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Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening in epidemiology is essential for public health decision-making. This paper describes the general principles, basic steps involved in implementation, analytic methods and other related issues of Markov model. Based on a practical research case of evaluating the cost-effectiveness of primary open-angle glaucoma screening in a Chinese population, key points in applications of Markov model for cost-effectiveness analysis of screening were discussed in detail, including model development, parameters definition, available software, base case analysis, sensitivity analysis and the interpretation of the results. For better supporting evidence-informed decision making in public health, future studies should be aware of the accuracy of parameters in Markov models and the transparency of the models and results, as well as complying with the relevant reporting standards.流行病学筛查的成本效果分析是进行公共卫生决策的重要依据。本文介绍了马尔可夫模型（Markov model）的基本原理、构建步骤、分析方法和相关注意事项。通过中国社区人群中开展的原发性开角型青光眼筛查成本效果分析的实例，从模型构建、参数设置、软件应用、基础分析、敏感性分析和结果解读等方面，详细讨论了马尔可夫模型用于筛查成本效果分析的要点。后续研究应注意马尔可夫模型参数的准确性和研究结果的透明度，并且需要按照相应的报告规范开展流行病学筛查的成本效果分析，以便更好地为公共卫生决策提供科学证据。.

Family-based cohort study is a special type of study design, in which biological samples and environmental exposure information of the member in a family are collected and related follow up is conducted. Family-based cohort study can be applied to explore the effect of genetic factors, environmental factors, gene-gene interaction, and gene-environment interaction in the etiology of complex diseases. This paper summarizes the objectives, methods and results, as well as the opportunities and challenges of the family-based cohort study on common chronic non-communicable diseases in rural population in northern China.家系队列研究是一种特殊的队列研究方法，以家系为单位收集研究对象的生物样本和环境暴露信息，并进行随访，为探索复杂性疾病病因研究中遗传、环境、基因-基因和基因-环境交互作用提供重要资源。本文将对"北方农村地区居民常见慢性非传染性疾病的家系队列研究"的目标、方法、初步结果、机遇与挑战进行简单介绍。.

Since the development of high-throughput technology, electronic medical record system and big data technology, the value of medical data has caused more attention. On the other hand, the proposal of Precision Medicine Initiative opens up the prospect for medical big data. As a Tool-related Discipline, Epidemiology is, focusing on exploitation the resources of existing big data and promoting the integration of translational research and knowledge to completely unlocking the "black box" of exposure-disease continuum. It also tries to accelerating the realization of the ultimate goal on precision medicine. The overall purpose, however is to translate the evidence from scientific research to improve the health of the people.

A total number of 167,274 births were observed on birth defects in rural areas 1968-1990 in China. The results showed that there were 361 cases of neural system defects, accounting for 31.45% in all birth defects. The incidence of neural system defects was 2.19% with hydrocephalus, anencephalus and spinal bifida 0.89%, 0.87%, 0.36% respectively. The distribution of neural system birth defects showed that incidence in northern part of the country was higher than that of in the south while in winter--spring was higher than in summer--autumn. Results of unconditional logistic regression analysis demonstrated that risk factors were related to neural system defects as maternal education level, parity, delivery mode and lower birth weight.

To obtain prevalence rate of congenital defects during age of two years 16107 children were followed. Our data demonstrate that the prevalence rate of over all congenital defects at birth increased about 69% compared with at age of two years. The reason for prevalence rate increasing with age was that many children with internal organ defects were not diagnosed until three months or later. Prevalence rate of congenital heart disease at birth was approximately one-fifth of that at age of two years. For gastrointestinal and abdominal wall defects, the prevalence rate increased about 1.5 fold. This two sorts of defects above-mentioned were number eight and number five among over all defects at birth respectively. Three months after birth they became number one and number two.