute to improve the knowledge of fire hazard issues and identifying critical periods of high risk of forest fires. The prescribed methodology was used to test the flammability and fuel parameters. The results of these studies have determined the exact values of the individual investigated variables for the type of our environment. They should serve as guidelines for a better firefighting policy, in favor of sustainable management and preservation of general-interest functions.

U radu se opisuju biološke i ekološke karakteristike te šumsko uzgojne značajke crnog jasena, crnog graba i bjelograbića kao važnih mediteranskih vrsta za šumske melioracije na kršu. Crni jasen je u Hrvatskoj rasprostranjen u području šuma na toplim i sušim položajima, pogotovo na čistinama južnih ekspozicija. Na submediteranu se javlja od mora do iznad 1000 metara nadmorske visine. Pošumljivanje ove vrste se obavlja sjetvom i sadnjom. Crni grab zauzima sličnu ekološku nišu u Sredozemlju, kao i hrastove šume. Heliofilna je termofilna i kserofitna vrsta. Nalazimo ga zajedno s termofilnim hrastovima. Značajna je vrsta za pošumljivanje krša. Bijeli je grab raširen u jugoistočnoj Europi i zapadnoj Aziji, od Italije do Male Azije i Kavkaza. Vrsta je toplije submediteranske klime. Bjelograbić je vrsta termofilne submediteranske zajednice Carpinetum orientalis H-ić. Značajan je za povećanje plodnosti degradiranih šumskih tala i šumskih melioracija na području krša., This article provides an overview of biological and ecological traits and forest tree breeding features of Manna Ash, Hop Hornbeam and Oriental Hornbeam as important Mediterranean species for forest melioration in karst areas. In Croatia, Manna Ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) is common in forest areas located in warm and dry regions, especially in clearings with southern exposure, while in the Sub-Mediterranean it is identified in the area from the sea up to 1,000 meters above sea level. It is not a tall tree (reaching from 8 m to 15 m) and it grows in karst limestone terrains. Its bark is grey and smooth and it produces whitish tears (manna). It is a deciduous pioneer tree species, which renews itself quickly and effectively in burned areas. Manna Ash is not frequently used for the purpose of afforestation, as the latter is normally performed through sowing seeds and planting trees. Manna Ash stands play an important role in protection of habitat, soil fertility and erosion prevention. Ash wood is used by wheelwrights, as well as for making walking sticks and as fuelwood, to name a few. Hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.) occupies a similar ecological niche in the Mediterranean region as oak forests. It is a deciduous shrub or a tree reaching up to 20 m in height. Moreover, it is a heliophilic, thermophilic and xerophytic tree species and it grows with thermophilic oak trees. Hop Hornbeam habitats have high ecological value in the Mediterranean region where they exert a positive impact in terms of soil erosion prevention. Simultaneously Hop Hornbeam stands do not have a significant economic importance, but they do have ecological significance. It is an important species in terms of karst afforestation. As is the case with Manna Ash, Hop Hornbeam, as a common species in climazonal deciduous forest communities, is an integral part of black pine forest cultures, primarily in the phase of seedlings and young saplings. It plays a significant role in post-fire succession, soil erosion prevention and habitat amelioration. Oriental Hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis Mill.) is widespread in Southeast Europe and West Asia, from Italy to Asia Minor and the Caucasus. It is a species typical of warm Sub-Mediterranean climate. Oriental Hornbeam is a species of a thermophilic Sub-Mediterranean forest community Carpinetum orientalis H-ić. It reaches 10 m to 15 m in height as a tree or it is a shrub in karst and limestone terrains in the Mediterranean region. It is a thermophilic and xerophytic tree species and it appears in terrains of different genesis. As is the case with the previously mentioned species, it is an integral part of climazonal vegetation and pine tree cultures. It renews effectively after forest fires and plays a significant role in natural post-fire succession in burned areas and in their amelioration. It is an important species in terms of karst afforestation. According to research findings, forest floor of Oriental Hornbeam mineralises quickly.

