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To compare the condition of auditory function during the first year of life according to the registration of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and short-latency evoked potentials (SLEP) in premature infants who received ototoxic antibiotics to those ones, who did not.Auditory function was examined in 145 premature infants. Auditory assessment was carried out by registration of DPOAEs, SLEPs and tympanometry. Statistical processing was performed using the program Statgraphics Centurion XV.In this study, according to DPOAE, the average response values of the cochlea in premature infants who had a history of ototoxic therapy, undergo final changes after children reach the age of 6 months. The study of latent periods and threshold values of the V peak of SLEP showed a delay in the maturation process of the perceiving and conducting auditory structures during the first year of life in children who received ototoxic antibiotics in the first month of life.We evaluated the timing of the completion of response changes in children of the control group using the DPOAE and SLEP registration data. In children of the study group, we evaluated the effect of the administered ototoxic antibiotics. Timing of audiological control of the hearing organ condition are demonstrated for premature children after ototoxicosis, required methods of its examination are established.Сравнить состояние слуховой функции в течение первого года жизни по данным регистрации вызванной отоакустической эмиссии на частоте продукта искажения (ПИОАЭ) и коротколатентных слуховых вызванных потенциалов (КСВП) у недоношенных детей, получавших и не получавших ототоксические антибиотики.Слуховая функция была исследована у 145 недоношенных детей. Оценка слуха проводилась методами регистрации ПИОАЭ, КСВП, тимпанометрии. Статистическая обработка проводилась с использованием программы Statgraphics Centurion XV.В ходе исследования по данным ПИОАЭ усредненные значения ответа улитки у недоношенных детей, получавших в анамнезе терапию ототоксическими препаратами, претерпевают окончательные изменения после достижения детьми возраста 6 мес. Изучение латентных периодов и пороговых значений V пика КСВП указывает на задержку процесса созревания воспринимающих и проводящих слуховых структур в течение первого года жизни у детей, получавших в первый месяц жизни ототоксические антибиотики.На основании регистрации ПИОАЭ и КСВП у детей группы контроля были оценены сроки окончания изменений ответа. У детей опытной группы оценена степень влияния введенных ототоксических антибиотиков. Показаны сроки аудиологического контроля за состоянием органа слуха у недоношенных детей после ототоксикоза, определены необходимые методы его оценки.

To compare auditory function during screening of children of different age groups who received ototoxic therapy.Auditory function was studied in various categories of children receiving ototoxic drugs. Hearing was assessed by the registration of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), short-latency evoked potentials (SLEP), tympanometry. Statistical processing was performed using the C program Statgraphics Centurion XV.In this study, screening of auditory function in children suffering from cystic fibrosis and receiving ototoxic treatment revealed pathologic conditions of the middle ear according to tympanometry in 15.4% of cases, impaired auditory function in 28.2% of cases according to DPOAE. Early ototoxicosis presented as a decrease in the amplitude of the response at a frequency of 4 kHz, and a change in the structure of the DP-gram in the form of a shift to the low-frequency area. Examination of the auditory function of premature infants receiving potentially ototoxic drugs in the early neonatal period demonstrated that the administration of ototoxic drugs does not affect the maturation of outer hair cells.Audiological control, such as tympanometry and registration of evoked otoacoustic remission should be included in the outpatient observation of children with a history of ototoxic drugs.Цель данной работы - сравнение слуховой функции при скрининговом обследовании у детей разных возрастных групп, получавших ототоксическую терапию. Пациенты и методы. Слуховая функция была исследована у различных категорий детей, получавших ототоксические препараты. Оценка слуха проводилась методами регистрации вызванной отоакустической эмиссии на частоте продукта искажения (ПИОАЭ), коротколатентных слуховых вызванных потенциалов (КСВП), тимпанометрии. Статистическая обработка проводилась с использованием программы Statgraphics Centurion XV. Результаты. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что скрининг слуховой функции у детей, больных муковисцидозом и получавших ототоксическое лечение, выявил в результате проведенной тимпанометрии в 15,4٪ случаев - патологию среднего уха и в 29,2٪ случаев - нарушение слуховой функции по данным ПИОАЭ. Ранний ототоксикоз проявлялся снижением амплитуды ответа на частоте 4 кГц и изменением структуры DP-граммы в пользу смещения в область низких частот. Исследование слуховой функции у недоношенных детей, получавших в ранний неонатальный период потенциально ототоксические препараты, показало, что введение ототоксических препаратов не влияет на процесс созревания наружных волосковых клеток. Заключение. В диспансерное наблюдение за детьми, получавшими в анамнезе ототоксические препараты, должен быть введен аудиологический контроль - проведение тимпанометрии, регистрация вызванной отоакустической эмиссии.

