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Objective: To compare the differences of hip offset and rotation center reconstruction between robot-assisted and manual total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods: Patients underwent robot-assisted and manual THA from May to September of 2020 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were enrolled in this study. The patients included 27 patients (28 hips) in robot-assisted THA (rTHA) group and 29 patients (31 hips) in manual THA (mTHA) group. In rTHA group, there were 16 males and 11 females, with a mean age of (59±13) years. In mTHA group, there were 18 males and 11 females, with a mean age of (63±14) years. Basic information, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), diagnosis and functional scoring etc, were recorded. In rTHA group, Mako robot system was used for preoperative planning, intraoperative real-time location and navigation. In mTHA group, traditional preoperative template design and surgical procedure were carried out. Operation time and functional scoring were compared postoperatively. Femoral offset, acetabular offset, global offset, rotation center changes in vertical and horizontal directions were measured on pelvis X-ray and analyzed. The correlation between intraoperative feedback of global offset change in robot system and postoperative measured global offset were analyzed. Results: Operation time in rTHA group was (80±10) min, which was statistically longer than that in mTHA group ((58±18) min, P <0.001). With 6 months' follow-up, the Harris scoring in rTHA group was 94.9±2.8, which was statistically higher than that in mTHA group (93.1±2.8, P =0.017), however there was no statistic difference in WOMAC scoring between rTHA and mTHA group (7.0±3.8 vs 7.1±2.4, P =0.840). Absolute global offset change within 5 mm, 5-10 mm and lager than 10 mm were 71.4%(20/28), 28.6%(8/28) and 0 in rTHA group, which were 45.2%(14/31), 29.0%(9/31) and 25.8%(8/31) in mTHA group (all P <0.05). A positive relation was found between intraoperative feedback of global offset change in robot system and postoperative measured global offset in rTHA group ( r =0.77, P <0.001). It was found that rotation center changes concentrated in outer upper quadrant in both groups, and rotation center change in rTHA group concentrated mainly in the area less than 10 mm, however, rotation center change in mTHA group was more dispersive compared with rTHA group. Conclusion: rTHA may accurately reconstruct hip offset and rotation center, intraoperation feedback of global offset change may be an effective reference.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effects of functional neck dissection (FND) and supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOND) in patients with cN0/N1 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: A total of 210 patients with stage cN0/N1 OSCC underwent FND and SOND between January 2012 and May 2015 were retrospectively reviewed, among which, 147 patients were male and 63 were female, with an age range of 23-82 years and mean age of (62.2±10.2) years. There were 112 and 98 patients in FND and SOND groups, respectively. The follow-up data included cervical lymph node metastasis, movement of shoulder joint, great auricular nerve function, recurrence rate of cervical lymph nodes. Results: There was no significant difference in gender, age, tumor location, T stage, N stage, histological grades between the two groups (all P> 0.05). Compared to patients in FND group, the activities of shoulder joint and earlobe numbness improved significantly in SOND group. Of the 210 patients, 17 patients (8.1%) had cervical recurrence, with 9 patients (8.0%) in FND group and 8 patients (8.2%) in SOND group. No significant difference was observed for neck recurrence between the two groups ( P= 0.973). Conclusion: SOND can be safely performed in cN0 or cN1 OSCC patients, which avoids major complications of FND, and improves postoperative quality of life in those patients.

