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In the fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) wireless communication system, using a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system for signal transmission and reception of the millimeter wave frequency band can effectively improve data rate performance and received signal quality. Besides, precoding is an important method of beamforming in MIMO transmission. With the properly selected precoding matrices, the transmitter and receiver can adjust the transmitting and receiving behaviors in accordance with the changes of the current channel state to reduce the interferences between users and increase the received signal strength. In this paper, a low complexity precoding selection method is proposed based on the steering angle characteristics of the precoding matrices of 5G NR. In addition, for this paper, we used the software defined radio to implement the precoding selection following the requirement of the specifications of 5G. With this implementation, both the transmitter and receiver can determine the suitable precoding matrices according to different precoding selection methods. Results showed that with a little error vector magnitude performance degradation, the proposed precoding selection method can reduce at least 50% of the required computational complexity of the full search method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, people want faster internet. That's why a new network called 5G is being developed to replace the old one, 4G. 5G is designed to improve everything, offering faster speeds and better service. One interesting feature of 5G is called H-CRAN, which saves energy and handles large amounts of data. H-CRAN combines small cells with large base stations to enhance performance. It's smarter at managing radio signals, avoiding waste and speeding up processes. In our paper, we discuss ways to further improve H-CRAN with energy-saving techniques. We call this approach EE H-CRAM. These techniques are like special tools for managing H-CRAN in 5G networks. Our aim is to make H-CRAN faster and more efficient using these methods, ultimately enhancing 5G networks overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signal strength in 5G mobile communication systems is significantly influenced by the surroundings, with key factors including the path difference, operating frequency, and obstructions at specific locations. Consequently, planning a communication system that can deliver improved signal strength becomes highly challenging. To address this issue, indoor path loss models are employed to estimate signal loss in different environments, frequencies, and distances. This paper introduces an intelligent multi-objective genetic algorithm aimed at enhancing path loss and received signal power. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed intelligent optimization algorithm against the traditional approach. The path loss and received power of various scenarios are estimated using various path loss models. The 5GCM indoor officce, 5GCM InH shopping mall, 3GPP TR 38.91 InH office, mmMAGIC InH office, METIS InH shopping mall, and IEEE 802.11 ad InH office indoor path loss models estimates the path loss of 62.37 dB, 62.15 dB, 63.12 dB, 50 dB, 55.18 dB, and 52.89 dB in traditional approach and 36.87 dB, 35.86 dB, 36.84 dB, 68.80 dB, 36.23 dB and 33.94 dB using GA approach and received powers of - 12.17 d B m , - 11.37 d B m , - 12.17 d B m , - 5.80 d B m , - 12.24 d B m and - 8.68 d B m in traditional approach and 26.13 dBm, 27.14 dBm, 26.15 dBm, - 5.80 d B m , 26.75 dBm and 29.05 dBm using GA approach repectively. The 5GCM and 3GPP models produces the path loss difference above 25 dB and mmMAGIC, METIS and IEEE models produces a path loss below 19 dB. Except mmMAGIC model, all models produces the recceiver power difference above 37 dBm. Therefore, the highest path loss difference of 26 dB is observed in 5GCM InH shopping mall model and the highest reccieved power difference of 39.01 dBm is observed in METIS InH shopping mall model. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed intelligent optimization approach outperforms the traditional approach across various indoor scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential for significant enhancements in the gain and return loss of a microstrip antenna through the meticulous design of slits and a triangular slot in the radiation patch, coupled with precise dimensioning of these elements and careful selection of the feeding point. To this end, a microstrip patch antenna with multiple slits and a triangular slot was designed and simulated on an FR-4 with a dielectric constant (ε) of 4.4. In the initial configuration, the antenna exhibited a gain of 2.3 dB at 5.79 GHz for the maximum Eɵ at θ = 6º, with an S11 value of -16.5 dB. The antenna biasing and feed position were carefully optimized to achieve the desired performance improvements, in addition to meticulous design considerations for gain and return loss enhancements. The optimized antenna demonstrated a gain of 6.2 dB at 6 GHz for Eɵmax at θ = 0º, along with an S11 value of -24.3 dB. The final optimized configuration was fabricated and subjected to rigorous laboratory measurements for validation. The proposed antenna demonstrated an S11 value of -18.6 dB, along with a corresponding gain of 5.4 dB for Eɵmax at θ = 0º at 6 GHz. Furthermore, it was observed that the bandwidth increased by 330 MHz compared to its initial state. Finally, a comparative table is presented comparing the proposed antenna with other similar antennas found in the literature. Based on this table, it is evident that the gain enhancement can be achieved in a remarkable manner without altering the overall dimensions of the antenna and without the need for an expensive substrate with high permittivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a systematic design and optimization process for a compact 0.27λ0 × 0.31λ0 multiband monopole antenna for Internet of Vehicles (IoV) applications, including navigation, Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Wi-Max, and 5G. The antenna's modified ground plane enables installation within a shark-fin module on a car roof, aligning with its low-profile dimensions and high performance. Structural modifications to the initial antenna element, including the T-shaped structure and integrated stub between quad rings, enable circular polarization in the GPS L1 band. With simulated total radiation efficiency exceeding 60% at four bands, numerical simulations and physical fabrication on an FR-4 substrate are followed by antenna radiation measurement in an anechoic chamber. The measured gain at 1.575 GHz, 2.6 GHz, 4.8 GHz, and 8 GHz is 1 dBi, 2.2 dBi, 3.2 dBi, and 3.8 dBi, respectively. Additionally, ray tracing techniques evaluate the antenna's performance when mounted on a car, considering interactions with other vehicular antennas and infrastructure in urban propagation scenarios. Urban propagation analysis illustrates efficient operation, characterized by minimal delay time, favorable line of sight, and controlled path loss at frequencies 2.6 GHz and 4.8 GHz. These findings demonstrate the antenna's potential for adoption in the automotive industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio frequency (RF) is perceived as one of the most popular wireless transmission candidate in the last decade however due to ever-increasing current generation bandwidth demands; it becomes incompetent to fulfil the requirements. A futuristic and high speed data transmission technique is replacing RF nowadays i.e. Free space optical communication (FSOC) because of its great potentials. Future generation communication systems require competent FSOC technology to sustain wireless traffic in 5G and 6G services. Because the features of FSOC and RF are complimentary, combining the two technologies is seen as a potential way to enable future communication systems. Hybrid RF/FSOC is a good way to overcome the limits of separate systems while still taking use of the beneficial aspects of each technology. Wireless systems use e.g. in hybrid RF/FSOC can increase individual network performance in terms of performance, dependability, and economical operations. In this work, a detailed review on FSOC systems is presented by doing the extensive literature review of reported research. Review covered key ideas consisting all sorts of FSOC systems, FSOC