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Fake news appears in digital spaces whether in written or audiovisual format. Its appearance of journalistic information can mislead recipients. Therefore, it is very important to know how to recognize them and protect oneself from their effects. Thus, the education system, particularly university education, can play a key role in this task. The aim of this bibliographic review is to identify the papers dealt with the perception of university students about fake news. In particular, this study focus on the different research methods used to analyze the perception of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a content analysis, this paper explores the features of fake news on Spanish politics registered on the Maldita.es, Newtral, EFE Verifica and Verificat verification platforms between January 1 and March 31, 2022. These messages are spread mainly through Twitter and Facebook, using the text as support. The predominance of the ideological purpose, the high presence of stories of absolute invention, the shared role of anonymous and supplanted sources, the use of the informative style and the preponderance of left-wing formations as the object of hoaxes are also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of Spain abroad is of the utmost importance for its politics in general and for establishing its hallmarks outside its borders. This paper analyzes the crisis it had in the global economic crisis of 2008 and following years through two Anglo-Saxon media and determines the importance of communication in public diplomacy and the need it had to achieve true country brand strategies to overcome the crisis. image bump that, to a greater or lesser extent caused by third parties, had at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main premise of this paper is based on the idea that Banksy adopts a historical iconography in the representation of the disease, adapted in language and format to the contemporary context of artistic production. Our aim is the observation and description of the evolution of an artistic theme with a certain iconography. This iconography is changing and adaptable to its historical context. We apply a critical analysis based on the consult of bibliographic references. The results conclude that the pandemic by Covid-19 finds in Banksy a paradigmatic creator of media art, or mediatized, connected to digitization of cultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aboard a new infographic design model that combines information design with ethnography. The field diary allows collecting the experience of graphic designers who have followed the Alicia model to design scientific infographics. Through participative action research and design ethnography, journals represent a collaborative autoethnography where narrative intervenes; establishing qualitative categories, it has been performed an interpretative process from notes in the journals. Positive results have been collected about the efficiency of the model, it facilitates the infographics design experience and allows the development of design thinking in practitioners that make scientific infographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the self-determined motivation among a group of young from an academic program of the National University of the Altiplano of Peru who use Facebook as a platform for collective construction of knowledge. The objective was to determine the level of self-determined motivation of students in learning activities. A mixed approach, qualitative and quantitative, was adopted. A Likert questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were carried out with 15 student volunteers. The results showed that the mean of intrinsic motivation prevails over that of extrinsic motivation and amotivation. Also, the use of Facebook fostered an increase in self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpretation and application of the guiding or governing principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, is of the utmost importance in the intervention of the child in judicial processes, since the nonconsideration of these principles could mean the violation of rights recognized in the Convention, which in turn will bring harmful consequences for the life and development of the child. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to identify the guiding principles or guidelines of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in order to later determine how the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has interpreted and applied these principles in specific cases, and thus specify which one, are the international standards on the intervention of the child in judicial proceedings, in accordance with the rulings of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to determine the type of civil liability that is generated, be it contractual or non-contractual, the active subjects to whom it could be attributed, whether they are the authors themselves, their parents or the school itself, and the applicable sanctions in the if said responsibility becomes effective in contexts of school violence within the various educational establishments in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this paper we intend to elucidate whether cultural diplomacy and international relations continue to constitute one of the main resources of soft power of the European Union, as instruments capable not only of enhancing its influence and leadership as a global actor, but also of generating key strategies to confront the great challenges that the Union is facing today. To this end, we will propose a series of recommendations for the preparation and implementation of a new strategy for European cultural diplomacy and international cultural relations, adapted to the current legal, geopolitical, social and health circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the consumption of complementary products, which by their nature are consumed or used with others to meet the needs or desires of the consumer. These products can see their link reinforced through price promotions, promotions that exert a