Objective: A variety of interstitial cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) based on glioma stem cells(GSC) have the function to promote malignant progression of tumors, but whether these interstitial cells have already undergone malignant transformation and their related molecular characteristics are still poorly understood. Methods: Human SU3-RFP glioma stem cells (GSC) stably transfected with red fluorescent protein (RFP) and interstitial cells from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic nude mice were co-cultured in vitro. SU3-RFP cells were also inoculated in different tissues of EGFP-Balb/c nude mice. Immortal EGFP(+) cells were monocloned either from co-culture cells in vitro, or from their xenografts in vivo. These immortal EGFP(+) cells were confirmed to bear characteristics of tumor cell via chromosomal analysis and tumorigenicity assay. Related molecular phenotypes of these cells were further detected through RT-PCR, flow cytometry and immunochemistry(IHC) techniques. Results: (1) Two EGFP(+) cell lines were obtained in vitro, and 5 EGFP(+) cell lines were obtained in vivo tumorigenic experiments. Seven EGFP(+) cell lines all have characteristics of self-renewal, heteroploid of chromosomes and 100% tumorigenicity. (2) Cell surface marker analysis showed cell origin of these cell lines were macrophages (tMΦ1 and tMΦ2 ), dendritic cells (tDC1 and tDC2), fibroblasts (tFB), oligodendrocytes (tOG) and BMSC cells (tBMSC), respectively. (3)All of these seven cell lines co-expressed Sca-1 and c-myc, and have Sox-2 or Nanog expression also, which suggest that they may bear molecular characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. Conclusions: (1) Tumor stromal cells in TME have undergone malignant transformation, which is related to the tissue remodeling of TME by GSCs, and not limit to the specific type of their parasitic tissues. (2) Tumor cells originated from GSC and tumor interstitial cells, respectively, are two major types of tumor cells with different origins in glioma parenchyma, can not be simply regarded as tumor heterogeneity, transformed interstitial cells of TME may have the potential to serve as new targets for target diagnosis and therapy.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between nucleolus spindle-related protein 1 (NUSAP1) and malignant progression and prognosis of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Methods: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical technique were applied to analyze NUSAP1 expression level in GBM surgical specimens. Correlations between NUSAP1 expression and molecular classification and survival of patients with GBM were also investigated in TCGA database. The gene silencing technique was used to silence NUSAP1 expression in U87 cells, CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle changes, and in vivo tumorigenicity was evaluated after NUSAP1 silencing in tumor-bearing mice. Results: NUSAP1 expression level in GBM was higher than that in non-tumor brain tissue. Survival curve analysis showed that the survival time of GBM patients with high NUSAP1 expression decreased significantly ( P <0.01). NUSAP1 expression was relatively lower in mesenchymal and neural molecular subtypes of GBM, when compared with the other two molecular subtypes. And it was closely related with specific genetic aberrations (such as PTEN loss and IDH1 mutation). Silencing NUSAP1 inhibited G2/M cell cycle progression of GBM cells, and inhibited cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Expression of NUSAP1 is closely related to progress and prognosis of GBM, and can be a biomarker reflecting GBM prognosis and act as a therapeutic target with potential clinical application value.

Objective: To investigate the changes of resting brain function with time in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by using regional homogeneity (ReHo) with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Methods: Multidimensional cognitive function tests and rs-fMRI scans were performed in 21 T2DM patients and 12 healthy controls in 2012 and 2015 respectively.The differences in clinical variables and the ReHo values before and after were measured by paired sample t test, and the correlation between the change of ReHo value and the change of clinical variables was measured by Pearson correlation analysis based on voxel. Results: The delayed score (14±6) of the T2DM patients in 2015 was significantly lower than that in 2012 (18±6) ( t =-2.88, P =0.009); while the value of ReHo in the bilateral occipital lobe and right middle frontal gyrus was significantly lower than that in 2012 ( P <0.01, Alphasim correction). And the decreased ReHo value in the left occipital lobe was significantly correlated with the change of complex figure test (CFT) delay score and the trail making test-B (TMT-B)( r =0.52, -0.46, both P <0.05). No significant change in cognitive function tests in the healthy control group was found between the two years, ReHo value in right cuneus decreased significantly ( P <0.01, Alphasim correction), but it increased significantly in superior frontal gyrus ( P <0.01, Alphasim correction) in 2015.No significant correlation between the changes of the ReHo values in the right cuneus and right superior frontal gyrus and the changes of cognitive function scores was found in the healthy controls. Conclusions: The visual memory is significantly declined in T2DM patients within 3 years.The reduced neural activity areas in T2DM patients are in the bilateral occipitai lobes and the right middle frontal lobe. Decreased neural activity in the left occipital area is related to visual impairment, information processing speed and attention drops.

