9 results
Search Results
2. Are Hamsters a Suitable Model for Evaluating the Immunogenicity of RBD-Based Anti-COVID-19 Subunit Vaccines?
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Merkuleva, Iuliia A., Shcherbakov, Dmitry N., Borgoyakova, Mariya B., Isaeva, Anastasiya A., Nesmeyanova, Valentina S., Volkova, Natalia V., Aripov, Vazirbek S., Shanshin, Daniil V., Karpenko, Larisa I., Belenkaya, Svetlana V., Kazachinskaia, Elena I., Volosnikova, Ekaterina A., Esina, Tatiana I., Sergeev, Alexandr A., Titova, Kseniia A., Konyakhina, Yulia V., Zaykovskaya, Anna V., Pyankov, Oleg V., Kolosova, Evgeniia A., and Viktorina, Olesya E.
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HAMSTERS ,IMMUNE response ,VACCINE immunogenicity ,HUMORAL immunity ,VACCINE effectiveness ,LABORATORY animals - Abstract
Currently, SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding-domain (RBD)-based vaccines are considered one of the most effective weapons against COVID-19. During the first step of assessing vaccine immunogenicity, a mouse model is often used. In this paper, we tested the use of five experimental animals (mice, hamsters, rabbits, ferrets, and chickens) for RBD immunogenicity assessments. The humoral immune response was evaluated by ELISA and virus-neutralization assays. The data obtained show hamsters to be the least suitable candidates for RBD immunogenicity testing and, hence, assessing the protective efficacy of RBD-based vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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3. The Impact of Time between Booster Doses on Humoral Immune Response in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Vaccinated with BNT162b2 Vaccines.
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Hamm, Sebastian Rask, Loft, Josefine Amalie, Pérez-Alós, Laura, Heftdal, Line Dam, Hansen, Cecilie Bo, Møller, Dina Leth, Pries-Heje, Mia Marie, Hasselbalch, Rasmus Bo, Fogh, Kamille, Hald, Annemette, Ostrowski, Sisse Rye, Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Sørensen, Erik, Hilsted, Linda, Bundgaard, Henning, Garred, Peter, Iversen, Kasper, Perch, Michael, Sørensen, Søren Schwartz, and Rasmussen, Allan
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BOOSTER vaccines ,HUMORAL immunity ,TRANSPLANTATION of organs, tissues, etc. ,COVID-19 vaccines ,VACCINATION - Abstract
As solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients remain at risk of severe outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infections, vaccination continues to be an important preventive measure. In SOT recipients previously vaccinated with at least three doses of BNT162b2, we investigated humoral responses to BNT162b2 booster doses. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured using an in-house ELISA. Linear mixed models were fitted to investigate the change in the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG after vaccination in participants with intervals of more or less than six months between the last two doses of vaccine. We included 107 SOT recipients vaccinated with a BNT162b2 vaccine. In participants with an interval of more than six months between the last two vaccine doses, we found a 1.34-fold change in GMC per month (95% CI 1.25–1.44), while we found a 1.09-fold change in GMC per month (95% CI 0.89–1.34) in participants with an interval of less than six months between the last two vaccine doses, resulting in a rate ratio of 0.82 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.01, p = 0.063). In conclusion, the administration of identical COVID-19 mRNA vaccine boosters within six months to SOT recipients may result in limited humoral immunogenicity of the last dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Impact of Prior COVID-19 Immunization and/or Prior Infection on Immune Responses and Clinical Outcomes.
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Livieratos, Achilleas, Gogos, Charalambos, and Akinosoglou, Karolina
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IMMUNE response ,HUMORAL immunity ,IMMUNIZATION ,SARS-CoV-2 ,CELLULAR immunity - Abstract
Cellular and humoral immunity exhibit dynamic adaptation to the mutating SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is noteworthy that immune responses differ significantly, influenced by whether a patient has received vaccination or whether there is co-occurrence of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity, known as hybrid immunity. The different immune reactions, conditional on vaccination status and the viral variant involved, bear implications for inflammatory responses, patient outcomes, pathogen transmission rates, and lingering post-COVID conditions. Considering these developments, we have performed a review of recently published literature, aiming to disentangle the intricate relationships among immunological profiles, transmission, the long-term health effects post-COVID infection poses, and the resultant clinical manifestations. This investigation is directed toward understanding the variability in the longevity and potency of cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by immunization and hybrid infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. The Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccines in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.
