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Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to analyze the circumstances under which private parties (natural and legal persons) can have a legal standing in annulment actions in EU Law. The limitations imposed on these private parties justifiably mark them as non-privileged applicants. Besides proving the legal grounds for initiating an annulment action and the compliance with the short preclusion period, two additional conditions must be cumulatively met: the non-privileged applicants must prove that they are directly and individually affected by the challenged act. The latter requirement, which is more disputable and difficult to meet, is additionally made more stringent in the jurisprudence of the EU Court of Justice. Therefore, the central part of the paper focuses on the analysis and criticism of the Plaumann test as an extremely strictly set application test for acquiring a legal standing by private parties. In light of understanding EU law as a comprehensive legal order including a complete system of protection of individual rights, the paper provides an overview of arguments and counter-arguments for a prospective reform of the Plaumman test. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the limiting conditions for locus standi of non-privileged applicants, as well as the occasional unavailability of legal remedies before national courts, are the shortcomings of EU law as an order that strives to achieve the rule of law and bring the EU closer to its citizens. In the past decades, the Plaumann test served as a tool for effectively denying the legal standing to private parties. Although the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) has made some progress in the direction of liberalizing the acquisition of locus standi, it is only the case in a limited and narrowly defined number of situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper primarily considers the legal framework for the formation and functioning of a joint investigation team at the level of the European Union, with specific reference to the consequences that these rules may have on shaping the legislative framework of the Republic of Serbia in this area. In analyzing the Serbian normative framework, the authors particularly focus on practical considerations in the process of setting up of a joint investigation team and the original elements of this progressive tool of international cooperation, established and funded by Eurojust (EU Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation). The second focal point of this paper is the support that may be provided by Eurojust in the process of formation and functioning of joint investigative teams, whose participants include both EU Member States and non-EU countries. In this regard, the authors consider the cooperation of the Republic of Serbia with Eurojust and present the opportunities for further strengthening of international cooperation with the EU Member States Union after signing the Cooperation Agreement between Eurojust and the Republic of Serbia in 2019. The advantages of this instrument of international cooperation are illustrated by referring to successful examples of joint investigation teams supported by Eurojust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the legal status and treatment of crypto assets in the context of contractual obligations. The analysis begins by considering the evolution from cryptocurrencies to crypto-goods, with special reference to definitions and terms used in the context of private law transactions. Then, the author focuses on the contractual parties under the EU Regulation on Markets in Crypto Asset (MiCa, 2023) and the Serbian Digital Assets Act (DA Act, 2020), where crypto-assets are predominantly treated as investment assets. Special attention is given to e-money tokens in the context of monetary obligations, as well as to Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that have not yet been covered by regulations. The paper also refers to the contracting of crypto services, exploring how contractual relationships are formed and regulated, and elaborating on legal transactions based on contracts within the blockchain environment and tokenization. In conclusion, the paper draws attention to the problematic terminology used in the Serbian Digital Assets Act (2020), stating that the term "digital asset" (srb. "digitalna imovina") is too broad and inadequate, and proposes the term "crypto asset" (srb. "kripto dobro") which is defined through two key elements: the private nature of the good and the use of cryptography within the Digital Ledger Technology (DLT). This paper correlates the general theory of contract law and nominate contracts when the contractor's performance is in crypto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Once a court renders the final judgment, it sets in motion the procedure for the execution of the decision stated in the formal/operative part of the final judgment (disposition). The final judgment is the result of a meticulous factual reconstruction of the committed criminal act and the application of criminal law norms to the established facts. Being rendered in the final stage of the conducted criminal proceedings, the final judgment is the pinnacle of the institutional response to the suspicion that the defendant's conduct has satisfied the essential elements of a specific criminal offence. The right to file an appeal against the final judgment of the first-instance court ensures the judicial control of legality and regularity of the final judgment rendered in the first-instance proceedings. The appellate court decision is final, legally binding and enforceable. The harmful effects arising from the execution of a final and binding judgment (or legal deficiencies stemming thereof) may be removed only by a subsequent decision of the supreme court rendered in the proceeding initiated by lodging a claim for extraordinary legal remedies, in compliance with the legally prescribed procedure. The final judgment of a lower court may be annulled for factual or legal (substantive or procedural) shortcomings. This paper examines the deficiencies pertaining to the legal grounds of the final judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve good business results, a company has a number of incentive measures at its disposal to motivate employees to be more productive and efficient in performing their activities. In comparative practice, one of the most successful corporate management measures is the plan for allocating shares to company employees. By introducing amendments to the Business Companies Act, this plan has become an integral part of the legislation of the Republic of Serbia. This innovation in corporate management applies exclusively to limited liability companies. For the purpose of implementing this incentive measure, two new terms were defined: the reserved own share (ROS) and the right to acquire shares as a financial instrument. In this paper, the author analyzes the Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), examines the diverse applications of the ESOP in comparative law, considers the reasons for its adoption and the adoption procedure itself, and outlines the benefits of its implementation in the national law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the capacity to transform education and generate a new learning paradigm. The multidimensional process of integrating AI in education entails various technological, economic, legal, social and pedagogical issues. This research paper explores the regulatory frameworks on AI technologies at the international, regional and national level, focusing on documents related to AI use in education. The first part provides an insight into the broad AI conceptual framework and AI-related terminology. The second part provides an overview of documents on AI adopted at the international level (OECD, UNESCO), regional level (EU, CoE) and national level (Serbia), with reference to documents aimed at shaping the use of AI in education. The third part outlines the benefits/opportunities, drawbacks/challenges, concerns/risks and key considerations in the process of integrating AI in education. Based on the research findings, the paper points to the importance of a balanced, human-centered and pedagogy-driven integration of AI technologies, based on carefully designed regulatory framework in line with the highest ethical principles, pedagogical standards and guaranteed human rights. Relevant infrastructure, resources, support, guidelines, and practical training on AI literacy and competencies are essential for transparent, responsible and safe integration of AI in education.