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of Notch1 on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and explore underlying molecular mechanism., Methods: H9c2 cells were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and ischemic postconditioning (IPost) treatment following infection with lentiviral vector-Notch1 intracellular domain (Lv-N1ICD) or Lv-N1ICD-shRNA, and divided into control group, H/R group, H/R+ N1ICD group, IPC group, IPC+ N1ICD-shRNA group, IPost group, IPost+ N1ICD-shRNA group, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by 2', 7'dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA). The expression of p-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β)/GSK-3β were detected by Western blot analysis., Results: The apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes in control group, H/R group, H/R+ N1ICD group, IPC group, IPC+ N1ICD-shRNA group, IPost group, IPost+ N1ICD-shRNA group was (5.34±1.70)%, (47.03±4.10)%, (33.89±12.25)%, (35.85±3.17)%, (51.12±8.22)%, (37.35±3.82)%, (47.90±3.08)%, respectively, showing significant differences in all group (F=18.47, P<0.05). ROS in control group, H/R group, H/R+ N1ICD group, IPC group, IPC+ N1ICD-shRNA group, IPost group, IPost+ N1ICD-shRNA group was 624.66±79.52, 1 221.87±63.66, 913.12±115.82, 935.85±201.62, 1 204.03±113.82, 967.15±106.11, 1 296.59±222.38, respectively, showing significant differences in all group (F=8.77, P<0.05). The ratio of p-GSK-3β to GSK-3β in control group, H/R group, H/R+ N1ICD group, IPC group, IPC+ N1ICD-shRNA group, IPost group, IPost+ N1ICD-shRNA group was 0.58±0.12, 0.62±0.20, 1.24±0.09, 1.16±0.12, 0.72±0.15, 1.16±0.12, 0.75±0.12, respectively, showing significant differences in all group (F=11.21, P<0.05)., Conclusion: As an endogenous cardioprotective factor, Notch1 reduces myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by promoting GSK-3β phosphorylation, inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and reducing ROS formation.

Objective: To investigate the optimal anticoagulation methods and monitoring strategy for Chinese patients undergoing heart valve replacement, which is potentially quite different from western populations., Methods: In this multicenter prospective cohort study, the anticoagulation and monitoring strategy data was acquired from 25 773 in-hospital patients in 35 medical centers and 20 519 patients in outpatient clinic in 11 medical centers from January 1st, 2011 to December 31th, 2015., Results: As for in-hospital patients, mean age of study population was (48.6±11.2) years old; main etiology of valve pathology was rheumatic (87.5%) origin among study cohort; 94.8% of study population received mechanical valve implantation; international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring (in all the study centers) and low-intensity anticoagulation strategy (31 hospitals chose target INR range of 1.5-2.5, and actual values of INR among 89.2% of 100 069 in-hospital monitoring samples were 1.5-2.5), with mean actual INR values of 1.84±0.53, and warfarin dosage of (2.82±0.93) mg/d were widely adopted among the study centers; strategies of in-hospital warfarin administration were similar in all the study centers; complication rates of low-intensity anticoagulation strategy were low in severe hemorrhage (0.02%), thrombosis (0.05%), and thromboembolism (0.05%) events, without anticoagulation-related death.As for 18 974 outpatient clinic patients, the follow-up rate was 92.47%, with a total of 30 012 patient-years (Pty). Anticoagulation-related morbidity and mortality rates were 0.67% and 0.15% Pty; major hemorrhage morbidity and mortality rates were 0.25% and 0.13% Pty; thromboembolism morbidity and mortality rates were 0.45% and 0.03% Pty.The mean dosage of warfarin daily dosage was (2.85±1.23) mg/d and INR value was 1.82±0.57.No significant regional difference in the intensity of anticoagulation therapy was noted during the study., Conclusions: INR can be used as a normalized indicator for intensity of anticoagulation therapy in China.The optimal anticoagulation intensity with INR range from 1.5 to 2.5 is safe and effective for Chinese patients with heart valve replacement, and there is no significant regional difference in the intensity of anticoagulation therapy.

