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Objective: Studies on preserving the Azygos vein (AV) in primary esophageal atresia (EA) repair and its effects on complications such as stenosis, anastomotic leakage, and fistula are gradually increasing. We aimed to evaluate cases with preserved AV during primary repair of EA with thoracotomy. Material and Methods: The demographic data, operation notes, and postoperative outcomes of primary EA repair cases with preserved AVs operated between 2016 and 2021 were evaluated from hospital records, retrospectively. Results: In 5 years, the AVs of 9 neonates with esophageal atresia + distal fistula were preserved in 6 males and 3 females. The mean birth weight was 2374 g. Four cases were preterm. Echocardiography revealed an Interatrial Septal Aneurysm in 1, Fallot's Tetralogy in 1, and a right aortic arch in 1 patient. The mean age at surgery was 4 days (1-8 days); all patients were operated through a right thoracodorsal incision by the same surgeon. Extra-pleural thoracotomies were completed as intrapleural in four patients. The oblique-oblique anastomosis was tension-free in all cases. Enteral feeding began on the 4th day by nasogastric tube. The median duration of intubation was 6.6 days (1-11 days). Chest tubes were removed on the 10th day (8-14th day). No patient had anastomotic leakage, detachment, or fistula recurrence. The median hospitalization duration was 23.2 days (10-32 days). Four patients underwent esophageal dilation. Conclusion: Postoperative anastomotic leakage, fistula, and stenosis increase mortality and morbidity in children undergoing EA repair. During primary repair, the preservation of AV, which significantly contributes to esophageal drainage, should be preferred unless it increases intraoperative risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term infravesical obstruction is used for functional or anatomical disorders that are located distal to the bladder neck and cause disruption or interruption of urinary flow. Among these pathologies, the most common cause of urinary system obstruction in male newborns is the posterior urethral valve. In this study, it was aimed to review the diseases that may cause infravesical obstruction in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is usually straightforward. However, cases with right-sided CDH can be challenging. We report a case of a neonate with right-sided diaphragmatic hernia presenting with hydrothorax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to determine the behavioral attitudes and diagnostic/interventional characteristics of the patients relatives who applied to our polyclinic during the closure period of COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: This prospective study was conducted between June and July 2020. All results were statistically analyzed. Results: Hundred and five (61.8%) male, 65 (38.2%) female patients who applied to our outpatient clinic. The median age was 2 years. A total of children came with their parents, and 99.4% were wearing masks. Although 93.5% of the parents were wearing their masks correctly. At least one of the additional protective outfits was used by 7.1% of parents. Forty (23.5%) parents adapted at least one of the health protective behaviors. About 52.4% of patients were not wearing masks; and 92.6% of masked people were wearing them correctly. Surgery was performed in 10.5% of the patients under general anesthesia. Conclusion: The use of masks in children of working mothers and elderly fathers was increased; and correct use of masks in children was affected by the father's professions. The use of additional health protective methods in patients in those who come by their own vehicle was decreased. In the rate of mask use as the child's age gets older, they were found to be statistically significant parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive hemobilia, an acute life-threatening condition, remains a diagnostic challenge in pediatric patients due to its rarity. In this study, the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and treatment of acute massive hemobilia and acute obstructive jaundice in a 3-year-old boy are discussed in the light of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since acute appendicitis is a clinical condition that develops after inflammation of the appendix, changes in the markers related to infection are expected in the laboratory tests of these cases. In this study, it was aimed to determine the changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) and hemogram examinations taken before and after surgery in children with perforated appendicitis and even to determine the markers that could indicate appendix perforation. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in children with perforated appendicitis who were operated on in our pediatric surgery department in 2019. Only patients whose pre-operative and post-operative laboratory tests were performed in our hospital were included in the study. The demographic characteristics, pre-operative and post-operative (CRP, White blood cell [WBC], neutrophil, lymphocyte, mean platelet volume [MPV], and platelets [PLT]) values were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Only 69 of 141 children with perforated appendicitis who were operated on in 2019 had pre- and post-operative tests performed in our hospital. Of the 69 cases included in our study, 29 were female (40.1%) and 40 were male (59.9%). The median pre-operative values of CRP, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, MPV, and PLT were 4.4 (0.2-21.66) mg/dL, 14.46 (5.27-32.6) 103/mm3, 10.03 (2.6-20.25) 103/mm3, 1.76 (0.17-8.69) 103/mm3, 8.7 (6.99-134) fL, and 280 (134-497) 103/mm3, respectively. The median values of CRP, WBC, Nötrofil, Lenfosit, MPV, and PLT on the 5th post-operative day were 3.8 (0.2-17.7) mg/dL, 11.39 (4.4-36.8) 103/mm3, 8.63 (2.12-22.02) 103/mm3, 1.75 (0.41-6.17) 103/mm3, 8.7(6.5-146) fL, and 286 (146-721) 103/mm3, respectively. The difference of CRP and WBC between pre- and post-operative values was found to be significant based on Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (Non-parametric) (<0.05). Conclusion: Moderately high CRP and WBC values are important as an infection marker in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Similar to the literature, it has been shown that the CRP level, which was high before the operation, gradually decreased after the operation, but still did not return to normal at discharge. The decrease in CRP and WBC values after surgery is an indication that inflammation has regressed after appendectomy, but it takes time to completely return to normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]