design with multiple and single beams, as part of the evaluation. The examination of rainfall and hazy effects on FSO signal transmission is also included in the review. The key benefits, future potential, and obstacles that must be addressed in order to successfully implement FSOC for 5G paradigms are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beamforming using highly directional antennas is inevitable to compensate the propagation losses and enable communication in the millimeter wave (mmWave) band. However, this directivity makes mmWave links fragile and sensitive to environment dynamics and blockage. Consequently, initial access and management of the mmWave links in dynamic environments turns to be a big challenging issue, especially in dense network scenarios. In particular, a massive amount of beamforming training (BT) overhead with high delay is needed to establish the mmWave link between a user device (UD) and the deployed small cells (SCs). The consequences are become more severe in case of mobility, since frequent handovers (HOs) between different beams/SCs is needed to preserve the connection with moving UDs. Inspired by the fact that directionality makes the mmWave communications to be geometry and location driven, this paper proposes a geometry-based schemes for the initial access and management of mmWave links. In the proposed schemes, geometric information of the target area including the UDs locations, SCs coordinates and the target area maps are exploited to alleviate the complexity of the exhaustive-based BT. The high impact of the proposed mmWave link initial access and management schemes over the conventional ones in different terms such as BT complexity and total energy consumption rates is proved via simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The congestion management mechanism is essential to manage the explosive evolution of data traffic associated with advanced applications and services in the 5G system. As a result, we suggest a novel methodology to manage congestion for mobile edge computing in the 5G system. Furthermore, the proposed model enhances delay, energy consumption, and throughput. The enhanced random early detection strategy and the K-means approach are used in the suggested model to execute this. Also, a virtual list is realized to maintain packet information and suit more packets. The proposed model is realized in NS2 green cloud simulator. In comparison with the traditional cloud model and the fog computing model, the simulation results confirm that the proposed model reduces delay, boosts throughput, and decreases energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-element array antenna design plays a vital role in digital wireless communications, present fifth-generation mobile communications, and non-terrestrial network or satellite communications. The aim and objective of this research are to differentiate the radiation characteristics on uniformly circular, planar, and linear arrays with centrally-fed microstrip patched antenna equally using 9-element array components. To improve the performance with high power transmission, reduced power consumption of user equipment, and enhanced spectral efficiencies antenna arrays are used as important components. The basic design theory and techniques are described and proposed. In this paper, 12 Giga Hertz are proposed in the design work of uniformly circular, planar, and linear array antenna systems operating frequency. They are typically focused on two main design objectives here: the radius of the array is a quarter wavelength and spacing between centers of arrays is the half wavelength of center frequency respectively. This research presents and demonstrates state-of-the-art uniform circular, planar, and linear arrays for mm-wave mobile stations, base stations, and low Earth orbit satellites with an emphasis on microstrip patched and circular shape type arrays. In this work, the performance is analyzed for 3 different types of antennas and a satisfactory performance is made possible by the exploitation of specific bandwidths to operate at a given signal-to-noise ratio as observed from Shannon's theoretical capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of today's networking technologies, user localization has been a formidable challenge for recent applications. There are different approaches in pursuit of heightened position detection of an end-user with the help of GPS, Wi-Fi fingerprint and 5G equipment. However, these approaches require both deployment and maintenance costs because of equipment establishment for position tracking. Moreover, they are not capable of minimizing the localization error, especially for indoor scenarios to track the indoor position of an end-user. Hence, there is an urgent need to delve deeper into innovative approaches to drive further advancements in user localization. In response, Machine Learning (ML) approaches have recently been widely adapted to predict the localization of end-users with minimum error. More specifically, average localization error (ALE) of an end-user can be predicted in a cost-effective way by using proper data and ML methods. For this purpose, we have investigated different ML approaches to get an accurate ALE prediction scheme for 5G networks with mobile end-users. Accordingly, an existing dataset is utilized to generate localization data of end-users in which the ALE is directly calculated by Received Signal Strength Indicator. Moreover, three different normalization approaches are applied for the overarching goal of increased data quality. Consequently, six different ML algorithms, including Linear regression, support vector machine with three different kernels, Gaussian process, and ensemble least-squares boosting (LSBoost) are evaluated with respect to a set of evaluation criteria including R, R2, RMSE, and MAE. The evaluation outcomes emphasize that ensemble LSBoost method, in the context of localization prediction, outperforms the other approaches and is sufficient to yield a viable learning strategy for ALE prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of fifth Generation of cellular communication with its key features that superior over all the precedent generations. However, there are some challenges need to be taken into consideration. The main crucial part of communication system is the receiver and as it is known there are two main types of receivers which can be used to demodulate the signals and recover the transmitted data. In this paper, we used those two types of algorithm receivers which are the Non-Coherent and Coherent receivers. They are firstly demonstrated in details in accordance with receiver specification design and then moved to the practical side of implementation. In which novelty of our work is highlighted, by carrying out those different algorithms on the ADSP 21364 SHARC board where initially sampling the received DPSK signal, design the Bandpass and lowpass digital filtering respectively and all to be compiled by Analog Devices VisualDSP + + software that is programmed by C language prior to download to the ADSP Board chip. The same algorithm is followed in the frame synchronization for both of them by detecting the message through distinguishing the preamble of the message " + + + + " data which is before the 72 bytes (real message).Then that actual message will be stored and dumped to the memory and displayed to ensure from the received message whether it is corrupted with errors or not. However, it is clearly noticed that the Coherent receiver is more efficient than the Non-coherent, but it still a bit expensive because used double look-up tables for cosine and sine in IQ converter. Finally, coherent receiver with Costas loop algorithm was implemented as well to improve the previous differential detection scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work Aperture Coupled Feed (ACF) microstrip patch antenna for 5G communication is proposed. The proposed antenna has a very compact size of 2.2 × 2.2 × 0.3λg (mm3), it is printed on Rogers RT Duroid 5880 with ε r = 2.2. The antenna having two vertical layer of 0.8 mm separated by air gap of 0.035 mm. The upper edge of substrate has a circular ring patch working as radiator whereas bottom having no metallization. Upper portion of lower substrate has plus shape slot and at bottom is a rectangular feed line acting as feeder to patch antenna. The antenna operatable from 36.84 to 46.78 GHz and having