Objective: To examine the main effect of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in contribution to abdominal obesity and study whether there is an interaction in the 10 SNPs in the cause of abdominal obesity., Methods: A total of 820 subjects were randomly selected and no individual was related. Individual polymorphism and interactions were available for analyses., Results: C allele carrier (CC + TC) was significantly higher than that of TT genotype (OR (95%CI) = 0.68 (0.52 - 0.90), P = 0.005). A 5-dimension gene-to-gene interaction model existed among rs135539, rs2016520, rs10865710, rs1805192 and rs709158 on the incidences of abdominal obesity., Conclusions: The C allele in rs2016520 is significantly associated with a lower rate of abdominal obesity. And there is an interaction among rs2016520, rs135539, rs10865710, rs1805192 and rs709158 on the incidences of abdominal obesity.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of endovascular treatment of ruptured and unruptured intracranial very small aneurysms (< or = 3 mm in maximal diameter)., Methods: Forty-eight intracranial very small aneurysms in 44 patients treated with endovascular therapy from June 2001 to August 2009 were reviewed retrospectively in clinical, imaging, interventional and follow-up data. Among 44 patients, there were 20 males and 24 females with a mean age of 57.8 years old. The Hunt-Kosnik grade was as follows: Grade 0 (n = 11); Grades I & II (n = 23); Grades III & IV (n = 9); and ungraded (n = 1). The sizes of 48 aneurysms were not more than 3 mm in maximal diameter. The locations of aneurysms were as follows: ACoA (n = 11), MCA (n = 8), PCoA (n = 14), ICA (n = 12), pericallosal artery (n = 1), VA (n = 1) and PICA (n = 1). Thirty-nine aneurysms were embolized with coil, of which 13 with stent assistance and 6 by balloon remodeling technique. The other 9 aneurysms underwent sole stent placement in parent artery., Results: Among 39 coiling aneurysms, 100% occlusion was achieved in 9 aneurysms, 90% in 20, 80% in 9 and less than 80% in 1 respectively. Only one aneurysm ruptured during coiling. Two patients had transient hemiparesis and one patient had ataxia caused by bilateral cerebellar infarction postoperatively. All patients were clinically followed up for 4-90 months and no recurrent hemorrhage occurred. Thirteen patients received repeat angiography at 4-72 months post-treatment. And no radiological re-growth was detected., Conclusion: Endovascular treatment of ruptured and unruptured intracranial very small aneurysms seems to be technically feasible, relatively safe and practically effective.

Objective: To investigate the migration and distribution of CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and CIK (cytokine-induced killer) cells in gastric tumor model., Methods: Subcutaneous gastric tumor model was established by BGC-823 cancer cells in nude mice. Both CTL and CIK cells were labeled with 99Tc(m) directly and then inoculated into nude mice with subcutaneous tumor by intravenous injection separately. Three mice of each group were evaluated by single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) at 1 h, 6 h and 24 h post-inoculation. After SPECT imaging, 3 mice in each group were sacrificed and got samples of the tumor, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, intestine, etc. The tissue samples were weighed and radioactivity was determined with a well-type scintillation counter. The accumulation of labeled CTL and CIK cells in tissues were expressed as %ID/g (percentage activity of injection dose per gram of tissue) and T/NT (tumor/non-tumor) values were analyzed., Results: The tracing of both cells in SPECT showed a clear migration path away from the injection point to solid tumor, and can be detected in all organs and tissues such as liver, spleen, kidney, lung and intestine, etc not long after injection. The %ID/g peak values of CTL in organs from the highest to the lowest were as follows: tumor (7.79 +/- 0.46), liver (4.12 +/- 0.51), intestine (2.71 +/- 0.16), kidney (1.44 +/- 0.25), spleen (1.24 +/- 0.12), kidney (1.12 +/- 0.11), and all the T/NTs were above 1. The %ID/g peak values of CIK cells in organs from the highest to the lowest were as follows: liver (6.64 +/- 0.67), tumor (5.47 +/- 0.87), intestine (3.55 +/- 0.23), kidney (2.34 +/- 0.41), spleen (1.45 +/- 0.17), lung (1.27 +/- 0.21), and T/NTs > 1 except for liver. After injection, the %ID/g values of tumor in CTL group were 2.35 +/- 0.28 (1 h), 4.58 +/- 0.52 (6 h) and 7.79 +/- 0.46 (24 h) respectively while the %ID/g values of tumor in CIK group 2.23 +/- 0.46 (1 h), 3.25 +/- 0.70 (6 h) and 5.47 +/- 0.87 (24 h) respectively. At 24 h point, the %ID/g of CTL in tumor was much higher than CIK cells (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The definite directional tumor-targeting capacity of CTL and CIK cells in tumor-bearing nude mice is promising.