Stočarska proizvodnja na našim krškim pašnjacima orijentirana je na ovčarsto, a u novije vrijeme i na pčelarsku proizvodnju. Porodica Fabaceae igra značajnu ulogu za navedene gospodarske grane. Kod gospodarenja mediteranskih pašnjaka najbolji rezultati su dobiveni ako se pravilna ispaša kombinira s gnojidbom. Na Mediteranu može biti vrlo vrijedna i pčelinja paša. Colutea arborescens - pucavac je samonikla trajnica porijeklom s Mediterana. To je listopadni grm visok od 2 do 4 metra s vitkim i uspravnim izbojcima. Ova leguminoza pokazuje učinkovitost u rastu novih izboja nakon rezidbe te ima veliku važnost u zaštiti tla od erozije vodom, a dobra je i za pošumljavanja područja nakon požara. Sjeme joj klija u roku od 1 do 2 tjedna i klijanci brzo rastu. Pucavac se može razmnožavati i reznicama. U radu su prikazane biološke, ekološke i gospodarske vrijednosti navedene vrste., Animal husbandry on Croatian karst pastures primarily focuses on sheep husbandry and more recently on beekeeping. The Fabaceae family plays an important role in the above mentioned economic branches. This is the third highest ranked family according to species abundance (18,000 described species). The stems of specific species from this family can be ligneous (woody), herbaceous, or twining. Various interventions are required in order to increase their amounts on pastures, including the use of fertilisers, primarily through the use of phosphate fertilisers, sowing, planting (particularly the ligneous species), and field burning. In most cases, the best results are achieved when proper grazing is combined with fertilisers. The Colutea genus consists of around 26 species of deciduous shrubs or small trees, with a distribution range from the Mediterranean region and Southeast Europe to Northwest Africa and the Western Himalayas. C. Arborescens – Bladder Senna is a wild perennial plant that originates from the Mediterranean. Its closest kin is the Greek Bladder Senna (Colutea cilica). The Colutea genus contains various shrubs, and they were given their common name because of their large puffy fruits. The largest quantities of this plant can be found in Southern and Central Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa. Bladder Senna (Colutea arborescens L.) is a deciduous shrub between 2 and 4 metres high with slender and straight shoots. Its few flowers (butterfly-shaped) are yellow and are located in the axils of the leaves grouped into clusters. It blooms during the period from May to August. The fruit includes up to 30 bladder-like hard greyish-black seeds. It grows on degraded stony soils, pastures, coppices, and on forest edges. For the nursery production of plants, the Bladder Senna seeds are stratified and sown in spring. They germinate within 1 to 2 weeks and the seedlings grow fast. Bladder Senna may also be propagated by cuttings. Summer (green) cuttings need to treated with IBA. This leguminous plant shows great effectiveness in the growth of new sprouts after cutting, its importance is immense in the protection of soil against erosion by water, and it is also useful for afforestation after a forest fire. In ecological animal husbandry, Bladder Senna can be used as an alternative fodder and hence wild plants can be protected, primarily in locations where the natural vegetation is quickly destroyed. It is a melliferous species. Scarcely any research has been completed concerning the use of Bladder Senna in forest melioration, both in Croatia and at the global level. Various technologies can be used and modified in accordance with related herbaceous and woody species from the family of leguminous plants. This survey presents the biological, ecological, and economic values of the species in question.

Nacionalni park Mljet, naše prvo zaštićeno morsko područje, zauzima zapadnu trećinu otoka u obuhvatu od gotovo 5400 ha zaštićenog kopna i okolnog mora. Zaštićen je 1960. godine zbog svoje prirodne kulturne baštine, sa šumama hrasta crnike (Quercus ilex L.) i alepskog bora (Pinus halepensis Mill.) kao temeljnim fenomenom. Cilj istraživanja, a time i metoda postavljanja pokusnih ploha je utvrditi kakvo je stanje istraživanih šumskih sastojina: broj stabala, temeljnica, volumen, stanje ponika, pomlatka i stanje vegetacije na plohama gdje se šumska vegetacija razvila prirodnom sukcesijom nakon požara i usporedno sa stanjem šumske vegetacije na kontrolnim plohama koje su dio ostataka šumske sastojine koje nije zahvatio požar. U svim istraživanim područjima nije bilo izvođenje nikakvih uzgojnih radova. Na osnovu ostvarenih rezultata koji su postignuti u protupožarnoj zaštiti u NP Mljet i vidljivih statističkih trendova nameće se jasna koncepcija zaštite šuma od požara u NP Mljet. Istraživanja u radu su pokazala da