The objective of the present work was the comparative study of the state of the acoustic analayzer in the full-term and premature infants born after multifetal (MP) or singleton (SP) pregnancies with the body weight at birth corresponding to the gestational age (normotrophics) and presenting with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The method of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) was employed in the study. It has demonstrated that the normotrophic babies born at the gestational age over 34 weeks after singleton pregnancy pass the DPOAEstest significantly more frequently than normotrophics of the same gestational age born after multifetal pregnancy. Moreover, the unilateral impairment of hearing in the full-term infants born after multifetal pregnancy occurs more frequently than in those born after singleton pregnancy.Цель работы - анализ состояния слухового анализатора по данным первичного обследования недоношенных и доношенных детей с задержкой внутриутробного роста (ЗВУР) и массой тела при рождении, соответствующей сроку гестации (нормотрофики), рожденных от многоплодной (МБ) и одноплодной беременности (ОБ), методом вызванной отоакустической эмиссии на частоте продукта искажения (ПИОАЭ). В результате исследования выявлено, что нормотрофики, рожденные в срок гестации более 34 нед от МБ, тест ПИОАЭ проходят достоверно реже, чем нормотрофики, рожденные от ОБ аналогичного гестационного возраста; в группе доношенных детей, рожденных от МБ, одностороннее нарушение слуховой функции превалирует по сравнению с доношенными, рожденными от ОБ.

The objective of the present study was the determination of the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and the evaluation of its possible influence on the development and duration of chronic exudative otitis media in the children during the first year of life. A total of 141 infants at the age of 3 months presenting with exudative otitis media refractory to the conservative treatment throughout the first 1-1.5 months of life were available for the examination. The effectiveness of the anti-reflux therapy was estimated based on the middle ear condition (the presence or absence of exudate) within 3 and 6 months after the initiation of the treatment. The signs of aspiration of gastric chimus and gastroesophageal reflux disease were documented in 92% of the cases. The anti-reflux treatment during 3 months resulted in the disappearance of the manifestations of exudative otitis media in 43% of the patients. The further prolongation of such therapy up to 6 months allowed to normalize the state of the middle ear in 69% of the children although the remaining 40% failed to respond. It is concluded that the treatment of the children presenting with exudative otitis media during first year of life should be performed taking into consideration the possible involvement of gastroesophageal reflux disease in pathogenesis of this pathological condition.Цель работы - определение частоты встречаемости гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни и ее возможного влияния на формирование и длительность течения экссудативного среднего отита у детей грудного возраста. Обследован 141 ребенок в возрасте 3 мес жизни с экссудативным средним отитом, не поддающимся консервативному лечению в течение 1-1,5 мес. Оценку эффективности антирефлюксной терапии осуществляли, ориентируясь на состояние среднего уха (наличие или отсутствие экссудата) через 3 и 6 мес от момента начала лечения. Признаки аспирации желудочного химуса и гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь были диагностированы в 92% случаев. На фоне антирефлюксной терапии в течение 3 мес явления экссудативного среднего отита были купированы у 43% больных; при длительности антирефлюксной терапии в течение 6 мес нормализация состояния среднего уха произошла у 60%. У 40% детей эффекта от проводимой терапии не было получено. Вывод. В лечении детей первого года жизни с экссудативным средним отитом необходимо учитывать возможное влияние гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни в патогенезе заболевания.