Objective: To investigate the effects of microoperations combined with embolization in treatment of spinal cord hemangioblastoma., Methods: Thirty-six patients with spinal cord hemangioblastoma, 21 males and 15 females, aged 24.2 (12-48), underwent MRI and digital abstraction angiography. Twelve of them underwent pure microsurgical treatment and 24 of them underwent operation combined with remobilization., Results: MRI showed clear boundary mass, and DSA showed round or oval high density images with clear boundary and definite supplying artery. 30 cases had their tumors totally removed; and 6 cases had their tumors subtotally removed. Complete functional recovery was seen in 27 of the 36 patients (67%). Four patients resumed their self-care ability,and 4 still needed someone's help., Conclusion: Embolization lowers the blood supply of the spinal cord hemangioblastoma, elevates the cure rate, and enlarges the indication of spinal cord hemangioblastoma operation.

Objective: To investigate the effects of octreotide on apoptosis of and Fas/FasL gene expression in human hepatoma cell mechanism of the suppression effect of liver cancer with e in order to offer the experimental foundation for clinic treatment., Methods: Hyman hematoma cells of the line SMMC-7721 were cultured and divided into two groups: octreotide group, co-cultured with octreotide 4,7, and 10 microg/ml respectively for 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h, and control group. TUNEL was used to detect the apoptosis of the cells. Flow cytometry was used with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique to detect the apoptosis of the cells. FC was used with direct labeling of monoclonal antibody (CD95/CD178) to detect the expression of Fas and FasL, and the Fas/FasL ratio., Results: Octreotide increased the apoptotic rate of the cells dose- and time-dependently (all P < 0.05). Octreotide increased the Fas expression rate, FasL expression rate, and Fas/FasL ratio dose- and time-dependently (all P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Octreotide induces the apoptosis of human hepatoma cells, possibly by the mechanism of facilitating the Fas/FasL gene expression.

Objective: To study the protective role of heat shock protein (HSP)70 expression in the myocardial cells undergoing anoxia/reoxygeneration., Methods: Myocardiocytes of neonatal SD rats were cultured and randomly divided into 4 groups: anoxia/reperfusion (A/R) group undergoing anoxia/reperfusion; A/R + HS group, undergoing transfection of HS and A/R, pCDNA HSP70 + A/R group, undergoing transfection of liposome-coated HSP70 pCDNA and A/R, and control group. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of HSP70 in the cells. The cell viability was examined by MTT method. The levels of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CPK) were detected. Transmission electronic microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the cells. Apoptosis rate was measured., Results: The cell viability rates of the HS + A/R group and pCDNA HSP70 + A/R group were (71.8 +/- 10.3)% and (73.4 +/- 12.2)% respectively, both significantly higher than that of the A/R group [(35.2 +/- 6.8)%, both P < 0.01]. The LDH activity levels of the HS + A/R and pCDNA HSP70 + A/R groups were (14.3 +/- 2.6) and (14. 6 +/- 2.9) IU/L respectively, both significantly lower than that of the A/R group [22.9 +/- 4.0 IU/L, P < 0.01]. The cell ultrastructure was abnormal in the A/R group e, whereas nearly normal in the HS + A/R and pCDNA HSP70 + A/R groups. The HSP70 mRNA land protein were only slightly expressed in the myocardiocytes of the A/R group; However, the expressions of HSP70 mRNA and protein were of the HS + A/R and pCDNA HSP70 + A/R groups were significantly higher than those of the A/R group (both P < 0.01). The apoptosis rates of the A/R group was (12.84 +/- 2.17), significantly higher than that of the control group [(2.16 +/- 0.15), P < 0.01], and the apoptotic rates of the HS + A/R and pCDNA HSP70 + A/R groups were (5.23 +/- 1.04) and (4.42 +/- 0.93) respectively, both significantly lower than that of the A/R group (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Overexpression of HSP70 alone can provide protection, related to the anti-apoptosis effect, for cardiomyocytes against anoxia-reoxygeneration.