lot of influence at the purchase time. To this purpose, a research is carried out with Spanish consumers analysing four categories of food through a survey of consumer behaviour interest. Through the results, it is highlight the importance of identifying complementarity between products, the preference for these complementarities and the planning of promotions between categories to be more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The film medium has undergone different technological developments that have allowed it to meet the expectations of the demanding spectator. In addition, there have been many cinematographic movements that have led the specialised critics to catalogue the different filmmakers. The dividing line between authorship and commerciality is becoming increasingly blurred. The science fiction genre has positioned itself as the most attractive genre in today's contemporary society. In this context, this research paper proposes an analysis of essential aspects of the Marvel Cinematic Universe that blurs the aforementioned line through a new identity of commercial authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to observe the transformation of photojournalism along Spanish Transition through a comparative analysis between two national newspapers: El País and ABC and a regional one: La Voz de Galicia. Try to check to what extent the trend pointed by El País was followed by the rest of the newspapers. It uses a sample of relevant news and is complemented by an interview with the photojournalist from La Voz de Galicia Xosé Castro.Results show that El País, from the beginning, establishes new paradigms in photojournalism; but these are not followed by the other newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper aims to conduct a longitudinal quasi-experimental study, taking as a sample the students of 3rd and 4th Grade of Primary Education Teacher of the year 2016 and 2022, all with the aim of analyzing their vision of the inclusion of women scientists. From this comparison, a correlation is established that interconnects with the progression of the current legislative framework during two periods, giving as results the clear importance of legislative evolution for the promotion of a more inclusive vision towards women in relation to their ability to access STEM areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation presents animal abuse as a manifestation of vicarious violence in the field of gender violence. It is contextualized within the framework of the theoretical current of Ecofeminism and the contributions of the main works published in Spain about the relation between animal abuse and gender violence. Three the pioneer Spanish intervention resources that work on maintaining the animal-human link in the protection and recovery of women victims-survivors of gender violence in the field of the couple or former partner are presented and analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the study of the initial stage of the process of women's incorporation into the teaching profession in the first faculties that formed part of the Central University of Madrid, from the time when legislation made it possible, in 1910, until the end of the civil war. The circumstances and factors that made their access to teaching possible were analysed, taking into account previous contributions through an in-depth bibliographical review, and a new list of women professors classified by faculties was compiled, which recovers and expands on the data obtained in other research, as a result of new enquiries in the historical archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the coverage of the femicides of Aurelia Briant (1984) and Alicia Muñiz (1988) in the Argentine newspapers La Nación and Diario Popular. It is a research with a qualitative approach that articulates categories of socio-semiotic, critical discourse analysis and enunciation theory. The results indicate that in one of the crimes the predominant interpretive key was that of a crime of passion, while the other constituted a condition of possibility to make visible what is currently called gender violence. And both are linked differently with the recent past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-COVID19 era, a new paradigm shift in the film market has become evident. The regional film model has been relegated to very specific circles, but with the current situation this could change. The aim of this paper is to study the Ugandan regional action film model, known as "Wakaliwood", together with a case in Spain whose proposal shares a similar approach to that used by Wakaliwood. The results indicate that a new iteration of the regional film model versus the classical production model can be successfully exported to the international market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe the evolution of disability in cinema via its relationship with the specialized press. We analysed all movies’ data sheets from ‘Filmaffinity’ (n=1,180), together with all the professional reviews highlighted in them (n=2,000). The results show a preponderance of drama over other genres, although it is documentaries that obtain the best reception from cultural press. Women and Anglophone media tend to value these productions more favourably. In addition, the quality of the records, according to these experts, increases year after year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The label has been linked to the differentiation of the sexes from the teaching and education itself, always predominating the masculine over the feminine. This paper is based on an inductive-deductive model, together with a comparison of the manuals in Spanish on urbanity and etiquette that have marked the studies of the subject, in order to study how it has evolved over the centuries from the point of view of education to women, analyze the differences and similarities, and be able to speak about the changes that have occurred within this discipline in the search for real equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the social media strategy of the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, during the