an operating frequency of 38.40 GHz. The overall B.W% achieved is 25.91% and peak gain observed to be 7.32 dB. The measured results are in close agreement with the simulated one. Prior to approaching ACF technique, a conventional microstrip patch antenna with circular radiator with size of 2.2 × 2.2 × 0.15λg (mm3), printed on single PCB of same material was considered. The antenna gets operatable from 33.07 to 39.5 GHz and resonating at 38.02 GHz. The overall B.W% achieved is 17.10% and peak gain of 8.1 dB. Both antennas are good candidature for 5G Communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wireless communication, the microstrip triplexer is considered a promising solution for efficiently transmitting large quantities of data by enabling the combination or separation of three signals on the same transmission channel. In this context, this paper presents a new octagonal triplexer, which operates at 3.5, 5 and 6 GHz. The proposed structure combines both coupling and meandrous lines to form the octagonal symmetric bandpass filters that are connected to realize the compact triplexer. In order to validate the proposed triplexer design, an approximated equivalent inductance-capacitance model of the presented octagonal meandrous resonator is analyzed, developed and confirmed. Consequently, the triplexer topology is both innovative and compact, taking up a remarkably small space of 0.0033 λg2 while providing high isolation (S23, S34, S24) between the three channels of approximately 25 dB, low insertion losses (S21, S31, and S41) of about 1.5, 1.5, and 1.46 dB, respectively, and good return loss (S11) exceeding 17 dB. The proposed triplexer is fabricated and measured where the measurements and simulations are competitive. This agreement proves that our triplexer is a strong candidate for the 5 G, Wi-Fi and satellite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to describe a compact 4-port MIMO planar antenna with a high axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) that is suitable for usage in 5G applications that operate at frequencies lower than 6 GHz. The optimized dimension of the proposed antenna element is 37 × 30 × 0.8 mm3 and FR-4 substrate has been used as a dielectric material with relative permittivity of 4.4, and a height of 1.6 mm. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth (− 10 dB) in the range of 3.3–4.3 GHz (Simulated)/3.4–4.7 GHz (measured), with a 3-dB ARBW of 3.0–4.4 GHz (simulated)/3.0–4.0 GHz (measured) respectively. The configuration that has been suggested for a MIMO antenna consists of a single entity that has a radiating element in the shape of a T and a ground plane in the shape of a C, both of which are co-planar. The findings of the simulation are then validated by the measurement results which are carried out by using the VNA55071C Vector network analyzer. The suggested module has the potential to serve as a MIMO antenna for impending fifth-generation wireless applications as it achieves an isolation level of better than 15 dB, has an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.005, and has a diversity gain (dB) > 9.95 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces log periodic dipole antenna based quasi-Yagi antennas that are well-suited for advanced multi-band wireless applications. The examined antennas in this study are fed by means of a coaxial feed. Impedance matching was achieved through utilization of an impedance transformer (balance to unbalance). The antennas discussed herein, labeled as antennas 1 and 2, provide a total of four and five operational bands, respectively. The first antenna exhibits resonance frequencies at 2.11 GHz, 5.4 GHz, 6.55 GHz, and 8.55 GHz. The related values for gain, bandwidth, and FBR (front-to-back ratio) at these resonances are (5 dB, 3.7 dB, 2.6 dB, and 3.3 dB), (42.6%, 14.8%, 7.63%, and 22.22%) and (10 dB, 5.5 dB, 7 dB, and 5.5 dB), respectively. Similarly, the second antenna showcases resonant frequencies positioned at 1.795 GHz, 2.54 GHz, 3.835 GHz, 5.1 GHz, and 7.11 GHz. At these resonances, gain, bandwidth, and FBR (front-to-back ratio) are (5.61 dB, 4.91 dB, 4.48 dB, 3.25 dB, and 2.44 dB), (8.35%, 36.2%, 2.0%, 20.2%, and 7.59%), and (20.30 dB, 13.83 dB, 10.22 dB, 14.59 dB, and 14 dB), respectively. Given these values, the aforementioned antennas prove to be beneficial for WLAN, and 6 GHz (5.925–7.125 GHz) Wi-Fi applications, and 4G-LTE bands 3, 7, 16, 46, and 84. Finally, the measured data was compared with the analytical data for validation of the proposed antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter wave bands (30–300 GHz) are attracting a lot of research attention because they can possibly lead to data rates of nearly 10 Gbits/s, a lot of accessible bandwidth, narrow beam, good transmission quality, and excellent detection abilities compared to microwave frequencies which are restricted to 1 Gbits/s. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the recent research developments on antenna designing specifically at 30, 60 and 120 GHz mmWave wireless communication bands along with their characteristics, applications, limitations, material selection, challenges, and proposed solutions. Several mmWave antennas published in the literature are covered in this study, including their type, characteristics, design challenges, and future research prospects. A comparison of various mmWave antennas published recently are analysed in terms of gain, bandwidth, efficiency, number of elements and type of antenna technology. At last, the design techniques such as Antenna-in-Package (AiP), Antenna-on-Chip (AoP) and various fabrication technologies are described including their merits as well as demerits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of Fifth Generation (5G) wireless technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in a transformative era of enhanced connectivity and services. However, this combination has also introduced a multifaceted security landscape that necessitates a comprehensive approach to mitigate emerging threats. This paper provides an exhaustive exploration of the 5G Security Threat Landscape investigating the intricacies of security challenges while harnessing innovative solutions to protect the IoT ecosystem. The study comprehensively unravels the diversity of security requirements, including critical aspects such as authentication, encryption, network slicing, and security by design, threat detection, and collaborative frameworks. By elucidating these foundational pillars, the paper highlights the interconnection between security paradigms and technological advancements, under scoring the pivotal role played by Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and blockchain technologies in enhancing security measures. Through an integration of interdisciplinary research, the study emphasizes the imperative of synchronizing collective efforts among stakeholders to mitigate vulnerabilities and facilitate a secure IoT environment within the dynamic 5G landscape. As the technological landscape evolves, this research contributes to the ongoing research of securing the digital infrastructures, at par with researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, as they collectively set up a secure and resilient cyberspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth in the popularity of reconfigurable antennas has been observed recently. Because of the fast progress of wireless communication technology in current wireless applications with large data rates, multimode and cognitive radio operations are implemented with reconfigurable antennas. These antennas are well-suited for wireless applications, including 4G and 5G mobile devices, due to their versatile capabilities. These include requiring minimal front-end processing, providing strong isolation, and effectively rejecting signals outside the desired frequency bands. In this article, we reviewed some of the latest reconfigurable antenna designs that have recently been proposed for use in wireless communications, including cognitive-ratio, MIMO, ultra-wideband, and 4G and 5G mobile terminals. It investigated the fundamental properties and characteristics of reconfigurable antennas with single and multiple reconfigurability modes. This study examines related publications on reconfigurable antennas across a variety of platforms to determine methodologies. In the present year, the examination of reconfigurable antennas involves