su se površine koje su tijekom posljednja četiri destljeća stradale u požaru potpuno obnovile prirodnom sukcesijom, zadržale svoja vegetacijska i floristička obilježja, a time i biološku i ekološku stabilnost i raznolikost. Jedino što bi se, sukladno zakonskoj zaštiti, trebali obaviti minimalni, ali dovoljni uzgojni radovi na njezi i čišćenju, kako izgorenih stabala tako i u kasnijoj fazi mlade sastojine. Sve to se provodi u svrhu veće preventivne zaštite šuma od fitopatogenih organizama i požara, boljeg razvoja sastojine te ljepše slike ovog prirodnog krajobraza., Mljet National Park, our first marine protected area, occupies the western third of the island in the coverage of almost 5400 hectares of protected land and surrounding sea. Protected in 1960 because of its natural, cultural heritage, with oak woods (Quercus ilex L.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) As a fundamental phenomenon. The aim of research and thus the method of setting up experimental plots to determine what the situation is investigated forest stands: the number of trees, basal area, volume, status of seedlings, training and state of vegetation on the plots where the forest vegetation developed through natural succession after fire and in parallel with the state of forest vegetation on control surfaces that are part of the remains of forest stands that are not affected by the fire. In all study areas was not carrying out any cultivation work. Based on the actual results achieved in the fire protection in the Mljet National Park and the apparent statistical trends imposes a clear concept of the protection of forests against fire in the National Park Mljet. Research work has shown that the surface that over the last four decades destroyed by fire completely restored natural succession, maintain their vegetation and floristic characteristics, and thus the biological and ecological stability and diversity. The only thing that would be in accordance with legal protection, should be done minimal but sufficient breeding work on the care and cleaning as burnt trees and in a later stage of the young stands. All this in order to more preventive forest protection from plant pathogenic organisms and fire, stands a better development and brighter picture of this natural landscape.

Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća na području Mediterana, uslijed povećanja temperaturnih ekstrema i povećanja učestalosti toplinskih valova s maksimalnom dnevnom temperaturom zraka većom od 30 °C, prisutan je generalni trend povećanja opožarene površine, učestalosti požara, njihovog intenziteta i žestine. U Hrvatskoj je taj trend također uočljiv, a osobito na području krša. U radu je prikazana i prostorna razdioba područja ugroženih toplinskim stresom na području Hrvatske koja potvrđuje da je upravo jadransko područje najugroženije s obzirom na klimatske promjene kod nas. Dodatno zabrinjava činjenica da se područje ugroženosti od požara za vrijeme sušnih i vrućih razdoblja širi od jadranske obale prema unutrašnjosti Hrvatske. Analiza klimatskih pokazatelja prikazana u radu ukazuje na činjenicu da u budućnosti možemo očekivati sve veću opasnost od požara otvorenog prostora u Republici Hrvatskoj po prostornoj i sezonskoj ugrozi. Prema raznim klimatskim scenarijima u Europi se očekuju intenzivniji, češći i dugotrajniji valovi vrućine u drugoj polovici 21. stoljeća pa će zasigurno najveći izazov održivog gospodarenja šumskim ekosustavima na području Mediterana biti borba protiv šumskih požara., The past few decades in the Mediterranean, due to the increase of temperature extremes and increased frequency of heat waves with maximum daily air temperature above 30 ° C, there is a general trend of increasing fire-affected areas, the frequency of fire, their intensity and severity. In Croatia, this trend is also evident, especially in the field of rubble. The paper describes the spatial distribution of the areas at risk of heat stress on the Croatian territory which confirms that it was the Adriatic region the most vulnerable with respect to climate change in our country. An additional problem is the fact that the area of fire risk in dry and hot period extending from the Adriatic coast to the Croatian inland. Analysis of climate indicators presented in the paper indicates that in the future we can expect an increasing risk of fire of open space in the Republic of Croatia in terms of spatial and seasonal endanger. According to various climate scenarios in Europe are expected to be more intense, more frequent and longer-lasting heat waves in the second half of the 21st century and will certainly the greatest challenge of sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean will be the fight against forest fires.