first 30 days of the Russian invasion, between February 24 and March 25, 2022. The use of social media became a more effective communication tool than traditional channels, so his social media accounts served to keep the country informed of the actions the government was taking. At the same time, millions of people around the world were able to see the evolution of the war, according to Zelensky's point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is not the usual work on post-truth. It does not expose, assuming that there is a univocal concept of post-truth, how to avoid its danger. On the contrary, the paper attempts to question the very notion of post-truth. The procedure consists of a lexical-logical analysis and a hermeneutic synthesis of the definitions of "posttruth" in the most emblematic dictionaries of the English and Spanish languages. It studies, first, the unemotional pure reason of the OED, and, second, the naive intact realism of the DLE. The main conclusion is that the distinction between truth and post-truth is rhetorical-pragmatic, not ontological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FEAPS, the previous federation which gathered the intellectual disability associations in Spanish provinces is called now PLENA INCLUSIÓN -full inclusion-. This conceptual gap in its name shows clearly the new orientation nowadays in terms of communication: the social integration of these people. This paper suggests the analysis of Plena Inclusión´s strategic messages -their communicative footprints-. It will be researched Plena Inclusión´s associations web pages. The results will discover the scope of this new communicative trend in favour of integration followed by their institutions. The main conclusion considers Plena Inclusión as one of the best strategic corporate communication case-history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the organizational models most commonly used in media dedicated to fact-cheking, taking as a reference the classification made by Graves and Cherubini (2016). It distinguishes between the so-called Newsroom model and the NGO model, which respectively correspond to projects included in the functional structure of another media and to projects, often non-profit, that develop their activity independently. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is made of The Fact Checker and Maldita. es, two consolidated projects that exemplify the most relevant characteristics of each of these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the skills required of commercial communication professionals. The method used was descriptive documentary content analysis and the document analysed dealt with job offers with employment contracts at ESIC Business & Marketing School for the second half of 2019. A total of 438 offers were analysed. The demand for hybrid profiles is confirmed and the prominence of digital, content, analysis, social networks, web, SEM/SEO, English C1, advanced Excel, proactivity, ability to communicate and results orientation is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the 2016 US elections and the scandal around Facebook and Cambridge Analytica in 2018, the EU and several of its members promoted initiatives to fight disinformation. This paper focuses on one instrument, the "Permanent Commission against disinformation", created by the Government of Spain in 2020. It analyzes its background, parliamentary debates and early work, as well as similar instruments in Europe and USA. And it is hypothesized that this type of tool may not be an adequate solution to the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information in the press may reflect a certain informative bias in the published texts. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze what was the discursive construction that the Spanish economic press made of the term ‘Brexit’. To do this, a lexical-semantic analysis, based on the study of the semantic prosody of the nouns co-occurring with ‘Brexit’, was carried out. The results shown that the Spanish economic press present a mainly neutral editorial stance when reporting on Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the use of holograms and avatars in communication and political marketing. It explores its origin, types, extent, examples and real cases of its use in various areas; technical difficulties at the current stage of development; its application as a technique of persuasion in the political scenario, and some legal and ethical problems. It also reflects on how 5G and the creation and use of metaverses will be spaces that will consolidate these tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a fact that communication strategies in politics involve taking advantage of digital media and, more specifically, of social media, giving rise to politics 2.0. This paper analyses the communication that a sample of presidents of autonomous regions in Spain made on Twitter during the State of Alarm. Based on the methodology of content analysis, 1840 of their own tweets were analysed in order to determine what type of content they generated regarding the development of the health crisis, analysing how they said it and what topics they touched on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper entitled "Global Disinformation: Political and Economic Origins" locates and analyses the historical milestones that have led to the existence of information control and its interested manipulation, with the purpose of controlling and dominating the whole of civilization from political and economic power. This analysis reveals the tools and procedures geared to explain the state of growing misinformation against which citizens rebel at a global level, perceiving a threat to freedom of information, as well as against the set of fundamental freedoms of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the importance of the emotional content in the communication campaigns of universities to attract students for a research stay. To do so, 201 Spanish students that have finalised their Erasmus internships were interviewed. Besides, a biometric experiment was carried out with the Noldus Face Reader software