addressing various complexities in their development and analysis. The existing methodologies exhibit certain advantages and constraints, which are studied upon. Furthermore, emerging research hurdles in this domain are identified and proposed. Each concept and its design techniques are analysed, with merits, limitations, and future improvement highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-capacity data transmission over an optical communication network is the bottleneck to meeting future communication needs due to the substantial growth in the data transmission requirements, which increased yearly at an average rate of more than 25%. The new generation 5G, beyond 5G and 6G proven to be the most promising technology to meet such high-capacity data transmission requirements. Also, 60 GHz (mm-wave) would be the most promising candidate for wireless high-capacity data transmission between multiple radio terminals. The optical domain techniques, such as coherent detection and optical heterodyning for generating 60 GHz (mm-wave) signals, are adequate, mature, and cost-effective solutions for high-capacity data transmission. We propose a 60 GHz radio over fibre (RoF) system design and its performance analysis which established a noteworthy 168 Gbits/s high-capacity data transmission using 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, optical heterodyning, coherent detection, and advanced digital signal processing (ADSP) chain. The optimized version of the optical heterodyne technique generates a 60 GHz radio frequency signal for connecting various radio nodes over the wireless channel. The decisive and crucial part of the designed system is the ADSP chain which is effectively used to mitigate the impairments generated, and it also improves the signal spectral efficiency and results in long-distance data transmission. The proposed RoF system design and its performance analysis prove that the 28 Gbaud high-capacity data transmission is achieved for more than 172 km distance of Standard Single Mode Fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent scenario for 5G communication demands major rise in user connectivity. To address this issue 5G communication makes use of sparse code multiple access (SCMA) techniques with multi-user-detection. SCMA employs codebook design techniques to enhance the performance parameters which in turn improve the multi user detection. Due to dynamic requirements of the users in 5G a modified version of SCMA: Irregular SCMA is proposed serve dynamic business requirements of the users. This method enforces codebook design with non-uniform degree distribution for the factor matrix. The degree distribution is a matrix that explains the interconnectivity between the users and the resources. To satisfy the performance requirements of a communication system, Irregular SCMA: with non-uniform degree distribution proves to be an optimal solution. The number of codebooks assigned to each user is also non-uniform. For better spreading gain with multi-user connectivity the number of non-zero elements can be increased, whereas for improved connectivity, in case of small packets the number of non-zero elements in the factor matrix is decreased. This article aims at explaining different methods used to design the codebook for Irregular SCMA with its decoding techniques. Considering these methods, an optimal codebook design of irregular SCMA is proposed in this article that yields a better symbol error rate for higher values of SNR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive radio (CR) technology has become an integral part of 5G and beyond systems owing to its ability to improve spectrum utilization. Allocation of resources to the cognitive secondary users with the aim of enhancing the total throughput will increase spectral efficiency (SE) only. Energy efficiency (EE) should also be given due consideration since huge power consumption may lead to various adverse effects such as increased operational costs among many others. In this work, a new heuristic approach called Indigent User Favouring Subcarrier Allocation (IUFSA) is proposed for efficient allocation of subcarriers to the SUs in an underlay CR network, with focus on improving the SE–EE tradeoff. Simulation results show that IUFSA improves the SE–EE tradeoff by a maximum of 59.2% compared to other conventional subcarrier allocation techniques considered. It also performs close to optimal Munkre's (Hungarian) assignment algorithm. The results are obtained by performing extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Simulation parameters are chosen as per 3GPP release 15 5G TR 138,901 specifications to ensure that the results are close to practical deployment scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently completed 5G framework is the outcome of a few advanced technologies. Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), millimeter wave communication, and network densification are examples of these technologies. However, there are two disadvantages to this technology. (1) the lack of control over the wireless channel, and (2) the wireless interface's excessive power consumption. The concept of re-configurable intelligent reflecting surface has emerged to answer the need for green and cost-effective future cellular networks. In this study, we'll look at how using an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) improve the performance of moderate MIMO communication in terms of the rate, SINR, energy efficiency and transmit power metrics. Despite the fact that the underlying issue is non-convexity, we use lagrangian dual transform and quadratic transform to change and rearrange the original issue. After that, active and passive beam forming improved alternatively using an alternating direction method of multiplier algorithm (ADMM). The IRS-aided system with a reasonable number of antennas at the access point (AP) outperforms the massive MIMO without IRS in terms of sum rate, SINR, energy efficiency and transmit power metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to simplify the complex wireless communication system while maintaining good electrical performance and reducing the cost, a new compact design has been developed that combines two essential components of the wireless communication chain, the filter and the antenna, into a single multifunctional device capable of radiating and filtering. This filtering antenna, also known as a filtenna, was designed and manufactured for use in 5G sub-6 GHz and wireless applications at the n77-band (3.3–4.2 GHz). The structure consists of a hairpin filter made up of three folded U-shaped resonators integrated with a monopole antenna having a diamond-shaped radiating element. The strength of our work is that we were able to create a compact, small, and low-cost design while achieving good electrical performance. The simulated and measured results are compatible, the reflection coefficient showed a good impedance matching for both resonance frequencies 3.57 GHz and 4.10 GHz (|S11|≤ − 10 dB), as well as a voltage standing wave ratio less than 2. Several other results will be presented and discussed later in this article. The software used for the simulation is High-Frequency Structure Simulator (ANSYS HFSS) which employs the finite element approach. A prototype of the filtenna (filtering Antenna) was fabricated and measured using the vector network analyzer 3656D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern communication systems are probable to surface new challenges while introducing innovative fronts concerning context consciousness in wireless networks. The main outcome behind this expected technological jump will be a whole novel set of intuiting aptitudes forecasted for Fifth Generation (5G) enabled devices. In line with 5G, Software Defined Networking (SDN) is also rising as an intrinsically novel phenomenon. SDN is an unconventional methodology and key technology in modern communication. SDN maintains favorable novelty about network programmability, where network administration is permitted with extraordinary intellections. SDN architecture has the prospective to allow, simplify or augment security implementations in network through instantly reprogrammable centralized view of the data plane. In the near future, 5G and SDN will ripe mobile communication through the development of state-of-the-art implementations such as a smart city, advanced military security, modern national defense, intelligent traffic, etc.; thereby, these emerging mobile communication concepts invoke various significant topics, where security is a paramount implication. Therefore, we initiate our focus from basic architecture of 5G and SDN. Next, we analyze security requirements, solutions and challenges in joint paradigm of 5G and SDN. Further, considering the modern communication technological shift, we discuss future trends and research directions in the joint era of 5G and SDN technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising technique for increasing the number of users in a wireless network is Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) which improves the spectral efficiency and unfairness in communication by using same wireless resource to more than one user. The wireless technologies such as millimeter wave communication, physical layer security, grant free communication, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output communication, and visible light communication are combined with NOMA flexibly to increase energy efficiency, scalability, and spectral efficiency to enhance the performance of future wireless communication network. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review and detailed description on combination of NOMA with existing 5G and beyond 5G wireless techniques. The benefits of these techniques when combined with NOMA are described to identify the supremacy of the NOMA with 5G wireless systems. Moreover, we also describe the existing challenges faced during combination of NOMA with 5G and beyond 5G and future research directions are also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine Learning (ML) predictions are envisioned to influence the implementation of 5G networks. 5G heterogeneous networks (Hetnets) are characterized by the combined operation of small cells or small base stations and a main base station in every macrocell coverage area of the cellular network. A vital performance indicator is the network energy efficiency that reflects the system power consumption and the user throughput. The small cells being additional hardware, play a key role in increasing the overall power consumed which can be curbed by incorporating a strategy to turn off the appropriate small cells without affecting the quality of service. User throughput prediction is another key engineering task in mobile communications. In this paper, we propose an ML based small cell ON/OFF algorithm in 5G Hetnets to address the challenges of throughput reduction and optimum power consumption in the small cell switching process. The proposed algorithm is executed as follows: The network parameters or predictors that affect the system throughput are carefully identified. Through multiple linear regression, the correlation between the predictors and the throughput is evaluated. Based on this analysis the ML model is trained to predict the throughput as well as the required number of active small cells for any set of input parameters. The largest RSRP (Received Signal Reference Power) criteria select the small cells that are to be kept ON. Simulation results justify an improvement in throughput and energy efficiency of the proposed scheme by 17% as compared to the benchmark schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since higher band of 5G handles the frequencies from 24 to 47 GHz near the basement of the millimeter-wave band and also Ka-band which uses the frequency from 27 to 40 GHz for satellite communication, in this work an antenna array is designed at the operating frequency of 31 GHz which is used for both of the applications. But, as this frequency falls in the millimeter-wave range, absorption of the millimeter-wave energy by water vapor to overcome the atmospheric attenuation is high in long-range communication systems and also it severely suffers from path loss during propagation because of the high frequency. To overcome these problems, a high gain antenna is essentially required. In this paper, a high gain 1 × 4 linear antenna array is designed using High Frequency SS simulation software at 31 GHz with the microstrip patch elements with Roggers/RT duroid 5880 as the substrate using the corporate feed technique. This proposed antenna is fabricated and gives a gain of 14.76 dB which is large as compared to other structures of antenna arrays with the same and more number of elements and obtains a return loss of − 43.12 dB at the 31 GHz operating frequency. A single patch antenna and 1 × 2 array antennas are also designed and fabricated. Simulated results of the three are verified with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates a frequency-switchable, multi-mode operation antenna contingent on ground structure slots and suitable for 4G, 5G/sub 6 GHz and other modern systems. In earlier research work, researchers used the approach of putting slots on the radiator or ground to create frequency-reconfigurable antenna designs. This antenna acquired benefits, in particular compactness, wide-bandwidth, and a consistent far-field pattern due to the amalgamation of slots on the patch and defects in the ground. The proposed antenna used various slots on the substrate's top and a π shaped DGS on the bottom layer. The pin-diodes embedded in the defects of the ground ensured the frequency agility and permitted the design to tune to various resonances. Data observed from experiment is used to demonstrate the antenna's performance. The modelling approach and analytical values manifest that this antenna could indeed reconfiguration between different operating bands, encompassing the frequency range from 2.2 to 8.9 GHz, by switching between four operating modes. The antenna can operate in a wide range of commercial bands, including WLAN, Bluetooth (2.4 to 2.5 GHz), 4G-LTE (2.3 to 2.7 GHz), S-band (2 to 4 GHz), Radio-Navigation (2.7 to 2.9 GHz), and 5G-sub6GHz (3.2 to 4.7 GHz). The antenna presented has narrowband to wideband characteristics, an omnidirectional radiation, fair gain (1.6 dB to 5.9), and an efficiency from 87 to 93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks will provide gigabit-per-second data rates from massive antenna array combined with the emerging use of large and unexploited millimeter wave (mm-Wave) bands (30–300 GHz) in small cells. Channel estimation for sparse mm-Wave MIMO systems is a difficult task. This is because of a large number of coefficients to be estimated, lower scattering nature, and blockage of mm-Wave by many materials in the environment. This paper will be the opportunity to implement the sparse channel estimation in the 5G cellular networks. In this work, we propose compressed-sensing (CS) based solutions and implements hybrid MIMO architecture for the proposed algorithm, OMP algorithm, and oracle estimator with different mm-Wave MIMO setups. Simulation results show that as compared to the OMP algorithm, proposed algorithm requires 16.9 times less computation time, and significant improvement is seen in normalized mean squared error (NMSE). Also, in the analysis, we found that the performance of the hybrid MIMO approaches near-optimal to conventional fully digital precoder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) based ultra-dense network is the possible solution to cope up with the exponential growth in data traffic. The HetNet deployment provides benefits of load balancing, better connectivity and higher data rate to the users. However, the diversity in transmit power results in downlink (DL)/uplink (UL) imbalance and poses a serious issue in mobility management. Adoption of DL/UL decoupled (DUDe) handover (HO) method where DL and UL HO occurs separately which could possibly improve the user's quality of service and network performance. The control parameters involved in this DUDe HO procedure should be properly configured to achieve the expected performance. In this work, simulation analysis has been carried out to explore the dependency of these control parameters on various factors such as Inter-Site-Distance (ISD), velocity and offloading. The analytical results provide interesting insights about the control parameter configuration in decoupled wireless connection. From the analysis results, measurement configuration strategy has been developed to configure the HCP in decoupled HO method. The results show the proposed method achieves increase in dwell time when compared to the legacy coupled HO method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 