Svaki požar može se ugasiti kantom vode ako vatrogasac dovoljno brzo stigne do njega. Navedena tvrdnja upućuje na ključnu povezanost vremena reakcije na pojavu požara i utroška resursa za gašenje. U nastojanju smanjivanja broja početaka požara, uspješna služba zaštite od požara je ona koja ugasi sve požare dok još ne zahvate veliko područje. Požar ima kumulativno djelovanje, ne ponaša se i ne širi kao linearna funkcija, kako vremena tako i prostora. Požar nastaje kao posljedica zapaljivosti neke tvari koja se nalazi u povoljnim uvjetima za gorenje (toplina i kisik). On može izbiti na nepristupačnu terenu gdje ga je teško pravodobno uočiti, samim tim i dojaviti, a vatrogasac ne može stići do njega (u RH je više takvih područja -Velebit, Biokovo). Tada je nužna uporaba zrakoplova za gašenje požara koji imaju veliku pokretljivost i sposobnost brzog doleta i do najnepristupačnijih područja požara, pristupaju gašenju znatno prije dolaska zemaljskih snaga. Pravodobnom uporabom zračnih snaga dostiže se brža reakcija i napadanje vatre kako bi joj se usporilo ili zaustavilo širenje čime se stvaraju uvjeti za organizaciju, gašenje i čuvanje požarišta od zemaljskih vatrogasnih snaga. Pored aviona, helikopteri u ovoj fazi pružaju potporu zračnim prijevozom vatrogasaca i sredstava za gašenje požara na teško pristupačna područja. Posebnost našeg gašenja je ‘hrvatska taktika gašenja požara’ kod koje se odmah angažira velik broj zrakoplova kako bi se što prije ugasio požar i spriječilo njegovo kumulativno širenje., Each fire can be put out a bucket of water if a firefighter fast enough to reach it The above statement points to the crucial connection between the reaction time to the spread of fire and resource-extinguishing. In an effort to reduce the number of beginnings fire, successful service of fire protection is the one that goes out all fires, while still not a large area of operations. The fire has a cumulative effect, does not act and does not spread as a linear function of both time and space. A fire resulting from the flammability of a substance which is in favorable conditions for combustion (heat and oxygen). The fire could break out on rugged terrain, where it is difficult to timely notice, thus communicate to, and a firefighter can not reach it (in the RH is more such areas -Velebit, Biokovo). Then is necessary to use an aircraft for fire extinguishers that have great mobility and the ability to quickly haul up to the most inaccessible areas of fire, extinguishing the approach well before the arrival of terrestrial forces. Timely use of air force reaches a faster reaction and attacks on fire to get her to slow down or stop the spread, which creates conditions for the organization, fire and keeping the fire site from ground fire power. In addition to aircraft, helicopters at this stage provide support for air transportation and firefighters to extinguish fires in inaccessible areas. The uniqueness of our extinguishing the ‘Croatian firefighting tactics’ at which immediately engages a large number of aircraft in order as soon extinguished the fire and prevent cumulative expansion itself.

Šumski požari predstavljaju veliku opasnost za šumska zemljišta i šume u Republici Hrvatskoj, a naročito u Dalmaciji, na otocima i u Dalmatinskoj zagori. Sve veći broj požara u značajnoj mjeri degradira ekosustav i narušava njegovu stabilnost što dovodi do smanjenja bioraznolikosti i povećanja opustošenih prostora. U posljednja dva desetljeća 20. stoljeća, godišnja izgorena površina u mediteranskim zemljama procijenjena je na oko 600 000 ha, što je gotovo dvostruko više nego tijekom 1970-tih godina. U razdoblju od 1998. do 2004. godine bilo je ukupno 115 666 požara kojim je bilo obuhvaćeno ukupno 1 250 892 ha. Od 1996. godine do 2005. godine u Republici Hrvatskoj bilo je ukupno 3 324 šumskih požara, od čega su na krškom području bila 2 792 šumska požara ili 84,00 %. Ukupna izgorena površina na krškom i kontinentalnom području Hrvatske je 183 015 ha, od čega na krško područje otpada 175 199 ha ili 95,73 %. Prosječna izgorena površina po požaru na krškom području iznosi 62,75 ha. U istom razdoblju na području Dalmatinske zagore (šumarije: Drniš, Vrgorac, Knin, Sinj, Imotski) bio je ukupno 831 požar, odnosno 29,76 % od ukupnog broja požara na krškom području, a čime je izgoreno 44 164 ha površine, odnosno 25,21 % od ukupno izgorene površine krškog područja u promatranom razdoblju. Usavršavanje metoda prevencije i borbe protiv šumskih požara omogućuje bitno smanjenje opožarenih površina. Poznavati čimbenike koji