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While surgery is a critical treatment option for craniopharyngiomas, the optimal surgical approach remains under debate. Herein, we studied a large cohort of craniopharyngioma patients to identify predictors of endoscopic surgery (ES) and to compare survival outcomes between patients undergoing ES versus nonendoscopic surgery (NES). The National Cancer Database was queried for patients receiving definitive surgical treatment in 2010–2016. Cox proportional hazards and propensity score-adjusted Kaplan–Meier analyses assessed mortality risk and overall survival, respectively. Predictors of surgical approach were evaluated via logistic regression. Of 1721 patients, 508 (29.5%) underwent ES, 877 (50.9%) were female, and the average age was 41.8 ± 21.3 years. Matched ES and NES cohorts exhibited 5-year overall survival rates of 88.0% and 79.8%, respectively (P = 0.004). ES was associated with reduced mortality (Hazard Ratio = 0.634; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.439–0.914; P = 0.015). Patients treated at academic facilities (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.095; 95% CI, 1.529–2.904; P < 0.001) or diagnosed recently (OR = 1.132; 95% CI, 1.058–1.211; P < 0.001) were more likely to undergo ES, while those with tumor sizes >3 cm (OR = 0.604; 95% CI, 0.451–0.804; P < 0.001) or receiving adjuvant radiotherapy (OR = 0.641; 95% CI, 0.454–0.894; P = 0.010) were more likely to receive NES. Surgical inpatient stays were significantly shorter with ES compared to NES (8.0 vs. 10.5 days, P < 0.001). On linear regression, ES usage increased by 82.4% and NES usage decreased by 23.4% between 2010 and 2016 (R2 = 0.575, P = 0.031). ES of craniopharyngioma was associated with reduced mortality and shorter inpatient stays compared to NES. Factors including tumor size, extent of resection, facility type, and year of diagnosis may predict receiving ES. There is a trend towards increased usage of ES for surgical management of craniopharyngiomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]