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Objective: To understand the distribution, molecular characteristics and virulence genes of the O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae isolates from the Pearl River Estuary water., Methods: Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from the Pearl River estuary waters from January 2009 to December 2010, were tested by PCR for eight virulence-related genes, including cholera toxin (ctxA), zonula occludens toxin (zot), accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), hemolysin (hlyA), toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpA), outer membrane protein (ompU), and the regulatory protein genes (tcpI, toxR). Genetic relation was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the patterns were clustered by BioNumerics., Results: From 1152 aquatic samples, 69 isolates were identified, including 41 Inaba, 18 Ogawa and 10 O139. All the isolates showed ctxA negative, while the hlyA and toxR genes were positive in all the isolates. 34.15% (14/41) of the Inaba strains were hlyA(+) toxR(+) ompU(+) ace(+) zot(+) tcpI(+), while 66.67% (12/18) belonged to Ogawa strains and 70% (7/10) of the O139 strains were hlyA(+) toxR(+). Through PFGE analysis, the O1 isolates formed three clusters in this study. The patterns of O1 isolates differed widely, with the similarity as 72.8% - 100.0%, while the patterns of O139 isolates having the similarity of 69.9% - 95.5%., Conclusion: The non-toxigenic O1 and O139 V. cholerae had a wide distribution in the environment of Pearl River estuary water during the non-epidemic period of cholera. All the aquatic isolates presented diversities on the related virulent genes.

Objective: To study the serotypes, virulence features and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated in food poisoning cases and surveillance program on diarrhea patients in Guangdong, 2009., Methods: 95 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from food poisoning cases and 15 strains from surveillance program on diarrhea patients were serotyped and detected for tdh (thermostable direct hemolysin, tdh) and trh (tdh-related hemolysin gene, trh) by PCR. 81 sero-variant Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were selected through PFGE subtyping., Results: There were 15 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from surveillance program on diarrhea patients and 95 strains were isolated from 11 Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused food poisoning cases in 2009. Among these strains, O3:K6 (46.67% and 44.21%) and O4:K8 (33.33% and 28.42%) were the dominant serotypes, but not the 7 food-borne strains. There were 93 (84.54%) tdh(+)trh(-), 13 (11.81%) tdh(-)trh(-), and 3 (3.65%) tdh(+)trh(+) strains. The similarity value was between 57.7% to 100.0% of the 81 strains after PFGE sub-typing method and 36 PFGE subtypes were identified. PFGE001 and PFGE029 appeared to be the dominant subtypes., Conclusion: O3:K6 and O4:K8 were the most dominant serotypes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus-caused diarrhea and food poisoning cases in Guangdong and tdh were detected in most of the strains. Dominant PFGE subtypes were causing both sporadic and outbreak cases in different areas in Guangdong province.

Objective: To understand the phenotypic characteristics of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Guangdong province through carrying out a comprehensive comparison including pulse field gel electrophoresis, ribotyping and serotyping., Methods: 74 different Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from seafood and cases due to food poisoning in Guangdong province were under serotyping and susceptibility testing, in addition to the testing of direct heat hemolysin (tdh) and the heat hemolysin-related hemolysin hormone (trh) via PCR. Ribosomal genotyping (ribotyping) with EcoR I restriction enzyme was utilized on 74 different Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates, whereas pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with the Not I restriction enzyme was used on 74 different Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. BioNumerics software was used to compare the isolates from different sources, times and places in order to elicit the correlation between different strains., Results: Although Vibrio parahaemolyticus was 100.00% sensitive to chloramphenicol, it still presented different levels of resistance against 13 other antibiotics. Among the 74 different strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus under testing, 24.32% showed positive for the tdh virulence gene, whereas 4.05% positive for trh. 74 different Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were found to belong to 26 serotypes, where the O5:K17 and O2:K28 serotypes were dominant in those isolates that causing seafood-poisoning. The O3:K6 serotype was found to be the dominant of those isolates that causing food-poisoning. Based on ribosomal genotyping, the 74 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates were divided into 62 different ribotypes, whereas the 74 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were divided into 67 different PFGE types, thus exhibiting considerable genetic diversities of the strains., Conclusion: Majority of the isolates causing food-poisoning carried tdh virulence gene. PFGE was shown to have the highest resolution, followed by ribotyping with serotyping being the lowest, where the combination of the three could improve the resolution.

