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Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye lasers (PDL) in the treatment of port-wine stains (PWS)., Methods: A retrospective review was performed in 2 317 patients with PWS who visited the Dermatology Laser Centre of PUMC Hospital and accepted treatment with 585 nm PDL. The correlation between the treatment efficacy and the treatment sessions, lesion types, and usage of other therapies were analyzed. The adverse effects were also observed., Results: All the 2 317 patients with PWS received 1-13 consecutive treatments with PDL at 2-3-month intervals. The median number of treatment was 4.93 and the median energy density was 8.29 J/cm2. The response rate after 8 treatments sessions were 84%. The response rate in patients whose lesions are characterized as purple plaques with proliferation and treated with isotope, CO2, cryotherapy, and other treatments was significantly lower than the total response rate (P < 0.05). Superficial scar, hyperpigmentation, and hypopigmentation were found in 5.2%, 2.5%, and 4.0% of these patients, respectively., Conclusion: 585 nm PDL is effective and safe in treating PWS.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Q-switched Alexandrite laser in the treatment of pigmentary skin, diseases ( PSDs)., Methods: Totally 4 656 patients with PSDs were treated with Q-switched Alexandrite laser. These PDSs included nevus of Ota, seborrheic keratosis, tattoo, naevus fusco-caeruleus zygomaticus, cafe-au-lait-spots, lentigo, naevus of Ito, and spilus naevus. The outcomes and adverse events after treatment were oberserved., Results: The response rate was 92.31% and the cure rate was 55.39% for nevus of Ota after six times of treatment, and the cure rate was 100% after nine times of treatment. The response rate was 100% for freckles, seborrheic keratosis, and naevus fuscocaeruleus zygomaticus after four times of treatment. The response rate was more than 77.18% and the cure rate was more than 50% for tattoos after three times of treatment, including amateur tattoo, artificial eyebrow, eyelid lines, and traumatic tattoo. However, after four times of treatment, the response rate and the cure rate were only 50. 00% and 21.43% for cafe-au-lait spots, and 50.00% and 25.00% for spilus naevus, respectively. The response rate was 35.29% for lentigo and 25.00% for naevus of Ito/ spilus naevus after four times of treatment., Conclusion: Q-switched Alexandrite laser is effective in the treatment of nevus of Ota, seborrheic keratosis, tattoo, and naevus fusco-caeruleus zygomaticus, but has limited efficacy for cafe-au-lait-spots, lentigo, naevus of Ito, and spilus naevus.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of long-pulsed Alexandrite laser for hair removal., Methods: Hair removal was performed in 1702 hirsute patients with long-pulsed Alexandrite laser. Among them 1603 patients received two or more operations., Results: In patients who received 2, 3, 4, 5, and > or =6 operations, the effectiveness rates were 9.79%, 18.33%, 29.10%, 37.64%, and 82.68%, respectively. The number of operation correlated with the effectiveness, and > or =6 operations resulted in superior outcomes. Pigmentation occurred in 0.94% of the patients (16/1702)., Conclusion: The long-pulsed Alexandrite laser system is effective and safe in removing hair.

Objective: To determine the correlation between DNA load of human papillomavirus (HPV) and recurrence of condyloma acuminata (CA)., Methods: The HPV6/11 and HPV16/18 DNA load of 31 cases of primary CA and 32 cases of recurrent CA were detected by real-time fluorogenic quantitative PCR., Results: Among the 63 CA patients, 62 cases were HPV6/11 DNA positive. The positive rate was 98.4%. The ranges of HPV6/11 DNA load in primary and recurrent CA were 1.4x10(3)-6.7x10(7) copies/ml and 1.2x10(4)-3.6x10(8) copies/ml respectively. Of 62 cases with HPV6/11 DNA positive, 7 cases were HPV16/18 DNA positive (11.3%). The ranges of HPV16/18 DNA load in primary and recurrent CA were 1.9x10(3)-1.6x10(4) copies/ml and 1.4x10(5)-1.7x10(7) copies/ml respectively. The HPV6/11 and HPV16/18 DNA load in recurrent CA were higher than in primary CA (P < 0.05). The DNA load of HPV6/11 was positively correlated with times of recurrence and course of disease (r=0.37 and 0.30 respectively)., Conclusion: Certain correlation exists between DNA load of HPV and recurrence of CA.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of mutation of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E7 in two zinc-binding motifs on HPV16 E7 C terminus on antigen-specific immunity., Methods: pcDNA3.1/16E7 and pcDNA3.1/ME7 were successfully constructed by inserting the E7 (ME7) into pcDNA3.1 BamH I, EcoR I cut sites. After intramuscular injection with pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1/16E7, and pcDNA3.1/16ME7 on C57BL/6 mice, splenocytes from vaccinated mice was isolated. After have been stimulated with E7-specific peptide, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) were detected by ELISA, Eli-spot, and LDH assay respectively; splenocytes without E7 peptide stimulation were used as control group., Results: Splenocytes from mice vaccinated with pcDNA/ME7, stimulated with E7 peptide, generated significantly larger number of E7-specific IL-2 compared with pcDNA3.1/16E7, pcDNA3.1, and control group. The E7-specific IL-2 generated in pcDNA-ME7 group was 5-fold of that of pcDNA3.1/16E7, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Splenocytes from mice vaccinated with pcDNA/ME7 and stimulated with E7 peptide, generated significantly larger number of E7-specific IFN-gamma compared with other vaccines. pcDNA-ME7 generated a 2-fold increase in the number of E7-specific IFN-gamma compared with wild-type E7 and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The highest CTL activity in mice vaccinated with pcDNA/ME7 at an E:T ratio of 45:1 was achieved compared with mice vaccinated with other vaccines. The percents of specific lysis generated by pcDNA3.1/ME7, pcDNA3.1/E7, pcDNA3.1, and without vaccination were of (28.7+/-1.2) %, (55+/-2.2) %, (12.5+/-2.0) %, and (11.5+/-1.2) % respectively, and significant difference existed between the former and the latter two groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found among all the groups without specific E7 peptide stimulation (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The mutation of zinc-binding motifs on HPV16 E7 C terminus may greatly enhance the immunogenicity.