that analyzes facial expressions. As a result, it was found that the prestige of the university is not so relevant, being the transmission of emotions of happiness considered the most important element for students when choosing a university. The results and their usefulness for the educational marketing are discussed in a dedicated section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the data visualizations incorporated in the online versions of the main hybrid newspapers in Spain and the United States to find out their features and the role they play in the articles. In addition to this objective, the aim is to determine whether there are significant differences in the use of visualizations in the practice of data journalism in national and foreign newspapers. Through a content analysis, the articles published during the year 2021 in the web versions of El País, El Mundo, The New York Times and The Washington Post were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the self-determined motivation among a group of young from an academic program of the National University of the Altiplano of Peru who use Facebook as a platform for collective construction of knowledge. The objective was to determine the level of self-determined motivation of students in learning activities. A mixed approach, qualitative and quantitative, was adopted. A Likert questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were carried out with 15 student volunteers. The results showed that the mean of intrinsic motivation prevails over that of extrinsic motivation and amotivation. Also, the use of Facebook fostered an increase in self-determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpretation and application of the guiding or governing principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, is of the utmost importance in the intervention of the child in judicial processes, since the nonconsideration of these principles could mean the violation of rights recognized in the Convention, which in turn will bring harmful consequences for the life and development of the child. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to identify the guiding principles or guidelines of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in order to later determine how the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has interpreted and applied these principles in specific cases, and thus specify which one, are the international standards on the intervention of the child in judicial proceedings, in accordance with the rulings of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to determine the type of civil liability that is generated, be it contractual or non-contractual, the active subjects to whom it could be attributed, whether they are the authors themselves, their parents or the school itself, and the applicable sanctions in the if said responsibility becomes effective in contexts of school violence within the various educational establishments in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this paper we intend to elucidate whether cultural diplomacy and international relations continue to constitute one of the main resources of soft power of the European Union, as instruments capable not only of enhancing its influence and leadership as a global actor, but also of generating key strategies to confront the great challenges that the Union is facing today. To this end, we will propose a series of recommendations for the preparation and implementation of a new strategy for European cultural diplomacy and international cultural relations, adapted to the current legal, geopolitical, social and health circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the consumption of complementary products, which by their nature are consumed or used with others to meet the needs or desires of the consumer. These products can see their link reinforced through price promotions, promotions that exert a lot of influence at the purchase time. To this purpose, a research is carried out with Spanish consumers analysing four categories of food through a survey of consumer behaviour interest. Through the results, it is highlight the importance of identifying complementarity between products, the preference for these complementarities and the planning of promotions between categories to be more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The film medium has undergone different technological developments that have allowed it to meet the expectations of the demanding spectator. In addition, there have been many cinematographic movements that have led the specialised critics to catalogue the different filmmakers. The dividing line between authorship and commerciality is becoming increasingly blurred. The science fiction genre has positioned itself as the most attractive genre in today's contemporary society. In this context, this research paper proposes an analysis of essential aspects of the Marvel Cinematic Universe that blurs the aforementioned line through a new identity of commercial authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to observe the transformation of photojournalism along Spanish Transition through a comparative analysis between two national newspapers: El País and ABC and a regional one: La Voz de Galicia. Try to check to what extent the trend pointed by El País was followed by the rest of the newspapers. It uses a sample of relevant news and is complemented by an interview with the photojournalist from La Voz de Galicia Xosé Castro. Results show that El País, from the beginning, establishes new paradigms in photojournalism; but these are not followed by the other newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper aims to conduct a longitudinal quasi-experimental study, taking as a sample the students of 3rd and 4th Grade of Primary Education Teacher of the year 2016 and 2022, all with the aim of analyzing their vision of the inclusion of women scientists. From this comparison, a correlation is established that interconnects with the progression of the current legislative framework during two periods, giving as results the clear importance of legislative evolution for the promotion