outburst has encouraged the adoption of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) network to empower the antiquated healthcare system and alleviate the health care costs. To realise the functionalities of the IoMT network, 5G heterogeneous networks emerged as an exemplary connectivity solution as it facilitates diversified service provisioning in the service delivery model at more convenient care. However, the crucial challenge for 5G heterogeneous wireless connectivity solution is to facilitate agile differentiated service provisioning. Lately, considerable research endeavour has been noted in this direction but multiservice consideration and battery optimisation have not been addressed. Motivated by the gaps in the existing literature, an intelligent radio access technology selection approach has been proposed to ensure Quality of Service provisioning in a multiservice scenario on the premise of battery optimisation. In particular, the proposed approach leverages the concept of Double Deep Reinforcement Learning to attain an optimal network selection policy. Eventually, the proposed approach corroborated by the rigorous simulations demonstrated a substantial improvement in the overall system utility. Subsequently, the performance evaluation underlines the efficacy of the proposed scheme in terms of convergence and complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of Internet of Things devices is growing exponentially with the introduction of 5G. They are incorporated into a wide spectrum of devices ranging from our mobile phones to healthcare tracking devices. With the advent of 5G and quantum computers, traditional cryptography algorithms will be deprecated and will be prone to quantum attacks by the use of Shor's algorithm. Thus, there is a need for making Quantum Secure Cryptography Algorithms that can be utilized in 5G IoT environments. In this paper, we propose algorithms to efficiently encrypt data streams in a 5G enabled IoT environment and we establish their proof of hardness and security against quantum attacks, eavesdropping, chosen plaintext attacks, chosen ciphertext attacks, and public key attacks. The proposed algorithm is compared to leading NIST-approved post-quantum (PQ) cryptography algorithms like LWE, LIZARD, and NTRU. On the basis of the total time taken to perform operations, our symmetric algorithm is 70 times faster than the aforementioned symmetric algorithms and our asymmetric algorithm is 10 times faster than the above-stated asymmetric algorithms. Both our algorithms use 6000 times lesser memory than the algorithms mentioned above. The proposed algorithms provide a complete security framework for IoT devices against quantum attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device-to-device (D2D) communication requires maximization of throughput of D2D user by efficient transmission power control of D2D users in 5G network. We consider a scenario where D2D users are more than the cellular users and discuss the optimization problem with maximum power and SINR threshold constraints. We formulate the problem as a mixed integer non-linear programming problem, which is NP-hard in general. We propose a solution of this problem with the help of Simulated annealing-based resource allocation and power control (SARAPC) approach. First, we control the transmit power with the help of Brunn-Minkowski theorem and then in the second stage, we optimize the maximum throughput of d2d user with the help of simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed power control approach performs better in comparison with the Dinkelbach and Gale-Shapley method by about 12.31 & 18.5%, 12.33 & 26.27% and 12.23 & 21.46%. The customizability of the SARAPCA technique opens up multiple avenues and IoT applications in Agriculture in 5G networks such as Remote sensing, smart farming and water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an economical assessment of the benefits of introducing 5G technologies into pilot use cases pertaining to the railroad transportation and energy sectors. For each of the pilots, undergone by EFACEC Engenharia e Sistemas and EFACEC Energia, respectively, under the scope of the H2020 5Growth project, the expenditure and benefits expected from introducing 5G capabilities over their on-going operations are evaluated regarding the Portugal case, and are also scaled to assess the European-wide case. The main objective of the study summarized in this paper is to understand if solutions proposed by the H2020 5Growth project, and 5G as a whole, are also advantageous from an economic point of view. The results of the techno-economic analysis reported in this paper show, on a European scale, millions of euros saved by the different stakeholders involved in the deployment of 5G solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At cellular wireless communication systems, channel estimation (CE) is one of the key techniques that are used in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing modulation (OFDM). The most common methods are Decision‐Directed Channel Estimation, Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation (PACE) and blind channel estimation. Among them, PACE is commonly used and has a steadier performance. Applying deep learning (DL) methods in CE is getting increasing interest of researchers during the past 3 years. The main objective of this paper is to assess the efficiency of DL-based CE compared to the conventional PACE techniques, such as least-square (LS) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimators. A simulation environment to evaluate OFDM performance at different channel models has been used. A DL process that estimates the channel from training data is also employed to get the estimated impulse response of the channel. Two channel models have been used in the comparison: Tapped Delay Line and Clustered Delay Line channel models. The performance is evaluated under different parameters including number of pilots (64 pilots or 8 pilots), number of subcarriers (64), the length of cyclic prefix (16 or 0 samples) and carrier frequency (4 GHz) through computer simulation using MATLAB. From the simulation results, the trained DL estimator provides better results in estimating the channel and detecting the transmitted symbols compared to LS and MMSE estimators although, the complexity of the proposed LSTM estimator exceeds the equivalent LS estimator. Furthermore, the DL estimator also demonstrates its effectiveness with various pilot densities and with different cyclic prefix periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a new methodology for applying the phased array antenna method to MIMO technology with the ability to provide improved frequency diversity and isolation properties is discussed. The radiator serves to attenuate sub-3 GHz bands by providing 1800 phase difference in the input signal at both the ports simultaneously. A network of asymmetric dual split-split ring resonators is loaded beneath the antenna model to give consistent isolation characteristics between 3.5 and 5.8 GHz. At 3.5 GHz, the gain of 4.23 dBi while 5.6 dBi at 5.8 GHz is attained with the volume of (23 × 23 × 1.6) mm3. The electromagnetic coupling effect between the ports was measured to be − 15 dB without any decoupling structures throughout the bandwidth 3.2 and 6.2 GHz. The MIMO benchmarks such as Envelope Correlation Coefficient of 0.003, Diversity Gain of 9.8 dB, and Total Active Reflection Coefficient less than − 15 dB were obtained from the proposed radiator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A beam-steering antenna based on non-uniform metasurface superstrate and artificial magnetic conductor (AMC), operating at 3.5 GHz, is proposed. The antenna can steer the beam along θ = −18° and 18° with the superstrate and along θ = 0° in the absence of the superstrate with almost zero scan loss. The proposed antenna structure consists of a top layer of non-uniform metasurface superstrate made of a 20 × 20 grid of electrically-small square-shaped metallic pixels while the bottom part consists of AMC with a grid of 5 × 5 pixels. The radiating element, CPW-fed monopole antenna, is placed between AMC and superstrate. The fabricated prototype shows desired beam steering in directions of θ = −18°, 0°, and 18° while maintaining uniform realized gain of 5.5 dBi and matching well with simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has proposed a user-density-based