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Dęborska-Materkowska, Dominika and Kamińska, Dorota
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,THERAPEUTICS ,TRANSPLANTATION of organs, tissues, etc. ,CYTOKINE release syndrome ,IMMUNOLOGY - Abstract
Since its outbreak in December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), led to an enormous rise in scientific response with an excess of COVID-19-related studies on the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches. Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are a heterogeneous population with long-lasting immunosuppression as a joining element. Immunocompromised patients are a vulnerable population with a high risk of severe infections and an increased infection-related mortality rate. It was postulated that the hyperinflammatory state due to cytokine release syndrome during severe COVID-19 could be alleviated by immunosuppressive therapy in SOT patients. On the other hand, it was previously established that T cell-mediated immunity, which is significantly weakened in SOT recipients, is the main component of antiviral immune responses. In this paper, we present the current state of science on COVID-19 immunology in relation to solid organ transplantation with prospective therapeutic and vaccination strategies in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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6. Booster Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Kidney Transplanted Patients Induces Wuhan-Hu-1 Specific Neutralizing Antibodies and T Cell Activation but Lower Response against Omicron Variant.
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Del Mastro, Andrea, Picascia, Stefania, D'Apice, Luciana, Trovato, Maria, Barba, Pasquale, Di Biase, Immacolata, Di Biase, Sebastiano, Laccetti, Marco, Belli, Antonello, Amato, Gerardino, Di Muro, Potito, Credendino, Olga, Picardi, Alessandra, De Berardinis, Piergiuseppe, Del Pozzo, Giovanna, and Gianfrani, Carmen
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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant ,BOOSTER vaccines ,COVID-19 vaccines ,T cells ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,KIDNEY transplantation ,HUMORAL immunity ,T cell receptors - Abstract
Kidney transplanted recipients (KTR) are at high risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection due to immunosuppressive therapy. Although several studies reported antibody production in KTR after vaccination, data related to immunity to the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant are sparse. Herein, we analyzed anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response in seven KTR and eight healthy controls after the second and third dose of the mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). A significant increase in neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers were detected against pseudoviruses expressing the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike (S) protein after the third dose in both groups, although nAbs in KTR were lower than controls. nAbs against pseudoviruses expressing the Omicron S protein were low in both groups, with no increase after the 3rd dose in KTR. Reactivity of CD4
+ T cells after boosting was observed when cells were challenged with Wuhan-Hu-1 S peptides, while Omicron S peptides were less effective in both groups. IFN-γ production was detected in KTR in response to ancestral S peptides, confirming antigen-specific T cell activation. Our study demonstrates that the 3rd mRNA dose induces T cell response against Wuhan-Hu-1 spike peptides in KTR, and an increment in the humoral immunity. Instead, humoral and cellular immunity to Omicron variant immunogenic peptides were low in both KTR and healthy vaccinated subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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7. Immune Responses and Pathogenesis following Experimental SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Domestic Cats.
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Vreman, Sandra, van der Heijden, Elisabeth M. D. L., Ravesloot, Lars, Ludwig, Irene S., van den Brand, Judith M. A., Harders, Frank, Kampfraath, Andries A., Egberink, Herman F., Gonzales, Jose L., Oreshkova, Nadia, Broere, Femke, van der Poel, Wim H. M., and Gerhards, Nora M.
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CATS ,SARS-CoV-2 ,IMMUNE response ,RNA sequencing ,HUMORAL immunity ,TRACHEA ,LUNGS ,PLANT viruses - Abstract
Several reports demonstrated the susceptibility of domestic cats to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we describe a thorough investigation of the immune responses in cats after experimental SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, along with the characterization of infection kinetics and pathological lesions. Specific pathogen-free domestic cats (n = 12) were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently sacrificed on DPI (days post-inoculation) 2, 4, 7 and 14. None of the infected cats developed clinical signs. Only mild histopathologic lung changes associated with virus antigen expression were observed mainly on DPI 4 and 7. Viral RNA was present until DPI 7, predominantly in nasal and throat swabs. The infectious virus could be isolated from the nose, trachea and lungs until DPI 7. In the swab samples, no biologically relevant SARS-CoV-2 mutations were observed over time. From DPI 7 onwards, all cats developed a humoral immune response. The cellular immune responses were limited to DPI 7. Cats showed an increase in CD8+ cells, and the subsequent RNA sequence analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ subsets revealed a prominent upregulation of antiviral and inflammatory genes on DPI 2. In conclusion, infected domestic cats developed a strong antiviral response and cleared the virus within the first week after infection without overt clinical signs and relevant virus mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Immune Response 5–7 Months after Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in Elderly Nursing Home Residents in the Czech Republic: Comparison of Three Vaccines.
