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Chemical study of the fermentation culture of the marine‐derived fungal strain Penicilliumsp. OPR23‐FS02 led to isolation of ten secondary metabolites, including two terpenes, purpuride (1) and penioxalicin (2) and eight polyketides, trans‐3,4‐dihydro‐3,4,8‐trihydroxynaphthalen‐1(2H)‐one (3), chloromonilinic acid B (4), chrysophanol (5), emodin (6), ω‐hydroxyemodin (7), questin (8), endocrocin (9), and ergochrome F (10). Their structures were elucidated by analyzing their NMR and HRESI mass spectra and comparing with the literature data. Compound 9was weakly cytotoxic against HepG2 cell line, with an IC50value of 89.86 ± 2.63 µm. Compounds 4and 10showed antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecaliswhereas 6inhibited Bacillus cereusgrowth, with the same MIC values of 64 µm. Purpuride (1), penioxalicin (2), trans‐3,4‐dihydro‐3,4,8‐trihydroxynaphthalen‐1(2H)‐one (3), chloromonilinic acid B (4), chrysophanol (5), emodin (6), ω‐hydroxyemodin (7), questin (8), endocrocin (9), and ergochrome F (10) were isolated from a fermentation culture of Penicillium sp. OPR23‐FS02. Compound 9was weakly cytotoxic against HepG2 cell line (IC50 = 89.86 ± 2.63 µm). Compounds 4and 10, and 6showed antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus, respectively (MIC = 64 µm).

Chemical investigation of the marine sponge‐derived fungal strain Aspergillussp. IMBC‐FP2.05 resulted in isolation of five compounds, including JBIR‐74 (1), homogentisic acid (2), methyl (2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)acetate (3), 3‐chloro‐2,5‐dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (4), and p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (5). Their chemical structures were identified by comprehensive analyses of the 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectra in comparison with the previously reported data. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells were also reported.

In the study, seven compounds were isolated from an EtOAc extract of the marine‐derived fungal strain Xenomyrotheciumsp. IMBC‐FP2.11, including (3R,4R)‐4‐hydroxymellein (1), (3R,4S)‐4‐hydroxymellein (2), trans‐3,4‐dihydro‐3,4,8‐trihydroxynaphtalen‐1(2H)‐one (3), (3S)‐6‐hydroxy‐8‐methoxy‐3,5‐dimethyl‐isochroman (4), 8‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐9‐oxo‐9H‐xanthene‐1‐carboxylate (5), TMC‐256A1 (6), and ω‐hydroxyemodin (7). Their chemical structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectra as well as comparison with those of the previously reported compounds. This is the first case to report the chemical profile of a Xenomyrotheciumfungal strain.

Chemical investigation of a fermentation culture of the marine endophytic fungus Paraconiothyriumsp. VK‐13 resulted in the isolation of five compounds, including a new phenolic compound, 1‐(2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐1‐oxobutan‐3‐yl acetate (1) and four known metabolites, 1‐(2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐2‐buten‐1‐one (2), 3,7‐dimethyl‐1,8‐dihydroxy‐6‐methoxyisochroman (3), modiolides A (4) and B (5). Their chemical structures were identified based on 1D, 2D NMR, and MS spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the data reported previously in the literature. All the isolated compounds were reported for the first time from the genus Paraconiothyrium.