The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the state of the auditory function in the premature children during the first year of life who underwent the neonatal treatment with various ototoxic antibiotics. A total of 232 newborn infants were available for the examination by the methods designed for recording distortion product optoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and short-latency auditory evoked potentials (SAEPs). The 'Statgraphics Centurion XV' program was used for the statistical treatment of the data obtained in the study. The results of recording DPOAE and SAEPs in 232 prematurely born children of different gestational age were used to evaluate their auditory function under conditions of treatment with various ototoxic antibiotics during the early neonatal period. It was shown that such treatment is likely to have an impact on the hearing function of premature children throughout the entire first year of life. Such influence can manifest itself as the enhanced threshold of the appearance of SAEPs peak V and the selective distortion of evoked responses recorded with the help of the DPOAE technique at a frequency of 4.6 kHz. It is concluded that all prematurely born children should be under observation of an otorhinolaryngologist-surdologist throughout the entire first year of life and, if appropriate, undergo the rehabilitative treatment at the earliest possible time. Moreover, the children with this condition must remain under the thorough follow-up care during at least 3 years including the yearly audiological evaluation and the comparative analysis of the results of previous observations for the timely identification of possible disturbances in the hearing function.Цель работы - изучить состояние слуховой функции у недоношенных детей в течение первого года жизни после приема в неонатальном периоде различных ототоксических антибиотиков. Слуховая функция была исследована у 232 недоношенных детей. Оценка слуха проводилась методами регистрации вызванной отоакустической эмиссии на частоте продукта искажения (ПИАОЭ), коротколатентных вызванных слуховых потенциалов (КСВП), тимпанометрии. Статистическая обработка проводилась с использованием С программы Statgraphics Centurion XV. На основании регистрации ПИОАЭ и КСВП у 232 недоношенных детей разного гестационного возраста была прослежена слуховая функция в течение первого года жизни после применения в раннем неонатальном периоде ототоксических антибиотиков. Проведен сравнительный анализ влияния различных ототоксических антибиотиков в зависимости от возраста гестации с контрольной группой недоношенных детей, не получавших ототоксические антибиотики. Показано, что лечение ототоксическими антибиотиками в неонатальном периоде может оказывать воздействие на слуховую функцию недоношенных детей в течение всего первого года жизни, проявляющееся в повышении порогов появления V пика КСВП и на регистрируемых частотах и избирательном нарушении вызванных ответов на частоте 4,6 кГц при регистрации ПИОАЭ. Все недоношенные дети обязательно должны наблюдаться врачом оториноларингологом-сурдологом в течение первого года жизни и при необходимости начинать проходить реабилитацию в ранние сроки. Данный контингент детей подлежит диспансерному учету до 3 лет и с ежегодным аудиологическим обследованием и сравнительной оценкой предыдущих обследований для раннего выявления нарушений слуховой функции.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate correlation between the parameters of evoked otoacoustical emission at the distorsion product otoacoustic emissionen frequency (DPOAE) and the results of tympoanometry performed at the probe tone frequencies of 226 Hz and 1 kHz in the children born with the extremely low body weight. The results of the study give evidence of the moderate correlation dependence between the strength of the cochlear acoustic response at DPOAE and the cohlear response amplitude at the frequencies of 2 kHz and 6 kHz from TTP (r=0.3; p=0.000) obtained at the tympanometry probe tone frequency of 1 kHz. The correlation between the magnitude of the acoustic response of the cochlea, the amplitude of this response at the frequencies of 2 kHz and 6 kHz, the width of the tympanograms, and their static compliance obtained in the studies at the tympanometry probe tone frequency of 1,000 Hz (r=0.3-0.5; p=0.001) was documented in the infants at the age of 6 months and 1 year.Цель проведенной работы - поиск корреляции между показателями вызванной отоакустической эмиссии на частоте продукта искажения и тимпанограммами, выполненными на частотах зондирующего тона 226 Гц и 1 кГц. Исследование показало умеренную корреляционную зависимость значений мощности акустического ответа улитки при ПИАОЭ и амплитуд ответов улитки на частотах 2-6 кГц от ШТ (r=0,3; p=0,000), полученной при тимпанометрии на частоте зондирующего тона 1 кГц. В 6 мес и 1 год жизни была выявлена корреляционная взаимосвязь между мощностью, амплитудами акустического ответа улитки, полученными на частотах 2-6 кГц, и шириной, а также статическим комплаенсом тимпанограммы, полученной при исследовании на частоте зондирующего тона 1 кГц (r=0,3-0,5, p=0,001).

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the anatomical features of the structure of the middle ear and eustachian tube in the breast-fed infants of different gestational age that may be responsible for the formation of exudates (fluids). We have examined 150 temporal bones obtained from the children's cadavers that were allocated to three groups as follows: 50 temporal bones obtained at weeks 26-30 weeks of gestation (group 1), 44 bones 31-36 weeks of gestation (group 2), and 37-40 weeks of gestation (full-term babies, group 3),The analysis of the data obtained on an individual bases revealed either increase or decreases in the selected characteristics of the eustachian tube in comparison with the respective average values as well as the well apparent predominance of a single change or a combination of alteration of several parameters in one case in 26-30 weeks and 31-36 weeks groups. No significant changes were found in group 1. It is concluded that the presence of a single change or a combination of two or three abnormal changes in the parameters of the bone structures of the eustachian tube can affect the development of the secretory process in the middle ear especially in the children born after 36 weeks of pregnancy.Цель исследования: выявление анатомических особенностей строения барабанной полости и слуховой трубы у детей грудного возраста, которые могут привести к формированию экссудата. Исследовано 150 кадавровых височных костей детей. Полученный материал был объединен в три группы: 26-30 нед - 50 височных костей, 31-36 нед - 44 височные кости, 37-40 нед (доношенные) - 56 височных костей. При индивидуальной обработке данных выявлено уменьшение или увеличение значений некоторых параметров слуховой трубы по сравнению со средними значениями во всех группах, а также достоверное преобладание одного изменения или сочетания двух абнормальных параметров в одном случае в группах 26-30 нед и 31-36 нед. В группе 37-40 нед достоверных различий выявлено не было. Таким образом, изменение одного параметра или комбинации двух или трех индивидуальных абнормальных параметров костного отдела слуховой трубы может повлиять на формирование экссудативного процесса в среднем ухе, в особенности у детей, рожденных после 36-й недели гестации.