The power that comes from the people and the power that belongs to the people is a principle that arose after the French bourgeois and American revolutions. In Serbia, it found its expression at the famous St. Andrew's Day National Assembly (1858). Although the national assembly was not envisaged in the legislation, under the Turkish Hatiserif (the Constitution of 1838), all political actors, the prince, the council oligarchy and supporters of the Obrenović dynasty saw a possible way out of the current political situation in convening this assembly. In this context, the paper first provides a historical overview of national assemblies in Serbia, including an insight into the political events preceding the St. Andrew's National Assembly (the rule of the Defenders of the Constitution, Tenka's conspiracy, and the adoption of the Law on the National Assembly of 28 October 1858). The author elaborates on the dissatisfactions of all factors in the country, the urban and rural population, certain authorities and the leading political forces, and discusses the circumstances that accelerated the convening of the National Assembly on St. Andrew's Day (30th November 1858). The reasons that contributed to the final decision on convening the Assembly can be seen through the letters exchanged by some actors of these events. The central part of the paper focuses on the process of convening St. Andrew's Day National Assembly in Belgrade and its subsequent sessions (from 30 November 1858 to 31 January 1859), including presentations of viewpoints and request, and the events during the three-day revolution (10th -12th December 1858). Then, the author discusses the outcomes of St. Andrew's Day National Assembly: the overthrow of Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević, the return of Prince Miloš Obrenović, and de facto disempowerment of the Council. St. Andrew's Day National Assembly contributed to legalizing the work of the national assembly as one of the bodies of the supreme authority but the most important outcome was the strengthening of people's awareness about national sovereignty

The UN International Law Commission (ILC) has been codifying various sources of international law for decades. Thus far, its activities on the codification of general principles of law have resulted in three reports from the Special Rapporteur, where two categories of general principles of law have been identified in light of their different origins. The first category of general principles of law stem from municipal legal systems, while the second one stems from the international legal system itself. In the provisional conclusions adopted on the first reading in May 2023, the latter have been defined as "general principles of law that may be formed within the international legal system". The aim of this paper is to examine the controversial category of general principles of law. It has to be noted that there are conflicting views among scholars, members of the ILC itself and states regarding to general legal principles that may derive or may be formed within the framework of the international legal order. Hence, the paper will predominantly focus on these research questions: Do general principles of law formed within the international legal system have the potential to exist as an autonomous source of international law? Does the linguistic interpretation of Art. 38 paragraph 1 c) of the Statutes of both the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) support the arguments in favour of the standpoint that this category of principles has always been incorporated in the notion of general principles of law? The paper also focuses on the questions pertaining to the "recognition" of the general principles of law formed within the international legal order, and the subsequent question as to whether that amounts to consent of states.