Objective: To construct implantable engineered liver tissue (ELT) using type I collagen gel as scaffold., Methods: Type I collagen was obtained from the tail of a rat. Hepatocytes were collected from a Sprague-Dawley rat, mixed with liquid type I collagen and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium to create hepatocyte/collagen gel construct. The construct was inoculated in a 96-well plate. 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after the inoculation the viability of hepatocytes in vitro was measured by MTT assay. Phase contrast microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the hepatocyte/collagen gel construct. Three SD rats underwent injection of the hepatocyte/collagen gel construct into the subcutaneous space. One week later the implant was taken out. The morphology was conducted by routine H.E. staining and immunohistochemical staining. The morphology and function of hepatocytes was investigated by inverted microscopy, routine H.E. staining and immunohistochemical staining. The constructs were also implanted into subcutaneous space, and the differentiation of hepatocytes and the formation of engineered liver tissue were observed by routine H.E. staining and immunohistochemical staining., Results: Phase contrast microscopy showed that the hepatocytes were distributed evenly in the construct and remained round-shape throughout the in vitro culture. MTT assay demonstrated that the high viability of hepatocytes (87%) was maintained up to 7 days, and then decreased gradually. Albumin, the specific marker of hepatocytes remained positive by immunohistochemical staining after 15-day culture. One week after implantation into subcutaneous space, the implanted hepatocytes retained its hepatocyte-specific morphology, i.e. round shape, large nuclear/cytoplasm ratio as well as binuclear cells, and formed small engineered liver tissue containing blood vessels within and surrounding the tissue., Conclusion: A novel approach to construct implantable engineered liver tissue using collagen gel as scaffold for growth and differentiation of hepatocytes has been dev eloped. This technique is an attractive tool for the development of liver tissue engineering.

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of camelliasaponin C (CS-C) pretreatment on myocardial cell injury induced by anoxia/reoxygenation., Methods: Myocardial cells were obtained from neonatal SD rats, cultured for 3 to 4 days, added into the wells of a 24-well plate, and were divided randomly into five groups (8 wells for each group): control group, anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) group, added with anoxia culture fluid for 3 h and then added with imitation reperfusion fluid for 1 h, anoxia preconditioning (AP) group, undergoing anoxia for 10 min before A/R, CS-C pretreated group, added with CS-C 3.75 x 10(-7) mol/L 1 h before A/R, and glibenclamide (Glib) pretreated group, added with CS-C 3.75 x 10(-7) mol/L and Glib 12 microm 1 h before A/R. Trypan blue exclusion was used to detect the viability of the cardiomyocytes, the contents of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatant of culture medium was measured. Electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of the cardiomyocytes., Results: The contents of LDH of the A/R group was 57.8 U/L +/- 6.4 U/L, significantly higher than that of the control group (12.3 U/L +/- 1.7 U/L, P < 0.01), and the LDH value of the CS-C group was 39.8 U/L +/- 3.9 U/L, significantly lower than that of the A/R group (P < 0.01), not significantly different from that of the AP group (32.4 U/L +/- 5.2 U/L, P > 0.05), but significantly higher than that of the control group. The cardiomyocyte viability of the A/R group was 51.0% +/- 1.9%, significantly lower than that of the control group (92.0% +/- 2.0%, P < 0.01), the cardiomyocyte viability of the CS-C pretreatment group was 76.4% +/- 3.5%, significantly higher than that of the A/R group (P < 0.01), but not significantly different from that of the AP group (78.0% +/- 2.0%, P > 0.05). The cardiomyocyte ultrastructure of the A/R group was significantly changed, and the changes of cardiomyocyte ultrastructure in the CS-C pretreatment group were significantly attenuated compared with the A/R group. The content of LDH of the Glib group was 55.8 U/L +/- 5.0 U/L, significantly higher than that of the CS-C pretreatment group (P < 0.05), and the cardiomyocyte viability of the Glib group was 54.1% +/- 3.7%, significantly lower than that of the CS-C pretreatment group (P < 0.05), and the damage to the cardiomyocyte ultrastructure in the Glib group was more severe than in the CS-C group., Conclusion: The cardioprotective effect of CS-C pretreatment is similar to that of anoxia preconditioning and the effective mechanism would be related to the opening of ATP-sensitive K(+) channel. Glib can abolish the cardioprotective effect of CS-C pretreatment.