coverage optimization technique for ultra-dense cellular networks. Antenna tilting is a promising coverage optimization technique to be used in 5G networks, that significantly improve the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) by choosing the appropriate angle of tilt. In this paper, the cellular coverage has been optimized for scattered user densities/user hotspots using an adaptive antenna tilting mechanism that steers the beams towards the temporal hot spot in the coverage area. The proposed method has the competence to improve the desired SINR level and coverage area for a group of users rather than a single user. In this work, a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm has been implemented to optimize the tilt angle. The performance of the proposed technique has been evaluated in the simulation platform considering a three-sectored multicellular mobile network where the groups of user clusters are distributed randomly. The result confirms the improvement in RSS and SINR values in the group of users having high density with maximum user satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors propose a secure and trusted energy trading (ET) scheme for electric vehicles (EVs) for vehicle-to-anything (V2X) ecosystems. The scheme, named as EVBlocks, facilitates ET among entities (i.e., EVs, charging stations (CS), and smart grids (SG)) in a secured and trusted manner through a consortium blockchain (CBC) network. The scheme operates in three phases. In the first phase, to allow real-time and resilient network orchestration of V2X nodes, we consider the ET service designed over a fifth-generation (5G) enabled software-defined networking (SDN) environment. Integration of SDN in 5G-V2X ecosystems allows V2X nodes to eliminate intermediaries and handle many requests with a minimum response time. Then, in the second phase, a non-cooperative game is presented that optimizes a cost function and converges to reach at least one Nash equilibrium point. Finally, a consensus algorithm Proof-of-Greed (PoG) is proposed that handles fluctuations in charging/discharging EVs through an event-driven scheduling mechanism. The obtained results are compared against parameters, such as ET time, State-of-Charge (SoC) levels, EV utility, block-convergence time, profits, computation, and communication costs. For example, EVBlocks achieve an average SOC charge of 22.8MW, with a peak at 377.5MW, the average power dissipation of 4.1125 kWH that is lower than 25 % against existing conventional and fixed tariff schemes. The scheme converges at stable profit values for 5 EVs through a non-cooperative game. For proposed PoG consensus, the block convergence time for 1000 nodes is 138.96 seconds, at a computation cost of 46.92 milliseconds (ms) and communication cost of 149 bytes. The comparative analysis suggests the proposed scheme is efficient as compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches against compared parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs), the configuration of connected vehicles is in such a manner that enhances the data traffic. Due to this challenge, researchers have explored device to device (D2D) communication which provides the desired connectivity with mobility between the connected vehicles. It also reduces the energy consumption while increasing the system capacity. D2D communication is strongly affected by interference because it works with large number of vehicles in limited area. Various schemes have been attempted to manage interference while maintaining energy efficiency such as power control, mode selection etc. This paper presents a signal-to-interference-noise-ratio (SINR) based energy optimization technique for 5th generation VSNs. The major factors taken in account of are transmit power, battery lifetime, system load and SINR. An energy efficient algorithm is proposed with mathematical model to optimize the battery lifetime with respect to power control. Simulation results have been used to present the comparison of existing and proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biggest challenge for the network service providers is the day to day advancement of technologies which makes them difficult to manage the traditional networks. This day to day advancement has worked as a motivation to vendors for developing, deploying and migrating their services, installments of new hardware, trained people and up gradation of infrastructure which involves a huge cost and time. These frequent changes demand a new network architecture which supports future technologies and solves all these issues named as the proposal of networks defined by software. A large amount of data is being generated and through the internet, we interact with the world using our smart devices such as tablets, sensors, and smartphones using the concepts of Internet of Things (IoT). Along with continuous growth and development, there is a continuous heterogenous and ever-increasing demands of services. This leads to a cause of emerging challenge of load balancing of networks for meeting up with highly demanding requirements (e.g., high performance, lower latency, high throughput, and high availability) of IoT and 5G network applications. For meeting up highly increasing demands, various proposal of load balancing techniques comes forward, in which highly dedicated balancers of loads are being required for ever service in some of them, or for every new service, manual recognition of device is required. In the conventional network, on the basis of the local information in the network, load balancing is being established. However, the production of more optimized load balancers and a global view for the network is being contained by SDN controllers. So, these well-known techniques are quite time-consuming, expensive and impractical as well as service types aren't being considered by various existing load balancing schemes. Through this paper, researchers focus on an SDN based load balancing (SBLB) service, in which minimized response time and maximized resource utilization are being considered for the user on cloud servers. The proposed scheme is being constituted by an application module which runs along with a SDN controller and server pools that connect to the controller through SDN enabled switches. The application module contains a dynamic load balancing module, a monitoring module and a service classification module. All messages are being handled in real time and host pool are being maintained by the Controller. The performance of the proposed scheme has been validated by experimental results. Through various experiments, results are being concluded that usage of SBLB results in significant decrease in average response and reply time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a minimized dual-band multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is presented for the fifth generation (5G) and the wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The proposed antenna structure is composed of two adjacent identical antenna elements which are fed through microstrip lines. The isolation is improved by using a modified T-shaped structure with the defected ground structure (DGS). Finally, the antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured S11 < − 10 dB impedance bandwidth is obtained in 3.3–3.9 GHz and 4.6–5.5 GHz frequency bands, which can cover 5G New Radio N78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) and WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz). The measured isolation is better than 15 dB, the measured efficiency is larger than 40% and the ECC is smaller than 0.1 in both operating frequency bands. Therefore, the proposed antenna is feasible to be used for 5G and WLAN applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the promising radio access techniques for resource allocation improvement in the (5th) generation of cellular networks. Compared to orthogonal multiple access techniques, NOMA offers extra benefits, including greater spectrum efficiency which is provided through multiplexing users in the transmission power domain while using the same spectrum resources non-orthogonally. Even though NOMA uses Successive Interference Cancellation to repeal the interference among users, user grouping has shown to have a substantial impact on its performance. This performance improvement can appear in different parameters such as system capacity, data rate, or power consumption. In this paper, we propose a novel user grouping scheme for sum-rate maximization which increases the sum rate by approximately 12–25% in comparison with random user grouping and two other authenticated recent works. In addition to being matrix-based and having a polynomial time complexity, the proposed method is also able to cope with users experiencing different channel gains and powers in different sub-bands. Moreover, the proposed scheme is scalable and can be used for any number of users and sub-bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many varieties of technologies have been introduced for mobile communication and data traffic plays a major role in each generation of communication systems. 