This paper examines the role of public policy-making by public administration in Serbia as one of the fundamental functions of public administration. By analyzing the normative framework and its application, the paper explores its historical development and advancement in recent decades. A set of regulations from 2018, including the Planning System Act and accompanying bylaws on the policy-making methodology, have laid the foundation for modern, evidence-based public policy in Serbia. Using qualitative methods, including normative-dogmatic and document analysis, the authors review the developments thus far and provide recommendations for further strengthening of this function of public administration in Serbia.

In case of unlawful termination of employment, the employee may request from the court during the court proceedings to oblige the employer to return him/her to work. However, reinstatement of the employee is not mandatory. In case of unlawful termination of employment, the reintegration of an employee into the work process entails numerous legal and practical problems. Neither the Labor Act nor other laws envisage specific provisions on the employers' conduct if it is impossible to carry out the return to work due to the occurrence of certain objective circumstances, nor do they provided for the possibility for the employee who has been returned to work to replace this right with monetary compensation within a certain period, in case he did not adapt to the changed work environment after returning to work or was employed by another employer immediately before the judgment was passed. The legislator has made a distinction between unlawful termination of the employment due to the lack of a legal ground and unlawful termination of employment due to non-compliance with the termination procedure stipulated in the employment contract. Under the former legal provisions which had been in force before 2014 (when the Labor Act was substantially amended) and the unanimous position of judicial practice, the violation of provisions on notification or Statute of limitations on giving a notice of dismissal, or any other termination procedure, always leads to the conclusion on the unlawfulness of dismissal and results in annulment of the decision. Under the currently applicable legal solution, the position of the weaker party in the employment relationship is significantly aggravated because the employee does not have to be returned to work if the employer has made a mistake in the dismissal/termination procedure. In order to analyze the problems related to the return to work of an employee based on a court judgment and consider related theoretical and practical issues, the paper is divided into two parts. The first part of the paper analyzes the provisions of the Labor Act on the legal consequences of unlawful termination of employment. The second part discusses the essential features of the provisions of the Enforcement and Security Act which regulate enforcement procedure for returning the employee to work.

The subject matter of analysis in this paper is the importance, value and reach of the principles of monetary law which are observed through the prism of their original field of application and social justification in the period of early development, and the subsequent establishment of this positive law branch in the legal order, which indisputably determined the axiology and confirmed the validity of the academic and practical study of this scientific discipline. The paper further examines the theses on the (un)sustainability of the original principles (lex monetae) in the circumstances of accession to the monetary union, as well as today's monetary flows that increasingly rely on the use of digital technologies and the advantages of monetary innovations. It inevitably raises the question of redefining the form, the content and reach of the principle of lex monetae to maintain monetary stability as a public good, but also to preserve monetary sovereignty protected by the central bank as the supreme monetary institution. In the process of implementing the principles of monetary law, in the circumstances of the information revolution, the legislator may face not only the challenges related to the impact of decentralized financial technologies on the protection of the rights of monetary users and public monetary management but also the challenges related to monetary innovations carried out by the central bank itself as the bearer of monetary sovereignty. In the author's opinion, central bank digital money represents an ingenious solution, a compromise that will simultaneously allow the central bank to preserve its position as the guardian of monetary sovereignty while at the same time legalizing the use of private digital money that is already accepted in some monetary jurisdictions as a legal tender. A big challenge in preserving the principle of lex monetae is the idea of a kind of incorporation of software code into a legal norm, which is a complex multidisciplinary issue that lawyers cannot resolve alone but in close cooperation with other experts in the economic and technical professions. At the same time, this process must take the form of a specific and legally rounded international initiative because only by the simultaneous application of primary monetary legislation (which has been regulating lex monetae in an identical way for decades) and secondary monetary legislation (which deals with the issue of its digitization) at all levels of state management can ensure monetary stability as a global public good. In the absence of coordinated international cooperation between central banks and other subjects of international monetary law, monetary instability would easily spill to another monetary jurisdiction.