Objective: To investigate the cardioprotective effects of sodium ferulate (SF) mediated by nitric oxide on ischemia-reperfusion injured myocardium., Methods: Fifty-six SD rats were killed. Their hearts were isolated and randomly divided into 7 equal groups: ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R group), ischemic/preconditioning (IP group, to be perfumed with anoxic and reoxygenated fluid several times so as to produce protection against continuous and severe ischemia), SF pretreatment group (to be perfused with fluid with SF and then made I/R model), L-NAME + SF group (to be perfused with fluid with SF and L-NAME, a NO inhibitor, and then made I/R model), glibenclamide (Glib) + SF group (to be perfused with Glib + SF and then made I/R model)), L-NAME + Glib + SF group (to be perfused with L-NAME + Glib + SF and then made I/R model)), and control group (normal isolated hearts). Electrocardiography was conducted and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), dp/dt(max), and heart rate (HR) were measured. By the end of the experiment 0.5 grams of tissue was taken from the left ventricle. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonyldialdehyde (MOD), NO, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were detected., Results: The levels of LVSP, dp/dt(max), and HR of the SF pretreatment group and IP group were all significantly higher than those of the I/R group (all P < 0.01) without significant differences between these 2 groups (all P > 0.05). The levels of LVSP, dp/dt(max), and HR of the L-NAME, Glib + SF, and L-NAME + Glib + SF groups were all significantly lower than those of the SF pretreatment group and IP group (all P < 0.01). Ventricular extrasystole (VE) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) during re-perfusion period occurred in all hearts of the I/R group, however, the incidence rates of VE and VT of the IP and SF groups were all significantly lower than those of the I/R group (all P < 0.01), however, without significant differences between the IP and SF groups (all P > 0.05). The incidence rate of VE and VT of the L-NAME, Glib + SF, and L-NAME + Glib + SF groups were all significantly higher than those of the SF group (all P < 0.01). The myocardium MDA content of the I/R group was significantly higher and the SOD activity significantly lower in comparison with the control group (both P < 0.01); the myocardium MDA contents of the IP and SF groups were significantly lower and the SOD activity levels significantly higher in comparison with the I/R group (all P < 0.01), however, with significant differences between theses 2 groups (both P > 0.05); the myocardium MDA contents were significantly higher and the SOD activity levels significantly lower in the L-NAME, Glib + SF, and L-NAME + Glib + SF groups in comparison with the SF and IP groups (all P < 0.01). The myocardium NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) and cGMP contents of the I/R group were both significantly lower than those of the control group (both P < 0.01), and the myocardium NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) and cGMP contents of the IP and SF groups were both significantly higher than those of the I/R group (both P < 0.01), however, without significant differences between these 2 groups (both P > 0.05). The myocardium NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) and cGMP contents of the L-NAME, Glib + SF, and L-NAME + Glib + SF groups were all significantly lower than those of the SF group (all P < 0.01)., Conclusion: SF pretreatment significantly improves the releasing of NO, decreases oxygen free radicals, and relieves myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. The opening of the ATP-sensitive potassium channels induced by the cGMP way of NO activation may be an important pathway in the cardioprotective effects of SF pretreatment.

Objective: To investigate the dynamic changes of dendritic cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and evaluate their roles in the immunopathogenesis of SARS., Methods: Flow cytometry was applied to study the dynamic alteration of the number and frequencies in circulating DC cell subsets in 30 SARS patients including critical SARS (n = 11) and general SARS (n = 19). The reasons and clinic significances of the peripheral blood DC subsets changes in SARS patients were also analyzed in our study., Results: The patients in critical status had a 9-week course of disease, longer than the 6-week course observed in subjects in general status. The frequency of peripheral DC cell subsets significantly dropped beginning from the onset of symptom in SARS patients and was maintained at significant low levels during the following 4 - 5 weeks, 1.7 +/- 1.8, 5.3 +/- 5.0/ micro l for DC1, 0.57 +/- 1.02, 0.98 +/- 1.11/ micro l for DC2 for cases in critical and general statuses, respectively, compared with healthy subjects; more importantly, the pDC2 even disappeared in the patients who died from SARS diseases. The possible reasons responsible for the alteration of DC subsets in peripheral blood is likely to be the direct attack of SARS-CoVin circulation and be partially involved the application of large dose of steroid. The frequency in DC cell subsets returned to normal level in convalescent stage., Conclusion: Our results showed SARS patients had a significant decrease of circulating DC cell subset frequency, which maybe lead to the host immunodeficiency response to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