uvjetuju nastanak šumskih požara kao i čimbenike koji započinju širenje vatrene stihije bitno je zbog pripreme i vođenja preventivnih aktivnosti. Jedna od najvažnijih preventivnih mjera jest poznavanje obilježja šumskih goriva, u prvom redu njihove zapaljivosti, gorivosti i sadržaja vlage. Uzroci nastanka požara mogu biti različiti, od prirodnih (suša, visoka temperatura, niska relativna vlaga zraka, vjetreni režim, udar groma) do onih uzrokovanih ljudskim nemarom (paljenje korova na poljoprivrednim površinama, bačen neugašen opušak, neugašena izletnička vatra, razni ekološki incidenti) koji su i najčešći. Dosadašnjim spoznajama vezanim uz problematiku šumskih požara utvrđeno je da pozornost treba posvetiti pedološkim, klimatskim i vegetacijskim uvjetima nastanka i širenja požara, te svekolikim uvjetima obnove šuma poslije požara. Odluka o tome kako pristupiti obnovi šuma ili šumskog zemljišta koje je bilo zahvaćeno šumskim požarom ili je njime uništeno, ovisi o nizu biološko-ekoloških i gospodarskih činitelja. Sam požar, u pravilu, uzrokuje regresiju vegetacije te se na opožarenim površinama, ovisno o tipu vegetacije prije požara i biološko-ekološkim uvjetima javljaju specifični degradacijski tipovi vegetacije. Međutim, na brzinu, kvalitetu i uspjeh progresivne sukcesije izgorenih površina pozitivno može utjecati čovjek u vidu izbora vrsta i metoda sanacije. Uvažavanjem svega navedenog zasigurno bi se znatno pridonijelo očuvanju biološke i krajobrazne raznolikosti uz načelo održivog razvoja prirodnih ekosustava., Forest fires represent a major threat to forests and forest land in Croatia, especially in Dalmatia, the islands and the Dalmatian hinterland. An increasing number of fires significantly degrade the ecosystem and disrupt its stability, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and increase the devastated area. In the last two decades of the 20th century, the annual burned areas in Mediterranean countries is estimated at around 600 000 ha, which is almost twice as much during the 1970's. From 1998 to 2004. there were a total of 115 666 fire which included a total of 1,250,892 hectares. Since 1996. year until 2005. in the Republic of Croatia had a total of 3324 forest fires, of which the karst area was 2792 forest fire, or 84.00%. The total burned area in the continental karst and Croatian territory is 183 015 ha, of which the karst area of waste 175 199 hectares or 95.73%. The average area burned per fire in the karst area is 62.75 hectares. In the same period in the Dalmatian hinterland (Forestry office: Drniš Vrgorac, Knin, Sinj, Imotski) was a total of 831 fires, or 29.76% of the total number of fires in the karst area, which burned 44 164 ha, or 25 , 21% of total burn surface area of the karst areas in the period. Improving methods of prevention and fight against forest fires allows significantly reducing the burnt areas. Knowing the factors that condition the occurrence of forest fires as well as factors that start spreading the blaze is essential for the preparation and conduct of preventive activities. One of the most important preventive measure is to know the characteristics of forest fuels, primarily their flammability, combustibility, and moisture content. Causes of fire may be different from natural (drought, high temperatures, low relative humidity, wind regime, lightning) to those caused by human negligence (burning weeds on agricultural land, thrown unquenched butt, unquenched fire excursion, various environmental incidents) which are most common. Current state of knowledge concerning the problem of forest fires has been found that attention should be paid pedological, climatic and vegetation conditions of occurrence and spread of fire, and the overall conditions of regeneration after fire. The decision on how to approach restoration of forests or forest land that was affected by forest fires or it is destroyed depends on a number of biological, ecological and economic factors. The fire, normally, causing regression of the vegetation on the burnt areas, depending on the type of vegetation before the fire and the biological and ecological conditions occurring specific degradation of vegetation types. But, however, the speed, quality and success of the progressive succession of burned areas can positively affect a man in mind the choice of types and methods of rehabilitation. Appreciating all this would certainly contribute significantly to the preservation of biological and landscape diversity with the principle of sustainable development of natural ecosystems.