The Serbian Civil Code of the Principality of Serbia (hereinafter: SCC 1844) was adopted 180 years ago, while the Pre-Draft of the Civil Code for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (hereinafter: Pre-Draft CC 1934) was published 90 years ago. These two historical legal documents marked the important points on the development of Serbian civil law, which is a good reason to perform a comparative analysis of these two acts from a solid time distance. Considering the scope and complexity of the subject matter contained in these acts, the paper first focuses on the introductory rules where fundamental legal principles are proclaimed, such as the prohibition of retroactive application of law or the prohibition of abuse of law. The observed differences in the choice of key principles in the structure of the introductory parts and in the formulation of legal principles clearly testify about the state, political and economic differences between the Principality of Serbia in 1844 and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1934. Some legal principles which will be analyzed in the paper were inspired by the spirit of the time when they were created, while others were the result of different foreign influences over a period of 90 years. In addition to providing a factual insight into the state of law in the analyzed periods, the comparison of these two acts also aims to demonstrate the evolution of law, which may be observed in the period of transition from the SCC to the Pre-Draft CC, and to indicate how the choice of certain legal principles influenced the contemporary law. Using the legal history and the comparative methods, the author provides a brief review of the socio-political circumstances and present the basic features of the development of civil law in the territories where both analyzed legal acts were created.

In this paper, the author analyzes legal institutes aimed at securing creditors' claims and the position of debtors and creditors in the Cres-Osor Statute in case of the debtor's failure to repay the debt. The Cres-Osor Statute pays particular attention to the pledge right and, in various ways, regulates the rules regarding the establishment of pledges on movable and immovable property, as well as the sale of pledged items and the settlement of creditors from their value. The paper provides an overview of the legal regulation of these institutes and their specific features and, based on the conducted analysis, critically evaluates the genesis of these institutes and the influence of Roman legal tradition on the development of securing claims in the legal provisions of the Cres-Osor Statute.

In a legal system, each branch of law has its fundamental rules, the guiding principles which serve as the cornerstone for developing the entire structure of constituent legal norms for regulating a range of related social relations. Being part of the civil law family, succession law is no exception as it adapts its basic principles to the basic principles of civil law, the requirements of the legal tradition, and the needs of society in a specific period of its development. As evident in the Civil Code of the Republic of France (the part regulating succession relations), the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the part regulating succession rights), and the Succession Act of the Republic of Serbia, the basic principles of succession law are envisaged in different parts of legal texts. They are difficult to locate and correlate in a legal and logical whole, which ultimately aggravates their application in practice. Relying on the legal dogmatics, legal history, normative law and comparative law methods, the paper examines the basic principles of contemporary French, Russian and Serbian succession law through a prism of theoretic concepts, legal solutions and jurisprudence (judicial practice). They are analyzed in terms of their meaning and reach in regulating succession law relations. Given the fact that Russian, French and Serbian succession law provisions have been amended a number of times, this paper aims to cast more light on the current trends in the development of the basic succession law principles in order to determine a further direction in the development of succession law regulations in these countries.

The notary public service in the judicial system of the Republic of Serbia was introduced by adopting the Public Notaries Act, which envisaged wide powers of public notaries in family law matters. In this regard, the paper explores the insufficiently precise substantive law provisions of the Family Act and the Public Notaries Act, points to the legal gaps in the regulation of certain procedural issues, and makes proposals for future amendments of the domestic legislation in this area. In particular, the paper proposes the amendments to the Family Act provisions on the legal maintenance agreement, prescribing additional instructions that the notary public must communicate to the parties when concluding a marriage contract, regulating the form of the declaration of recognition of illegitimate paternity before the notary public, as well as the declaration by which a spouse expressed consent that the other spouse/partner shall manage their legal affairs and dispose of their joint property. The paper also promotes the expansion of the form of notarial record to the legal affairs of disposing of higher-value movable property of contractually incompetent persons, as well as the possibility of introducing a consensual divorce before a notary public. To obtain a better insight into the practical consequences of the envisaged legislative solutions, the paper presents the results of research on the actions of public notaries in the aforementioned family law matters in the territory of the City of Niš in the period from 1 September 2014 to 15 June 2024.