Objective: To investigate the alteration of the cellular profiles of T lymphocyte subsets and dendritic cell subsets in peripheral blood of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after being transfused with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) in patients, then to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the immune therapeutic strategy., Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 13 patients with primary were collected using blood cell separator, and expanded in the fresh AIM-V medium in the presence of cytokine cocktail including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD3 and interleukin-2 (IL-2). The phenotypic patterns of CIK cells were longitudinally characterized by flow cytometry on day 0, 4, 7, 10,13 and 15 during the incubation period. PBMCs obtained from HCC patients before or after CIK cells transfusion into bodies to assay the changes of proportion of DC1 or DC2 in peripheral blood., Results: After in vitro incubation for 14 or 15 days, a large of CD3(+)CD56(+) cells were produced from their progenitors and the percentages of CD3(+)CD8(+), CD3(+)CD56(+), CD25(+) cells significantly increased from 33.5% +/- 10.1%, 7.7% +/- 2.8%, and 12.3% +/- 4.5% at the beginning to 36.6% +/- 9.0% (P < 0.05), 18.9% +/- 6.9% (P < 0.01), and 16.4% +/- 5.9% (P < 0.05) at the day 15, respectively. In contrast, the percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) and NK cells displayed no significant difference. The percentages of CD3(+), CD3(+)CD8(+) cells was held at a higher level during the whole incubation period, however those of the CD25(+), and CD3(+)CD56(+) cells began decreasing on day 7 and day 13, respectively. The proportion of type I of dendritic cells (DC1) and type II of dendritic cells (DC2) subsets increased from 0.59% +/- 0.23% and 0.26% +/- 0.12% before CIK cell transfusion to 0.85% +/- 0.27% and 0.43% +/- 0.20% (all P < 0.01) after CIK cell transfusion. The symptom of HCC patients receiving the CIK cell therapy was markedly ameliorated, and not side effect was seen in the treatment., Conclusion: Our results indicated that autologous CIK cells is able to boost the cellular immunological function in HCC patients, which probably provide a potent immune therapeutic strategy for HCC patients.

Objective: To investigate the number, phenotype, and interferon-alpha (INF-alpha) of type II dendritic cells (DC2) in persons with hepatitis B and evaluate the role of DC2 subset in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infection., Methods: Peripheral blood was extracted from 103 hepatitis B (HB) virus-infected persons, including 11 cases of HB virus (HBV)-infected persons, 11 cases of acute HB, 81 cases of chronic HB, and 11 cases of asymptomatic HBV infection, and 25 healthy blood donors used as controls. Flow cytometry was used to calculate the number and the phenotype of circulating DC2. Ultraviolet-inactivated herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 was added into the suspension of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and then co-cultured for 24 hours to stimulate the production of INF-alpha by DC2 that was examined by ELISA assay., Results: The number of DC2 in patients with chronic HB was 3.3 +/- 1.0 10(6)/L, significantly lower than that in the healthy controls (7.2 +/- 2.4 10(6)/L, P < 0.01). However, the number of DC2 was not significantly different between any other groups. The proportion of GS2 to PBMCs in the patients with chronic HB was 1.12 +/- 1.13 approximately 0.22 +/- 0.10, all significantly lower than that in the healthy controls (0.32% +/- 0.13%, P < 0.01). However, the proportion of GS2 to PBMCs was not significantly different between any other groups. The decrease of number of DC2 and that of proportion of DC2 to PBMCs in patients with chronic HB were related with the progress of disease. The INF-alpha concentration in the suspensions of PBMCs of different groups without stimulation by HSV-1 were low and there was no significant difference in INF-alpha concentration between different groups. The INF-alpha concentration in the suspension of PBMCs of healthy controls was 789 +/- 82 pg/ml, significantly higher than those of the patients with acute HB (161 +/- 36 pg/ml) and the patients with chronic HB (183 +/- 113 pg/ml, 147 +/- 39 pg/ml, and 156 +/- 39 pg/ml, all P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the patient groups (all P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The number and INF-alpha producing function of DC2, and the numbers of NK cells and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with chronic HB decrease significantly, which results the deficiency of HBV-specific immune response.