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The porcine cardiac blood processed Salvia miltiorrhiza (PCB Danshen) is the characteristic processing of Menghe medical school and has been inherited for hundreds of years, commonly used in the treatment of brain ischemia-induced agitation, palpitation and phlegm confusing heart. Ancient and modern physicians believe that porcine cardiac blood is a guiding for heart nourishing drugs, which could enhance the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza by nourishing and soothing the nerves. However, the material basis and processing mechanism of PCB Danshen are still unclear. This paper investigated the historical evolution and modern research of PCB Danshen, including the clinical application, the intention of clinic processing, the processing technology and recent research of PCB Danshen. In addition, the major problems and significance in research and development of PCB Danshen were further thought and prospected, hoping to provide basic data for material basis and processing mechanism of PCB Danshen, and provide effective support for inheriting and carrying forward the characteristic processing technology of Menghe medical school.

This study aims to optimize the most effective component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma on lung cancer A549 using the orthogonal design method, and to investigate its effects of the component formula on cell proliferation, apoptosis and cytoskeleton in lung cancer A549 cells. The orthogonal design method was introduced to optimize the most effective component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma on lung cancer A549 cells. CCK-8 assay and Real-time cell analysis were adapted to analyze the effect of component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma on A549 cells viability at different time and dose. Cell apoptosis was measured by Annexin V- FITC/PI double staining and flow cytometry. Cell skeleton protein F-actin was detected by high content screening (HCS). The optimizing component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma for total salvianolic acid, total saponins of panax ginseng and ginseng polysaccharide doses were 5, 10, 5 mg L(-1). CCK-8 assay and real-time cell analysis demonstrated that the component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma treatment could significantly decrease the A549 cell viability in both dose- and time-dependent manner compared with control group (P0.01). Moreover, the increase of cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and flow cytometry when cells treated with the component formula, which indicating that the component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma could induce A549 cell apoptosis in a time-dependent manner compared with control group (P0.01). Furthermore, compared with control group, a significant decrease in A549 cell skeleton area was found in the component formula-exposed cells in the dose-dependent manner (P0.01). In summary, the component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma inhibits A549 cell proliferation by inducing cell apoptosis and decreasing cell microfilament formation. All of these results will be helpful to reveal antitumor mechanism of the component formula of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, which provides a basis for the exploration of antitumor mechanism of the component formula on lung cancer.

To compare the difference of Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix before and after being processed with vinegar in the toxicity on rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cells IEC-6, and make a preliminary study on the mechanism of detoxication of Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix processed with vinegar.With rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cells IEC-6 as the study object, the MTT method was adopted to detect the effect of Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix before and after being processed with vinegar on IEC-6 cell activity. The morphology of cells were observed by the inverted microscope. The down-regulated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of enterocytes caused by the vinegar processing was analyzed by using the high content screening.Compared with the negative control group, the proliferation inhibition experiment showed that Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix showed a relatively high intestinal cell toxicity (P0.01). The results of HCS analysis showed that Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix could significantly reduce the cell nucleus Hoechst fluorescence intensity and mitochondria membrane (P0.05, P0.01), and increase Annexin V-FITC and PI fluorescence intensity and membrane permeability (P0.01, P0.01, P0.01). After being processed with vinegar, compared with Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix groups with different doses, Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix processed with vinegar could significantly decrease the cell proliferation inhibition effect on enterocytes, increase the cell nuclear Hoechst fluorescence intensity and mitochondria membrane (P0.05, P0.05), and decrease Annexin V-FITC and PI fluorescence intensity and membrane permeability (P0.01, P0.01, P0.05), and showed a certain dose-effect relationship.The vinegar processing can further reduce the toxicity of Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix on enterocytes. Its possible mechanism can decrease the effect of Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix on the permeability of IEC-6 cell membrane, so as to provide a basis for further explanation of the detoxication mechanism of Euphorbia Pekinensis Radix processed with vinegar.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a new pathway inducing cell apoptosis that has been discovered in recent years. This study focused on the protective effect of Liangxue Huayu recipe (LHR) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and D-GalN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. It found that TNF-alpha and D-GalN could obviously inhibit hepatocyte proliferation, induce cell apoptosis, and significantly increase free calcium ions in cytoplasms, as well as protein expressions of ERS apoptosis-related signal molecules phosphorylated PERK, phosphorylated elF2alpha, cleaved Caspase-12, GRP78 and CHOP. After the administration of LHR of different concentrations, compared with the TNF-alpha/GalN injury group, LHR could significantly alleviated L02 hepatocyte proliferation, decreased cell apoptosis, inhibited growth of intracytoplasmic free calcium content, and gradually reduced the protein expressions of phosphorylated PERK, phosphorylated elF2alpha, cleaved Caspase-12, GRP78 and CHOP. These findings indicated that LHR has the inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha and D-GalN-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Its mechanism may be related to down-regulation of ERS apoptosis-related signal molecules phosphorylated PERK, phosphorylated elF2alpha, cleaved Caspase-12, GRP78 and CHOP that maintain calcium homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum.

