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SARS-CoV-2, or novel coronavirus, is causing the fatal and contagious coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) affecting thousands of people every single day. Researchers are continuously searching for any possible cure and/or vaccine, but no conclusive report is available till date. Like many others, we realize that a rapid, immediate, and elaborate strategy must be adopted to protect mankind. To avoid the time-loss due to clinical trials, we have performed in silico analyses on some FDA-approved drugs to combat COVID-19. We accessed information from public databases and publications, and studied the mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2 and the interactions of various drugs with SARS-CoV-2 proteins in silico. We found a few antivirals and antiparasitic drugs to show significant interactions with important SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Particularly Galidesivir, Remdesivir, and Pirodavir have been chosen as suggested antiviral drugs; and Proguanil, Mefloquine, and Artesunate have been chosen as suggested antiparasitic drugs based on such predicted interactions. In addition, inhibitors to prevent host-cell entry and a few supportive immune-boosters can be used in different combinations. Our study proposes a four-way attack to this fatal virus for the possible management of COVID-19 armed up with an antiviral, an antiparasitic drug, a cell-entry inhibitor, and a few supportive immune-boosters, which can be used in different combinations in different groups of people. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13337-020-00631-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) is one of the leading cancers in India's north-eastern (NE) region affecting a section of the population each year. A proportion of the NPC cases are observed to recur even after therapy, indicating the involvement of other factors. We aimed to explore the NPC and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) burden in the NE region and investigate the prognostic factors for the NPC patients' poor survival and recurrence. NPC patients' information was obtained from different state hospitals between 2014 and 2019. PCR and Sanger sequencing were performed to detect EBV types. Statistical analysis, including forest plot analysis, Kaplan-Mayer survival plot, Log-rank test, cox hazard regression, and Aalen's additive regression model, were performed to determine prognostic factors for the NPC patients' lower survival and recurrence. We observed an increased incidence of NPC and EBV infection in the past five years. Step-wise statistical analyses pointed out that variable such as non-professionals (B = 1.02, HR = 2.8, 95%CI = 1.5,4.9) workers (B = 0.92, HR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.4,4.4), kitchen cum bedroom (B = 0.61, HR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.2,2.8), mosquito repellent (B = 0.60, HR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.1,2.7), nasal congestion (B = 0.60, HR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.2,2.8), lower haemoglobin level (B = 0.92, HR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.3,4.9), tumor stage IV (B = 2.8, HR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.6,14.3), N2 (B = 1.4, HR = 4.0, 95%CI = 1.8,9.1), N3 (B = 1.9, HR = 6.4, 95%CI = 2.8,15.3), and M+ (B = 2.02, HR = 7.5, 95%CI = 4.1,13.7) revealed significant correlation with NPC patients' poor prognosis (p 0.05). The presence of viral factors also showed a significant association with NPC patients' decreased survival. We concluded that factors related to day-to-day life with EBV infection could be the individual predictor for NPC incidence, lower survival, and disease recurrence.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00789-5.

Parvovirus B-19, a single human pathogenic member of the Parvoviridae family with it's small ssDNA and non-enveloped structure, is known to cause diseases in erythroid progenitor cells. But a wide range of clinical association of this virus with cells of non-erythroid origins has recently been discovered and many of those are being investigated for such association. Higher substitution rates in due course of evolution has been suggested for this cellular tropism and persistence. In this report, we have summarized the different disease manifestations of B-19 virus and have tried to find out a pattern of pathogenesis. Finally, we have focused on the vaccination strategies available against B-19 virus to correlate these with the mechanisms involved in various diseases caused by this virus.

The sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 causing the global pandemic is a major public health concern. Though the virus is considered as a novel entity, it is not a completely new member. It is just a new version of previously emerged human SARS corona virus. The rapid evolving nature by changing host body environment and extreme environmental stability, collectively makes SARS-CoV-2 into an extremely virulent genetic variant. The evolution of the virus has been occurred by the continuous process of molecular genetic manipulation, through mutation, deletion and genetic recombinationevents. Different host body environment acts as the supportive system for the pathogen which creates extreme selective pressure. By the process of genetic evolution the pathogen developes new characters. Then the new version of the virus has been naturally selected by susceptible human host and adapt itself inside the host body causing deadly effect. Moreover, extreme environmental stability helps in the process of viral survival outside the host and its transmission. Thus both the host body or internal environment and the external environment performs equally as a source, responsible for shaping the genetic evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 towards theCOVID-19 disease fitness in nature in a pandemic form.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with viral malignancy, related to HIV-AIDS. With a wide geographical discrimination in its occurrence, Asian countries shows low to moderate prevalence with higher occurrence in some particular areas. India is one of the largest countries in Asia, having various geographical and cultural variations where KSHV has been considered as an unthinkable entity to cause any of its associated disease. India has been reported as a low prevalent zone for KSHV malignancy till date. Also there are no reports so far, describing the occurrence pattern of this malignancy. So this review approaches towards figuring out the tendency of prevalence pattern of this malignancy and associated risk factors found to be present in Indian population. From this study it is revealed that, KSHV related malignancy is a relatively newly reported and emerging disease in India and may exist in hidden pockets throughout India in association with tuberculosis. India shows prevalence in HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in regions where socially discriminated LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) groups, unprotected sexual behavior and heterosexuality are the important risk factors for sexually transmitted viral diseases. Anti-retro viral therapy is not sufficient to combat the virus and may act adversely. On a note regarding the clinical representations of Kaposi’s sarcoma, oral, mucosal, pleural and abdominal involvements are observed in worst cases and these can be considered as the main manifesting criteria for this malignancy among Indians. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13337-020-00573-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.