The objective of the present study was to collect objective information about the hearing function in the prematurely born infants suffering intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The audiological examination of 77 patients at the age of 12 months was performed using two different methods making use of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and evoked auditory steady state responses (ASSRs). Hearing disorders were diagnosed in the children presenting with grade II and III IUGR born prior to the 34th week of pregnancy. The results of the study indicate that the children with grade II and III intrauterine growth retardation born earlier than the 34th week of pregnancy are at risk of developing hearing impairment and should be under dynamic audiological observation with the use of two objective methods, namely DPOAE and ASSR.

The objective of the present work was to study specific approaches of tympanometry in the premature infants of different gestational age. A total of 122 typmanograms (243 ears) were available for the analysis. Peculiarities of recording tympanograms and their characteristics in the premature infants of different gestational age (including static compliance, intratympanic pressure, and tympanogram width) have been demonstrated. The optimal frequency of tympanometry in the premature infants of different gestational age was determined.

The objective of the present study was to elucidate specific surgical anatomical features of the antrum in the children prematurely born at different gestational age. A total of 70 temporal bones from 35 newborn infants were available for the examination. The study revealed clinical and anatomical peculiarities in the antrum structure of the children prematurely born at different gestation age.

The objective of the present study was to obtain new data of practical significance from the comparative analysis of the anatomical structure of the tympanic cavity in newborn infants and young children.A total of 23 and 24 temporal bone macropreparations obtained from the newborn infants and young children (between 1 to 3 years of age) respectively were available for the examination that included sequential dissection, measurement, and macrophotographing of the specimens.The study has revealed a number of distinctive features of the anatomical structure of the tympanic cavity in newborn infants and young children.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the functional state of the auditory analyzer in infants born prematurely (after 29 weeks of gestation) and examined at 6 months of life. The evoked otoacoustic emission (EOAE) techniques were used for the purpose. Testing with the help of two different modes of EOAE yielded virtually identical results which confirms the possibility to apply both delayed EOAE (dEOAE) and distortion-product frequency OAE (dpOAE) for the assessment of the auditory function. It is concluded that the degree of cochlear development in prematurely born infants (after 29 weeks of gestation) examined by the dpOAE technique at 6 months of life is significantly different from that in children born between the gestation age of 33 and 37 weeks.

The objective of the present study was to assess the state of the peripheral portion of the auditory analyzer based on induced otoacoustic emissions (IOAEs), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), and delayed IOAEs (DIOAEs). The study included 31 premature infants born before 28 weeks gestation and examined later on the 6th month of postnatal life. All of them were shown to have the underdeveloped cochlea. It was shown that the DPOAEs technique makes it possible to record induced otoacoustic emissions more frequently than the DIOAEs method. It is concluded that the hearing function in premature infants born before 28 weeks gestation should be evaluated on the 6th month of postnatal life based on two classes of emission.

Experiments on guinea pigs with the use of electrophysiological methods (short-latency auditory evoked potentials, SLAEPs, and distortion product otoacoustic emission, DPOAE) have demonstrated damage of outer hair cells following application of therapeutic doses of cisplatin. It is concluded that finding of the logarithmic amplitude-time dependence for the first SLAEPs peak permits to diagnose an injury to outer hair cells.

Otorhinolaryngological examination makes it possible to objectively evaluate the state of ENT organs in prematurely born babies, take adequate measures to ensure their survival, undertake early prevention of ENT pathologies, carry out rehabilitation in case of post-resuscitation or congenital complications, and form groups of children selected for the follow-up and further treatment by an otorhinolaryngologist.

Dynamics of the hearing function was evaluated using immature animals based on the SSCP data. Morphological characteristics of the cochlear auditory ganglion were studied after administration of therapeutic doses of the ototoxic antibiotic monomycin. Untreated animals served as controls. The results of morphofunctional investigations were evaluated in comparison with the similar data obtained in adult cats after injection of the same doses of monomycin.