To study the mechanism of the reducing mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by ethyl acetate fractions of Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar in mice.Mice with normal ICR were orally administered with ethyl acetate fractions of Kansui Radix and Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar. Their blood and liver homogenate were collected to detect the level of AST, ALT, LDH, SOD, activities of Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase and Ca(2+) -Mg(2+) -ATPase, GSH and MDA. Liver tissues were collected for HE staining and morphological observation under light microscope.According to the results of pathological sections, compared with the control group, all of Kansui groups showed a significant increase in the hepatic tissues injury (P0.01). Compared with Kansui groups, all of vinegar-baked groups showed a significant decrease in the hepatic tissues injury (P0.01). Compared with the control group, all of Kansui groups showed a significant increase in ALT, AST and LDH (P0.05, P0.001) in serum and hepatic tissues, and significantly decrease in the activity of SOD (P0.001) and the content of GSH. They also showed a significant increase in MDA (P0.001) and a significant decrease in the level of Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase and Ca(2+) -Mg(2+) -ATPase (P0.01) in hepatic tissues, with a certain dose-effect relationship. Compared with all of Kansui groups, all of vinegar-baked groups showed a significant decrease in ALT, AST and LDH (P0.05, P0.001), and a notable increase in SOD (P0.001) and GSH in serum and hepatic tissues. They also showed a remarkable decrease in MDA (P0.001), and a significant increase in the level of Na(+) -K(+) -ATPase and Ca(2+) - Mg(2+) -ATPase (P0.01) in hepatic tissues, with a certain dose-effect relationship.Being stir-baked with vinegar can significantly reduce the hepatotoxicity of Kansui Radix. Its mechanism may be related to the reduction of the effect of Kansui Radix on the permeability of hepatic tissues cell membranes and the oxidative injury.

To compare the toxicity of Euphorbia pekinensis before and after being processed by vinegar on normal liver cells LO2, and discuss its possible mechanism.LO2 cells were cultured in vitro, and processed with different concentrations of crude and vinegar-processed E. pekinensis. MTT assay was used to measure the inhibitory effect of LO2 cell; Hoechst 33258 staining was used to observe the morphological changes in apoptosis cell; Annexin V-FITC flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptotic rate of LO2 cell; PI staining flow cytometry was used to analyze its impact on cell cycle. The level or content of ALT, AST, LDH, SOD, MDA and GSH were observed as well.Compared with the negative control group, crude E. pekinensis at all concentrations could obviously inhibit LO2 cell proliferation, induce LO2 cell apoptosis and cause cell arrest in S phase, with significant differences (P0.05). E. pekinensis could significantly increase the levels of ALT, AST and LDH (P0.05) in the supernatant of cell culture fluid, significantly decrease the level of SOD and the content of GSH (P0.05) , and significantly increase the content of MDA (P0.05). Compared with the crude E. pekinensis group, E. pekinensis after being vinegar-processed can significantly reduce cell apoptotic rate, cell cycle arrest, activities of ALT, AST, LDH in the supernatant of cell culture fluid (P0.05) , and remarkably increase the level of SOD and the content of GSH, but reduce the content of MDA in the supernatant of cell culture fluid.Vinegar-processed E. pekinensis can release the cytotoxicity of LO2 cell. Its mechanism may be related to the decrease in the oxidative damage of LO2 cells, thereby reducing the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.