Osim što ugrožavaju proizvodnju šumske biomase, požari mogu poremetiti i ekološku ravnotežu te narušiti trajno održivi razvoj. Uz to mogu imati i tragičnije posljedice kao što je to bilo na Kornatima u ljeto 2007. godine. U vezi s tim obavljena su istraživanja vegetacije i testiranje njene zapaljivosti i gorivosti. Testiranje zapaljivosti obavljeno je u laboratoriju u Makarskoj prema metodologiji koju je opisao Valette (1990). Samim uzorkovanjem na terenu odmah je uočeno da grmlje nije izgoreno, odnosno drvenasti dijelovi vegetacije debljine iznad 5 mm ostali su vitalni i živi. Suhi dijelovi travne vegetacije koji su zaklonjeni kamenom ostali su također neizgoreni. Iz rezultata testiranja vidljivo je da je vegetacija bila krajnje zapaljiva. Travna vegetacija imala je sadržaj vlage od 10 do 16 %, a vrijeme zapaljenja je bilo 2 s. Kod drvenaste vegetacije vrijeme zapaljenja kretalo se od 18 do 22 s, dok je sadržaj vlage bio od 13 do 53 %. Pokrovnost vegetacijom kretala se od 3425 kg/ha do 4948 kg/ha kod travne vegetacije i od 2180 kg/ha do 3425 kg/ha kod drvenaste vegetacije., Apart from endangering the production of forest biomass, fires may also disturb the ecological balance and disrupt permanent sustainable development. However, fires may have even more tragic consequences, as it was in the case of Kornati in the summer of 2007. Vegetation was investigated and its ignitability and flammability were tested. Ignitability was tested in the laboratory in Makarska using the methodology described by Valette (1990). Field sampling revealed that the shrubs were not burnt and that woody vegetation parts exceeding 5 mm in thickness remained vital and alive. The dry parts of grass vegetation sheltered by stones were also unaffected. Test results showed that the vegetation was extremely flammable. The humidity content of grass vegetation ranged from 10 to 16 % and the ignition time was 2 s. In woody vegetation the ignition time oscillated from 18 to 22 s, with humidity ranging from 13 to 53 %. Vegetation cover ranged from 3,425 kg/ha to 4,948 kg/ha in grass vegetation and from 2,180 kg/ha to 3,425 kg/ha in woody vegetation.

Požari u znatnoj mjeri ugrožavaju i narušavaju stabilnost šumskog ekosustava na mediteranskom području koji je u uskoj vezi s biološkom raznolikošću i trajno održivim razvojem. Poznavati čimbenike koji uvjetuju nastanak šumskih požara kao i čimbenike koji uzrokuju početno širenje vatre, bitno je zbog smanjenja izgorenih površina te pripreme i vođenja preventivnih aktivnosti. Jedan od najvažnijih faktora jest poznavanje obilježja šumskih goriva. Početak znanstvenoistraživačkog pristupa šumskim požarima od strane šumarskih stručnjaka vezan je uz doajena požarne znanosti u Republici Hrvatskoj gospodina Tomislava Dimitrova, dipl.ing. i njegova nastojanja da se problematici šumskih požara pristupi znanstvenoistraživačkim metodama. Novi pristup problematici šumskih požara s aspekta znanstvenoistraživačkog rada u našoj zemlji ostvaruje se Projektom Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i športa pod nazivom „Biotehničke mjere u zaštiti i obnovi šuma od požara“. Kao produkt znanstvenoistraživačkog rada, pored objavljenih više desetaka znanstvenih radova na Šumarskom fakultetu, obranjeno je nekoliko disertacija, magistraskih radova i diplomskih radova. Problematika šumskih požara implementirana je u nastavni plan i program za studente u okviru kojih se izvodi i terenska nastava. Sav znanstvenoistraživački rad treba usmjeriti izradi integralnog modela zaštite šuma od požara koji bi imao praktičnu primjenu. Izrada takvog kompleksnog integralnog modela temelj je uspješne borbe sa šumskim požarima koji može polučiti dobre rezultate u cilju očuvanja materijalnih dobara, prirodnih vrijednosti i napose ljudskih života., Fires in significantly threaten and undermine the stability of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean region, which is closely related to biodiversity and permanently sustainable development. Knowing the factors that condition the occurrence of forest fires as well as the factors that caused the initial fire spread is important in reducing burned area and the preparation and conduct of preventive activities. One of the most important factor is the knowledge of the characteristics of forest fuels. Beginning of the scientific approach to forest fires by forestry professionals associated with the doyen of fire science in the Republic of Croatia Mr. Tomislav Dimitrov, B.Sc. and his efforts to the issue of forest fire approaches scientific research methods. A new approach to forest fires in terms of scientific research in our country realizes the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports under the name " Biotechnical measures in forest fire protection and regeneration." As a product of scientific research in addition to published several scientific papers on the Faculty of Forestry defended several dissertations, master papers and theses. The issue of forest fires was implemented in the curriculum for students within which runs the fieldwork. All scientific research should be directed preparation of an integrated model of forest fire that had practical application. Making such a complex integrated model is the foundation of a successful fight with forest fires that can achieve good results in order to preserve the material goods, natural resources and especially of human life.