Objective: To understand the genetic polymorphism of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in Guangdong province, as well as to explore methods for identifying and tracing the source of these two foodborne pathogens., Methods: Using the automated ribotyping system, two foodborne pathogens were tested with either EcoR I or Pvu II restriction enzymes. BioNumerics software was then applied for image analysis, database establishment and other corresponding analysis., Results: Digestion of 32 Salmonella isolates with Pvu II yielded 19 different ribotypes, and digestion of 14 Salmonella isolates with EcoR I yielded 2 different ribotypes. Staphylococcus aureus isolates showed greater genetic diversity, whereas EcoR I digestion of 49 different isolates yielded 31 different ribotypes., Conclusion: Unique Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus isolates could be identified through ribotyping. Although Salmonella serotyping and ribotyping were not strongly correlated, the combination of both restriction enzymes could be used to more effectively identify the genetic relationship among different strains as well as the source of food poisoning. Thus, not only could the genetic relationships amongst the different strains be inferred through ribotyping skills, the source of food poisoning and mode of transmission could also be determined under the use of this method.

Objective: To understand the infection of Salmonella (S.) in patients with diarrhea and outbreaks caused by Salmonella to identify the serotypes, resistance to antibiotics and PFGE types of the strains from the surveillance program in Guangdong province., Methods: S. strains from patients with diarrhea were detected, and all the positive strains collected in routine and outbreak surveillance programs, were tested by serum agglutination, antibiotic susceptibility and PFGE., Results: 71 S. strains were isolated from 1922 stool samples in 2008, with positive rate as 3.7%. 85 S. strains were isolated from 2110 stool samples in 2009, with positive rate as 4.0%. All the 156 strains were divided into 37 serotypes, with S. serotype typhimurium and enteritidis as the most common serotypes. 10 incidents of food poisoning were detected, of which 4 were caused by enteritidis and 3 by typhimurium. A suspected outbreak by enteritidis was discovered and under epidemiological investigation. The findings indicated that 2 of the 4 patients from this outbreak were infected with identical enteritidis isolates. 80% of the 229 isolates were found susceptible to cephalosporins and quinolone and 59.3% of them were multiresistant to the antibiotics., Conclusion: S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium were the most common serotypes that caused infectious diarrhoea and food poisoning in Guangdong province.

Objective: To understand non-typhoid Salmonella in diarrhea patients from Guangdong province in order to timely discover the outbreaks caused by them as well as to grasp the serotypes, antibiotic resistance and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types of those strains isolated from this surveillance program., Methods: Salmonella strains from diarrhea patients were detected and all the positive strains were tested by serum agglutination, antibiotic susceptibility and PFGE., Results: 71 non-typhoid Salmonella strains were isolated from 1128 stool samples, with a positive rate of 6.29%. All the strains were divided into 29 serotypes, with Salmonella serotype enteritidis and typhimurium showing the most common serotypes. Most of the strains were sensitive to cephalosporins and quinolones. The antibiotic resistance rates of S. typhimurium were higher than S. enteritidis and S. stanley. Other than S. enteritidis, all the serotype strains did not have the same type of PFGE. 17 S. enteritidis strains digested by XbaI were divided to 8 PFGE types while the PFGE 4 type appeared the most common one. 12 S. enteritidis strains were typed again by SfiI and NotI, and there were still 3 groups of strains showing the same PFGE pattern., Conclusion: Most of the infection caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella was sporadic in Guangdong province in 2007. Cephalosporins and quinolones seemed the best in curing the infection of non-typhoidal Salmonella at the clinics.

Objective: To establish molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for studying the epidemiologic characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from foodstuff in Guangdong province and to build up PFGE typing database of Listeria monocytogenes isolates for identifying the infectious resource of the outbreaks and other epidemiologic investigation., Methods: "Standardized Protocol for Molecular Subtyping of Listeria monocytogenes by PFGE" was followed. BioNumerics software was applied on image analysis, database establishment, comparative and corresponding analysis., Results: 107 Listeria monocytogenes isolates were typed by PFGE, 41 PFGE types were observed among the isolates. The PFGE types were dispersive among these isolates. Listeria monocytogenes isolates were most frequently isolated in raw chicken while the most PFGE types were found in this type of food. The positive rate was relatively high in cold and iced foods. Only 1-2 DNA fragment difference occurred in 26 Listeria monocytogenes isolates by PFGE, so high degree of relatedness remained among these isolates. There were unique PFGE patterns in the regions of Shaoguan and Huizhou. From time to time, a number of isolates remained close relationship., Conclusion: PFGE typing of the 107 Guangdong Listeria monocytogenes isolates demonstrated relative genetic diversity but a number of the isolates showed close relatedness.