Objective: To study the relationship between the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) and external genital squamous cell carcinoma in situ., Methods: HPV DNA was detected with the consensus primer by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its type was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)., Results: HPV DNA was detected and HPV16 was the most frequently identified type in 29 (56.9%) of 51 cases of external genital squamous cell carcinoma in situ. HPV DNA was positive in 22 (55%) of 40 cases of bowenoid papulosis, among which 20 were of HPV16 type, one of HPV31 type, and one of HPV6 + 16 type. HPV DNA was positive in all 5 cases (100%) of Bowen's disease, among which 4 were HPV16 type and one of HPV6 + 16 type. HPV DNA was positive in 2 (33.3%) of 6 Queyrat erythroplasia cases and all were of HPV16 type., Conclusion: HPV16 infection is strongly associated with the external genital squamous cell carcinoma in situ including bowenoid papulosis, Bowen's disease, and Queyrat erythroplasia.

Objective: To analyze clinical information and efficacy of 602 cases of nevus of Ota, and investigate the histopathology and ultrastructure on the melanocytes before and after Q-switched Alexandrite laser irradiation., Methods: Clinical information of 602 cases of nevus of Ota were collected by applying clinical records, checking photos, and inquiry to patients by letters and telephones. Ten cases of biopsies were observed by light microscopy and 6 cases by electron microscopy before and after laser irradiation., Results: Nevus of Ota included congenital and acquired cases. Skin lesions mainly occurred in adolescence for the acquired cases. The main colours of lesions were brown and blue. The most local lesions were zygomata, temporal regions, and lower eyelids. According to multiple regression, the more treatment times, the better results. The effective rate was 85.20% and 100% after 6 and 9 treatment times, respectively, while the cure rate was 55.72% and 98.46%, respectively. The eyelids involved and Tanino types influenced the treatment times by COX models analysis. Electron microscopy showed many melanosomes in the dermal melanocytes. After laser irradiation, the outlines of the dermal melanocytes were observed, the melanosomes were broken to dense and tiny granules., Conclusions: Q-switched Alexandrite laser is safe and effective for the treatment of nevus of Ota. The results of treatment are correlated with the area and size of the lesion. The dermal melanocytes in nevus of Ota can be selectively destroyed by Q-switched Alexandrite laser with less injury around tissues.

Objective: To identify and assess multiple human papillomavirus types in condyloma acuminatum lesions from patients with genital warts in Beijing area, and compare different features between otherwise healthy and immunosuppressed patients., Methods: PCR, RFLP and nucleotide sequencing analysis were used to determine HPV types from individual lesions., Results: The predominant type from other healthy patients was HPV6, secondly HPV11. The mean age of patients infected by HPV6 was lower than that of HPV11 and HPV6 + 11. While lesions from immunosuppressed patients were often contained HPV11 or mixed with HPV6. Besides, HPV types 16 and 53 were detected from infected lesions than other HPV types., Conclusions: HPV6 was the major pathogen of condyloma acuminatum, but infected patients were at lower ages. While HPV11 was most often detected from immunosuppressed patients. As a low risk virus in normal genital tract, HPV53 also could be a pathogen in genital warts.