Premature infants are highly vulnerable to developing various pathologies including eye and ear diseases; some of them are believed to be associated with specific individual features of gestation and labour course. The study included audiologic screening of 148 babies (296 ears) born prematurely during 24-37 weeks of pregnancy (delayed evoked otoacoustic emission was recorded at the distortion product frequency). For the purpose of dynamic evaluation of hearing ability, all the infants were divided into 3 groups depending on gestational age at birth; they were followed up throughout the first year of life. This paper describes factors complicating pregnancy and labour in women, the most common pathological conditions in premature infants, time and results of their audiologic screening by means of recording delayed evoked otoacoustic emission, algorithm of preliminary examination of premature infants of different gestational age and their selection for audiologic screening, recommendations on the organization of mass audiologic examination of prematurely born infants taking into consideration their gestational and post-conception age.

Audiological screening by registration of delayed evoked distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOE) was made in 148 premature neonates (296 ears) born at gestation week 24-37. All the examinees were divided into three groups depending on the gestation term and were followed up for the first year of life. The results of the screening tests with reference to postconceptional and real age of premature infants are given. Recommendations are available on wide audiological examinations of premature infants depending on their gestational and postconceptional age.

Endoscopic laser surgery on lymphoid structures of the nasopharynx near the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube was made with Lazon-10P laser in 67 children aged 3 to 14 years with documented exudative otitis media (EOM). All the children had conductive hypoacusis. Children who had tympanogram of type B and in whom otoscopy detected exudate behind the tympanic membrane were subjected to one-stage laser tympanostomy in the anteroinferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane followed by transtympanic drug introduction into the tympanic cavity. Tympanostoma closed spontaneously 3 weeks later. Normal hearing recovered in all the children. Diagnostic endoscopy of the nasopharynx can reveal causes underlying dysfunction of the auditory tube. The results demonstrate high efficacy of the methods allowing elimination of mechanical occlusion of the auditory tube in the region of its pharyngeal opening with one-stage intervention on the middle ear.

The article describes clinical forms of infantile cerebral paralysis, provides the results of examination of the acoustic function in infants with introduction of modern techniques (otoacoustic emission, acoustic impedance technique, acoustic evolved potentials).

The objective of the present work was to study the function of the retrocochlear auditory pathway in the premature infants with intrauterine growth retardation (IGR) in comparison to that of the normotrophics of a similar gestational age during the third and sixth months of life by recording auditory steady-state responses (ASSR). The audiological examination by the method of auditory steady-state response (ASSR) involved 127 children at the 3d month of life and in 97 children at the 6th month of life. It was shown that the ASSR thresholds at certain frequencies during the 3d and 6th months of life of the children born after the 32d week of pregnancy were significantly higher than in the children born after 32 weeks gestation. The comparison of the two objective audiological methods, viz. distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and ASSR, indicates that both should be used to evaluate the hearing function during the third and sixth months of life to compensate for the discrepancy between the results obtained by either technique.Цель работы - исследование функции ретрокохлеарного отдела слухового пути у недоношенных детей с ЗВУР и нормотрофиков аналогичного срока гестации в 3 и 6 мес жизни с помощью регистрации стационарных слуховых вызванных потенциалов (Auditory steady-state response - ASSR). Аудиологическое обследование методом стационарных слуховых вызванных потенциалов (ASSR) было проведено у 127 детей 3 мес жизни и у 97 детей 6 мес жизни. В 3 и 6 мес жизни пороги ASSR у детей с ЗВУР, рожденных в срок гестации менее 32 нед, на отдельных частотах достоверно выше по сравнению с детьми с ЗВУР, рожденными в срок гестации более 32 нед. Сравнение двух объективных аудиологических методов ПИОАЭ и ASSR свидетельствует, что в 3 и 6 мес жизни при оценке слуховой функции целесообразно пользоваться сразу двумя методами в связи с имеющимся расхождением в полученных результатах.

In screening examination of 202 young children attending kindergartens, acoustic impedance audiometry has detected children (44%) with hearing problems. Endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx demonstrated that conductive hypoacusis resulted from hypertrophy of adenoid vegetations of different degree and chronic adenoiditis. These data emphasize the role of active audiological examination of young children in detection and prophylaxis of acoustic disorders.

Short-latent acoustic evoked potentials were registered in examination of hearing function in guinea pigs given platinum compounds. A protective action of thiol compounds (sodium thiosulfate and unitiol) was tried in relation to hypoacusis induced by cisplatinum.