The paper examines the intricate relationship between social values and succession law, specifically focusing on the Slovak legal system. Drawing on Thomas Hobbes's notion of law as society's collective moral compass, the paper argues that social values not only form legislation but can also be shaped and redefined by the law. The paper begins with an overview of the Slovak succession law, grounded in Act No. 40/1964 Coll. the Civil Code. The paper then delves into the role of social values as both limits and frameworks within which succession law operates. Five vital social values are examined in detail: liberty, family relationships, equality, responsibility, and community welfare. The paper scrutinises how these values are manifested in the Slovak succession law, illustrating both the alignment and tension between social values and legal norms. In particular, the author explores the balance between individual liberty and family relations in succession, the evolving recognition of various family forms, the implications of equality within the context of succession, the moral and legal responsibilities of heirs, both towards the deceased and towards third parties, as well as the broader societal implications of succession law in promoting community welfare. While the Slovak Civil Code has been subjected to ample and substantial amendments in the past years, the analysis reveals that it still reflects the societal norms of its time of origin. In response to societal shifts, further revisions may be necessary to align it with contemporary social values and family structures. The paper may contribute to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and society within Slovakia's succession law framework, but the presented insights may also pertain to other jurisdictions.

The subject matter of this paper is unilateral annulment of marriage from the perspective of Roman law. In the Roman legal system, this institute was known as repudium. Repudiation was present both in matrimonium cum manu and in matrimonium sine manu. In matrimonium cum manu, repudiation was allowed only to men; in matrimonium sine manu, it was allowed to women as well. In this paper, the author examines the form, the requirements and repercussions of repudium in Roman law. The paper also considers the role of the paterfamilias, who had enormous power in the first half of the Roman Republic. Marriage could not take place without the consent of the paterfamilias; thus, it would be null and void ab initio in compliance with the rule quad nullum est nullum producit effectum. The liberalization of marital relations gradually contributed to reducing the role of the paterfamilias. Ultimately, repudiation resulted in a huge number of divorces. Such practices were perceived as a social problem by a number of Roman emperors, who tried to counteract the negative phenomenon by enacting relevant legislation.

Crime scene investigators are responsible for the identification, collection, packaging and storage of physical evidence discovered at the crime scene, which is the basis for conducting proper investigation. In line with technological development, the crime scene investigation increasingly involves the use of advanced technologies with the aim of creating a virtual reality that should facilitate the investigators' work. In this paper, the author examines the concept of virtual reality (VR) and some types of extended reality (XR, AR, MR). The central part of the paper focuses on different methods of visualization of the crime scene by using VR technology. The last part of the paper focuses on to the use of VR by students for educational purposes.

Bitcoin was presented at the end of 2008 but the question still remains whether it is a form of money or something entirely different. Bitcoin was not designed with the aim to create money in a strict sense but primarily with the intention to make the transfer of value as effective as possible. Yet, Bitcoin has a capacity to take on the role of money, and that capacity was recognized in court cases. In this regard, the paper presents the results of the primarily empirical but also theoretical research conducted previously on the volatile but still very deflationary nature of Bitcoin and its effect on monetary obligations. The idea that cryptocurrencies can be also used as a hedging instrument to prevent the negative effects of domestic currency depreciation might be controversial for a number of reasons, one of which is certainly the volatile nature of bitcoin "price". We stress that periodic depreciation of its value does not mean that bitcoin is inflationary. On the contrary, bitcoin is deflationary by nature, which is evident in different in-built mechanisms and new ways of application. In this paper, the author uses different analytical method techniques to single out and describe various deflatory mechanisms, both preprogramed and factual ones. The author also applies the synthetical method and its techniques, primarily abstraction and generalization, to sum up the data confirming the main hypothesis that bitcoin is by nature deflationary despite its volatility and, therefore, it can be used as a hedging mechanism.

The propensity to violence is inherent in every society. The development and growing use of modern technologies has lately provided another instrument for victimization of women on an unprecedented scale. This instrument is reflected in the emergence of deepfake and revenge porn as new forms of violence against women. The subject matter of analysis in this paper is revenge pornography, which will be observed from the criminological and criminal law perspectives. In the first part of the paper, after presenting the definition of the concept of revenge pornography, the author elaborates on the key characteristics of revenge pornography as an instrument for the victimization of women. The second part of the paper provides an overview of the normative solutions on this subject matter in certain countries. Given the fact that revenge pornography has been the subject matter of analysis of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the author analyzes the ECtHR case law on this issue. In the next part, the author presents the normative framework on this issue in the Republic of Serbia, viewed through the prism of revenge pornography. The final part of the paper focuses on the fight against revenge pornography, with the aim of providing adequate protection to female victims of this criminal offence. It is the only way to increase women's security and confidence that state bodies will provide adequate protection against the misuse of modern technologies.