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Martínek, Jan, Tomášková, Hana, Janošek, Jaroslav, Zelená, Hana, Kloudová, Alena, Mrázek, Jakub, Ježo, Eduard, Král, Vlastimil, Pohořská, Jitka, Šturcová, Hana, and Maďar, Rastislav
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NURSING home patients ,NURSING care facilities ,IMMUNE response ,BOOSTER vaccines ,OLDER people ,SARS-CoV-2 ,VIRAL antibodies ,FC receptors - Abstract
Background and Aims: Elderly nursing home residents are especially prone to a severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we aimed to investigate the complex immune response after vaccination depending on the convalescence status and vaccine. Methods: Sampling took place in September–October 2021. IgG antibodies against spike protein and nucleocapsid protein, the titer of virus neutralization antibodies against delta and (on a subset of patients) omicron, and cellular immunity (interferon-gamma release assay) were tested in nursing home residents vaccinated with Pfizer, Moderna (both 30–31 weeks after the completion of vaccination), or AstraZeneca (23 weeks) vaccines. The prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was evaluated in Stata version 17. Results: 95.2% (95% CI: 92.5–97.1%) of the 375 participants had positive results of anti-S IgG, 92.8% (95% CI: 89.7–95.2%) were positive in virus neutralization assay against delta, and 89.0% (95% CI: 84.5–92.5%) in the interferon-gamma-releasing assay detecting cellular immunity. Results of the virus neutralization assay against omicron correlated with those against delta but the neutralization capacity was reduced by about half. As expected, the worst results were found for the AstraZeneca vaccine, although the vaccination-to-test period was the shortest for this vaccine. All immune parameters were significantly higher in convalescent residents than in naive residents after vaccination. No case of COVID-19 occurred during the vaccination-to-test period. Conclusions: A high immune response, especially among vaccinated convalescents (i.e., residents with hybrid immunity), was found in elderly nursing home residents 5–7 months after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. In view of this, it appears that such residents are much better protected from COVID-19 than those who are only vaccinated and the matter of individual approach to the booster dose in such individuals should be further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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9. Imbalanced Immune Response of T-Cell and B-Cell Subsets in Patients with Moderate and Severe COVID-19.
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Golovkin, Alexey, Kalinina, Olga, Bezrukikh, Vadim, Aquino, Arthur, Zaikova, Ekaterina, Karonova, Tatyana, Melnik, Olesya, Vasilieva, Elena, and Kudryavtsev, Igor
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COVID-19 ,COVID-19 pandemic ,T cells ,INTERLEUKIN-9 ,HUMORAL immunity ,IMMUNE response ,B cells - Abstract
Background: The immunological changes associated with COVID-19 are largely unknown. Methods: Patients with COVID-19 showing moderate (n = 18; SpO2 > 93%, respiratory rate > 22 per minute, CRP > 10 mg/L) and severe (n = 23; SpO
2 < 93%, respiratory rate >30 per minute, PaO2 /FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg, permanent oxygen therapy, qSOFA > 2) infection, and 37 healthy donors (HD) were enrolled. Circulating T- and B-cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: CD4+Th cells were skewed toward Th2-like phenotypes within CD45RA+CD62L− (CM) and CD45RA–CD62L− (EM) cells in patients with severe COVID-19, while CM CCR6+ Th17-like cells were decreased if compared with HD. Within CM Th17-like cells "classical" Th17-like cells were increased and Th17.1-like cells were decreased in severe COVID-19 cases. Circulating CM follicular Th-like (Tfh) cells were decreased in all COVID-19 patients, and Tfh17-like cells represented the most predominant subset in severe COVID-19 cases. Both groups of patients showed increased levels of IgD-CD38++ B cells, while the levels of IgD+CD38− and IgD–CD38− were decreased. The frequency of IgD+CD27+ and IgD–CD27+ B cells was significantly reduced in severe COVID-19 cases. Conclusions: We showed an imbalance within almost all circulating memory Th subsets during acute COVID-19 and showed that altered Tfh polarization led to a dysregulated humoral immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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