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Myopia is a serious threat to eye health and can even cause blindness. It is important to grade myopia and carry out targeted intervention. Nowadays, various studies using deep learning models based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to screen for high myopia. However, since regions of interest (ROIs) of pre-myopia and low myopia on OCT images are relatively small, it is rather difficult to use OCT images to conduct detailed myopia grading. There are few studies using OCT images for more detailed myopia grading. To address these problems, we propose a novel attention-based multi-scale feature fusion network named AMFF for myopia grading using OCT images. The proposed AMFF mainly consists of five modules: a pre-trained vision transformer (ViT) module, a multi-scale convolutional module, an attention feature fusion module, an Avg-TopK pooling module and a fully connected (FC) classifier. Firstly, unsupervised pre-training of ViT on the training set can better extract feature maps. Secondly, multi-scale convolutional layers further extract multi-scale feature maps to obtain more receptive fields and extract scale-invariant features. Thirdly, feature maps of different scales are fused through channel attention and spatial attention to further obtain more meaningful features. Lastly, the most prominent features are obtained by the weighted average of the highest activation values of each channel, and then they are used to classify myopia through a fully connected layer. Extensive experiments show that our proposed model has the superior performance compared with other state-of-the-art myopia grading models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmentation of regions of interest (ROIs) in medical images is an important step for image analysis in computer-aided diagnosis systems. In recent years, segmentation methods based on fully convolutional networks (FCNs) have achieved great success in general images. FCN performance is primarily due to it leveraging large labeled datasets to hierarchically learn the features that correspond to the shallow appearance as well as the deep semantics of the images. However, such dependence on large dataset does not translate well into medical images where there is a scarcity of annotated medical training data, and FCN results in coarse ROI detections and poor boundary definitions. To overcome this limitation, medical image-specific FCN methods have been introduced with post-processing techniques to refine the segmentation results; however, the performance of these methods is reliant on the appropriate tuning of a large number of parameters and dependence on data-specific post-processing techniques. In this study, we leverage the state-of-the-art image feature learning method of generative adversarial network (GAN) for its inherent ability to produce consistent and realistic images features by using deep neural networks and adversarial learning concept. We improve upon GAN such that ROI features can be learned at different levels of complexities (simple and complex), in a controlled manner, via our proposed dual-path adversarial learning (DAL). The outputs from our DAL are then augmented to the learned ROI features into the existing FCN training data, which increases the overall feature diversity. We conducted experiments on three public datasets with a variety of visual characteristics. Our results demonstrate that our DAL can improve FCN-based segmentation methods and outperform or be competitive in performances to the state-of-the-art methods without using medical image-specific optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automated segmentation of regions of interest (ROIs) in medical imaging is the fundamental requirement for the derivation of high-level semantics for image analysis in clinical decision support systems. Traditional segmentation approaches such as region-based depend heavily upon hand-crafted features and a priori knowledge of the user. As such, these methods are difficult to adopt within a clinical environment. Recently, methods based on fully convolutional networks (FCN) have achieved great success in the segmentation of general images. FCNs leverage a large labeled dataset to hierarchically learn the features that best correspond to the shallow appearance as well as the deep semantics of the images. However, when applied to medical images, FCNs usually produce coarse ROI detection and poor boundary definitions primarily due to the limited number of labeled training data and limited constraints of label agreement among neighboring similar pixels. In this paper, we propose a new stacked FCN architecture with multi-channel learning (SFCN-ML). We embed the FCN in a stacked architecture to learn the foreground ROI features and background non-ROI features separately and then integrate these different channels to produce the final segmentation result. In contrast to traditional FCN methods, our SFCN-ML architecture enables the visual attributes and semantics derived from both the fore- and background channels to be iteratively learned and inferred. We conducted extensive experiments on three public datasets with a variety of visual challenges. Our results show that our SFCN-ML is more effective and robust than a routine FCN and its variants, and other state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visualization analysis is crucial in healthcare as it provides insights into complex data and aids healthcare professionals in efficiency. Information visualization leverages algorithms to reduce the complexity of high-dimensional heterogeneous data, thereby enhancing healthcare professionals’ understanding of the hidden associations among data structures. In the field of healthcare visualization, efforts have been made to refine and enhance the utility of data through diverse algorithms and visualization techniques. This review aims to summarize the existing research in this domain and identify future research directions. We searched Web of Science, Google Scholar and IEEE Xplore databases, and ultimately, 76 articles were included in our analysis. We collected and synthesized the research findings from these articles, with a focus on visualization, artificial intelligence and supporting tasks in healthcare. Our study revealed that researchers from diverse fields have employed a wide range of visualization techniques to visualize various types of data. We summarized these visualization methods and proposed recommendations for future research. We anticipate that our findings will promote further development and application of visualization techniques in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertensive retinopathy (HR) can potentially lead to vision loss if left untreated. Early screening and treatment are critical in reducing the risk of vision loss. The computer-aided diagnostic system presents an opportunity to improve the efficiency and reliability of HR screening and diagnosis, particularly given the shortage of specialized medical professionals and the challenges faced by primary care physicians in making precise diagnoses. A notable barrier to the development of such diagnostic algorithms is the lack of publicly available benchmarks and datasets. To address these issues, we organized a challenge named “HRDC—Hypertensive Retinopathy Diagnosis Challenge” in conjunction with the Computer Graphics International (CGI) 2023 conference. The challenge provided a fundus image dataset for two clinical tasks: hypertension classification and HR classification, with each task containing 1000 images. This paper presents a concise summary and analysis of the submitted methods and results for the two challenge tasks. For hypertension classification, the best performing algorithm achieved a Kappa score of 0.3819, an F1 score of 0.6337, and a specificity of 0.8472. For HR classification, the best performing algorithm achieved a Kappa score of 0.4154, an F1 score of 0.6122, and a specificity of 0.8444. We also explored an ensemble approach to the top-ranking methods, which further improved performance beyond the individual best performing algorithm for each task. The challenge results show that there is room for further optimization of these methods, but the insights and methodologies derived from this challenge provide valuable directions for developing more precise and reliable classification models for hypertension and HR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) is widely used to diagnose high myopia due to its advantage in imaging the ocular anatomic structures. Although the scleral deformation provides information on the risk of the high myopia, further validation of these highly promising findings in clinical studies has been limited by the current semi-automated software, which requires human input, and the automatic analysis of the scleral structure is quite challenging due to the ambiguous boundaries. To address these challenges, we propose a deep contour attention network (DCANet) for automatic segmentation of scleral deformation structure. Specifically, we design a scale-aware attention feature fusion module to achieve cross-scale feature fusion, which can facilitate the network to learn complementary information from multi-scale features. In addition, we develop a pyramid feature enhancement module to allow the network to learn global contextual features through the combination of receptive field and attention mechanism, and we also propose a boundary heatmap label to enrich boundary information. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method on two in-house SS-OCT datasets. In addition to the multiple metrics that are used for evaluating the segmentation performance, including Jaccard similarity coefficient, dice similarity coefficient and boundary distance error, we also propose length similarity coefficient and angle similarity coefficient to evaluate the length estimation and angle estimation, respectively. The experimental results show that our method can effectively improve the segmentation performance, and our DCANet achieves the overall best performance on two datasets compared with other state-of-the-art networks. Our findings motivate the development of clinically applicable deep learning systems for the prediction of high myopia progression on the basis of the scleral phenotypes from SS-OCT images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]