Before their digitation, land registries in the Republic of Croatia had been kept manually (paper-based registration). The Land Registry Act stipulates that land registries in the Republic of Croatia are kept electronically by means of a Real Property Registration and Cadastre Joint Information System (hereinafter: JIS), containing harmonized real property and cadastral data. A real property and land database is created through the electronic entry of paper-based data, i.e. integration of real property and cadastral data into a single database. Hence, the protection of real property transfers is enhanced since the legal status of the land and all accompanying restrictions (concessions, public property status etc.) can be obtained in one place. The real property land database enables registration of every change to the real property without the need to inform both the land registration court and cadastre thereabout. The Real Property Registration and Cadastre Joint Information System is jointly coordinated and managed by the Ministry of Justice and Administration of the Republic of Croatia and the State Geodetic Administration. The Land Registry Act sets forth that the Republic of Croatia is strictly liable for any damage arising from flaws in keeping land registries. Such damage can occur in case of errors or malfunctions in the respective joint information system. This paper investigates the appropriateness of the measures for protection of the Real Property Registration and Cadastre Joint Information System and the general rules for security and control of the access to the said system, and analyses the risk of compromising it. Regarding the liability of the Republic of Croatia for any damage pertaining to flaws in the land records management, the paper depicts the model of defining the liability for any damage sustained by the holders of ownership rights due to unauthorized access to the said joint information system. The paper also sheds light on the advantages and disadvantages of the model for defining fault and strict liability in the above case, and examines some pending issues relating to the applicable model for defining such damage liability de lege lata as well as possible legal solutions and the potential need for the legislator's intervention de lege ferenda.

The accelerated development of information technologies has fundamentally changed and improved the functioning of the global financial system, financial markets and economic exchange. Digitization of the financial sector has generated new financial opportunities, improved the quality of financial services, enabled faster and cheaper financial transactions. The challenges accompanying the digital transformation of finances are related to the regulation and security of using new digital products, the possible abuse of digital money transfers, as well as the emergence of technology-based decentralized finances, which may be a factor of factor of financial instability in direct copmpetition with the traditional financial sectors. This paper discusses the current digital transformation in traditional financial systems and decentralized digital finance (DeFi) as an emerging technology enabling decentralized exchange of new forms of digital money and payment instruments. The products and services of different DeFi platforms are constantly evolving and may become part of open decentralized finance, i.e. they can function as a single financial platform. Open Finance would enable the standardization of data exchange and interoperability of different DeFi systems, but there is still a fact that DeFi systems emerged as independent systems that are not part of a common conceptual framework. The term Open Finance refers to the future open financial system, as a continuation of the development initiated by open banking, with the aim of making financial resources of clients more accessible in a wider range of services and platforms. The Open Finance concept is also being developed within the traditional financial sector. The key condition for the development of open finance is user trust and "the creation of a wider single data market" (European Union, 2022: 5). The planned concept of open finance includes: a wider choice for customers through access to a more customized and personalized range of services and products; improving access to and use of financial services in all business segments; in line with data protection rules, providing consumers and businesses with greater transparency about how their data is used; facilitating data interoperability in open finance; embedding an open finance approach to client-centred services in a general cross-sectoral framework (European Union, 2022: 6). Adequate regulation of traditional finance and decentralized digital finance is the basis of financial and economic stability. Central banks and regulatory authorities should integrate digital innovations in complex and dynamic decentralized financial sectors in order to monitor transactions, preserve financial stability and prevent money laundering. One part this paper focuses on virtual currencies. From the viewpoint of central banks, virtual currencies are not money in the true sense of the word, for a number of reasons: they are not regulated by laws (as they have their own rules and payment systems); they do not fully perform all the functions of money; they are not a generally accepted means of exchange and payment; they currently have a limited number of users; etc. Yet, we cannot ignore their likely expansion in the future, nor the fact that a significant amount of money is invested in virtual currencies.