5G is termed as Next Generation Wireless Mobile Networks that has higher bandwidth, maximum spectral efficiency, super-speed connection, minimum energy consumption, when compared to 4G wireless networks. Next Generation of Mobile communication will use mmWave frequency bands for 5G systems. Millimeter wave transmission is one of the greatest technology in 5G mobile communication systems having higher bandwidth. It is also considered to be having high user demands and have a mobile growth in coming years. It is a promising technology having a non-shortage bandwidth and traffic demands. The major drawback in this system is Phase noise, In-phase and Quadrature timing mismatch, PAPR, local oscillator noise and blockage effects. The phase noise occurs due to the imperfections in local oscillators. In this paper, we discuss the Phase noise issues in millimeter wave systems. This review will act as guide for researchers to compare the various emerging phase noise problems and mitigation techniques for future 5G wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest mobile network technology, 5G New Radio (NR), utilizes the combination of Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, which are powerful forward error correction codes and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) for data transmission. However, there is still significant research focus to further improve the bit error rate (BER) of 5G NR systems. In this paper, the performance of 5G NR is enhanced using two different modulation techniques: Hierarchical Modulation (HM) and Statistical QAM (S-QAM). HM is employed by altering the spacing between specific QAM constellation points such that high priority bits are given enhanced protection. On the other hand, to improve BER using S-QAM, the spacing between every constellation point is uniformly increased while keeping the same transmission power through the remapping of data on the constellation points based on their probabilities. Modulation mapper functions for both the HM and S-QAM schemes are derived. Simulation results show that Eb/N0 gains of up to 1.4 dB and 1.6 dB could be achieved with the HM and S-QAM schemes respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While copper is overwhelmingly used as the radiated part in microstrip antenna design studies, the choice of dielectric material offers a wide range of possibilities. At high frequencies, the effect of substrate permittivity on antenna performance is dramatically higher than low frequency microstrip antennas. For this purpose, in this study, a discussion on 4 different dielectric substrates to increase the overall efficiency of conventional sub-6 GHz 5G microstrip antenna is presented. A reference rectangular patch is modeled on FR4, Arlon AD300C, Rogers RO4003C and Mica substrates respectively. The radiating patch sizes are calculated and modeled for each dielectric substrate separately and then optimized for 5.65 GHz. Finally, gain and bandwidth analysis are performed with the help of CST Studio. Arlon AD300C, which is revealed to be the best in performance criteria analysis, is used for the proposed antenna fabrication and the simulated results are verified by bandwidth and gain measurements in a fully anechoic chamber. Finally, the advantages of the proposed antenna over some Sub-6 GHz 5G antennas with randomly selected substrates are confirmed by a comparative table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising radio access technique for the fifth generation cellular networks as it offers a set of desirable benefits, such as greater spectrum efficiency compared to well-known orthogonal multiple access techniques. This paper primarily focuses on power-domain uplink NOMA which implements superposition coding at the transmitting nodes and successive interference cancellation at the receiving nodes. Specifically, in this paper we investigate the scenario of three users communicate with the base station simultaneously with the helping from a half-duplex and decode-and-forward relay under frequency selective multipath fading channels. In all existing publications on this topic, the power allocation at the transmitting nodes is decided based on the perfect channel state information (CSI) whereas in our work it's decided based on statistical CSI. Under Rayleigh fading channels, we derive the exact and upper bound of the ergodic rates and show the boundary of the achievable ergodic rate regions for the transmitted symbols at the relay and base station. We also investigate the effect of relay location on the overall system performance and the importance of carefully choosing the power allocation factors. Simulation results show that the proper selection of the power allocation factors, and the relay location play jointly a decisive role regarding the performance of uplink NOMA. Moreover, NOMA always perform better than orthogonal multiple access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel methods using artificial intelligence for downlink power allocation problem in non-orthogonal multiple access networks are presented. The proposed machine learning and deep learning based methods achieved performance close to the optimum in terms of sum capacity with significantly lower computational costs. The numerical results also demonstrated up to 120 times a boost in computation time as compared to the conventional exhaustive search approach. Furthermore, the training and testing accuracy of the deep learning model reached 0.92 and 0.93 with the loss value dropping up to 0.002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A triple-band ± 45° dual-polarized dipole antenna is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna covers two n77 bands and one n79 band in 5G NR frequency spectrums with S11, S22 <− 15 dB return loss. The profile antenna exhibits the measured impedance bandwidths of 250 MHz, 150 MHz and 350 MHz from the operating bands 3.6–3.85 GHz, 4.05–4.2 GHz and 4.8–5.15 GHz respectively. Antenna is fabricated with four substrates; one radiator, one reflector and two feeding baluns. Antenna is designed and optimized with HFSS simulator and fabricated for experimental verification. Antenna gives a stable radiation pattern of 8.55 dBi high gain with 70° half power beam width (HPBW) that makes it a good candidate for wireless 5G sub-6 GHz and multiband base station applications. Finally, antenna is tested in a realistic application environment to show the utility of the proposed antenna for wireless sub-6 GHz IoT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of wireless network services has enabled consumers and intelligent devices to freely exchange information with each other. Mobile users frequently exchange popular contents, resulting in massive increase in the mobile traffic. The redundant mobile traffic can be reduced by archiving the frequently accessed data within a 5G core network or radio access network, and demands for the same content can be readily met without relying on remote servers. In this paper, we propose an eNB/gNB aware data retrieval algorithm along with Liveliness and Size based data Replacement algorithm to refine, rank, and cache the data items efficiently. Data items are selected based on their popularity and cached in D-RAN for efficient data replacement. We have also included a cost-optimized Radar-Based data Retrieval algorithm that helps to find the data nearness in the neighbouring eNBs. In our proposed technique, unique contents are maintained at each end of the cluster to aid in extending content diversity within the cluster. The experimental analysis shows that the proposed model achieves lower latency, lower congestion, and higher cache hit ratio in 5G networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]