of a more inclusive vision towards women in relation to their ability to access STEM areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation presents animal abuse as a manifestation of vicarious violence in the field of gender violence. It is contextualized within the framework of the theoretical current of Ecofeminism and the contributions of the main works published in Spain about the relation between animal abuse and gender violence. Three the pioneer Spanish intervention resources that work on maintaining the animal-human link in the protection and recovery of women victims-survivors of gender violence in the field of the couple or former partner are presented and analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the study of historical criminal law. Specifically, it analyzes the crimes against honesty in the Penal Codes of 1822, 1848 and 1876. In such a way that it is shown how the morality of Spanish society has been evolving during this time and how certain conducts have been penalized and others decriminalized. This is contrasted with the current Penal Code and its regulation of crimes against sexual freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the study of the initial stage of the process of women's incorporation into the teaching profession in the first faculties that formed part of the Central University of Madrid, from the time when legislation made it possible, in 1910, until the end of the civil war. The circumstances and factors that made their access to teaching possible were analysed, taking into account previous contributions through an in-depth bibliographical review, and a new list of women professors classified by faculties was compiled, which recovers and expands on the data obtained in other research, as a result of new enquiries in the historical archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the coverage of the femicides of Aurelia Briant (1984) and Alicia Muñiz (1988) in the Argentine newspapers La Nación and Diario Popular. It is a research with a qualitative approach that articulates categories of socio-semiotic, critical discourse analysis and enunciation theory. The results indicate that in one of the crimes the predominant interpretive key was that of a crime of passion, while the other constituted a condition of possibility to make visible what is currently called gender violence. And both are linked differently with the recent past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-COVID19 era, a new paradigm shift in the film market has become evident. The regional film model has been relegated to very specific circles, but with the current situation this could change. The aim of this paper is to study the Ugandan regional action film model, known as "Wakaliwood", together with a case in Spain whose proposal shares a similar approach to that used by Wakaliwood. The results indicate that a new iteration of the regional film model versus the classical production model can be successfully exported to the international market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe the evolution of disability in cinema via its relationship with the specialized press. We analysed all movies' data sheets from 'Filmaffinity' (n=1,180), together with all the professional reviews highlighted in them (n=2,000). The results show a preponderance of drama over other genres, although it is documentaries that obtain the best reception from cultural press. Women and Anglophone media tend to value these productions more favourably. In addition, the quality of the records, according to these experts, increases year after year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The label has been linked to the differentiation of the sexes from the teaching and education itself, always predominating the masculine over the feminine. This paper is based on an inductive-deductive model, together with a comparison of the manuals in Spanish on urbanity and etiquette that have marked the studies of the subject, in order to study how it has evolved over the centuries from the point of view of education to women, analyze the differences and similarities, and be able to speak about the changes that have occurred within this discipline in the search for real equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the social media strategy of the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, during the first 30 days of the Russian invasion, between February 24 and March 25, 2022. The use of social media became a more effective communication tool than traditional channels, so his social media accounts served to keep the country informed of the actions the government was taking. At the same time, millions of people around the world were able to see the evolution of the war, according to Zelensky's point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is not the usual work on post-truth. It does not expose, assuming that there is a univocal concept of post-truth, how to avoid its danger. On the contrary, the paper attempts to question the very notion of post-truth. The procedure consists of a lexical-logical analysis and a hermeneutic synthesis of the definitions of "posttruth" in the most emblematic dictionaries of the English and Spanish languages. It studies, first, the unemotional pure reason of the OED, and, second, the naive intact realism of the DLE. The main conclusion is that the distinction between truth and post-truth is rhetorical-pragmatic, not ontological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper offers a new take on various procedures and visual argumentative strategies that favor the interpretative transition found in the persuasive strategies of advertising and informative column writing. This analysis is centered on the appearance and narrative of one of the many ad campaigns that Oliviero Toscani carried out for Benetton and deconstructs the explicit aspects of the image used in the communicative process. To do so, the article relies on the praxis of photography as well as a qualitative approach that seeks to document in a reflexive and visual manner the reality that affects society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]