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The genus Tajikacelis n. gen. is introduced for species of Archimonocelididae (Proseriata) characterized by the lack of atrial spines in the copulatory organ and by the opening of the seminal vesicles into the prostate vesicle at its ventral side. Six new species from the Pacific Ocean are ascribed to the new genus; they may be distinguished by features of the genital systems and the morphology of their copulatory stylets. T. tajikai n. sp. (type species of the new genus) and T. macrostomoides n. sp., both from eastern Australia, have a long tubular stylet. In T. macrostomoides n. sp., the stylet is more curved, bending to 180°, and has a narrower basis compared to that of T. tajikai n. sp. In T. artoisi n. sp., from Hawai’i, and T. nematoplanoides n. sp., from South Australia, the stylet is shaped as a truncated cone, with a broad, oblique proximal opening and a very short tubular part. T. artoisi n. sp. is distinct for the much stronger thickening of the dorsal side of the stylet, and for the different shape of the proximal opening. In T. acuta n. sp. and T. truncata n. sp., from West Panama, the tubular stylet is comparatively short; the two species differ for the shape of the distal opening, produced into a sharp spike in T. acuta n. sp., and square-ended in T. truncata n. sp.. Two species previously described in the genus Archimonocelis are transferred to Tajikacelis n. gen.: T. itoi Tajika, 1981 from Japan and T. keke Martens and Curini-Galletti, 1989 from Sulawesi (Indonesia). The taxonomic position of the problematic Archimonocelis glabrodorsata Martens and Curini-Galletti, 1989 from the Caribbean is discussed. The relationships of and within the genus Tajikacelis n. gen. are discussed and compared with recent results based on DNA studies.

Four new species of Paraustrorhynchus (Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia: Polycystididae) are described: two from Southern China (P. shenda n. sp., P. sinensis n. sp.), one from New Caledonia (P. isoldeae n. sp.), and one from India (P. smeetsae n. sp.). All four species show a typical dark blue dorsal pigmentation pattern, which is unique to the genus. This pigment forms a broad longitudinal line in P. shenda n. sp. and P. sinensis n. sp., shows an additional transverse band at the level of the pharynx in P. smeetsae n. sp. and forms a Y-shaped pattern in P. isoldeae n. sp. The four species can also be distinguished from each other and their congeners by the detailed morphology of the hard parts of the male system, which in all cases consists of an L-shaped (P. shenda n. sp., P. isoldeae n. sp) or slightly-curved (P. smeetsae n. sp., P. sinensis n. sp.) prostate stylet type II and a prostate stylet type III, which consists of three plates: a basal plate from which two longer plates depart, each with a distal serrated rim. A phylogenetic analysis based on 18S and 28S-rDNA data indicates that Paraustrorhynchus is a monophyletic taxon within Polycystidinae, with Alcha evelinae as the sister group.

Three new species of Polycystididae are described: Brachyrhynchus triplostylis n. gen. n. sp., B. acutus n. sp. and B. oosterlyncki n. sp. They are the first species of Polycystididae to be described with a second, single-walled accessory stylet connected to a small glandular vesicle in the male system. The three species can be distinguished from each other by the detailed morphology and the relative lengths of the three stylets in the male system. The relationships of these species with other representatives of Polycystididae are discussed.

Ten species of Macrostomorpha were found in marine environments of the Algarve (Portugal). Six of them were found in the Ria Formosa, a vast intertidal euryhaline lagoon system that dominates the most Eastern coast of the Algarve: two unidentified species of Microstomum Schmidt, 1848, Macrostomum cf. rubrocinctum Ax, 1951 and two unidentified species of Macrostomum Schmidt, 1848, Paromalostomum dubium (de Beauchamps, 1927), Paromalostomum minutum Rieger, 1971 and Cylindromacrostomum faroensis n.sp.. Comparison of this species with C. mediterraneum (Ax, 1955) and the species from Venice, considered to be C. mediterraneum by Rieger (1977), leads to the conclusion that the individuals studied by Rieger are in fact representatives of a separate species, C. riegeri n.sp.. Acanthomacrostomum spiculiferum PapiSwedmark, 1959 was found in the Atlantic, 10-15 m deep, near the western coast of the Algarve. Haplopharynx papii n. sp. occurs on the beach exposed to the Atlantic as well as in the Ria Formosa. All identified and previously known (marine) species found in the Algarve had been found before, either in the Atlantic or in the Mediterranean basin.

Five new species of the new taxon Brunetorhynchus n. gen. are described: B. deconincki n. sp., B. microstylis n. sp. and B. complicatus n. sp. are from the Mediterranean, B. canariensis n. sp. is from the Canary Island Lanzarote, B. cannoni n. sp. is from the Australian East coast and one species from the Galapagos, formerly described as Limipolycystis spec., is transferred to the new genus as B. dubius n. sp.. As in Limipolycystis, these species have a single stylet, (accessory stylet type II), an accessory secretion vesicle (type II) and a prostate vesicle (type III) in the male atrium, although the latter vesicle is absent in some species. Unlike the species of Limipolycystis, where the seminal receptacle is a sclerotized tubule, the species of the new taxon have a pear-shaped seminal receptacle on the oviduct.

A comprehensive overview is given of the representatives of the taxon Gallorhynchus Schockaert & Brunet, 1971: the two known species G. simplex and G. mediterraneus of Schockaert & Brunet, 1971, Syltorhynchus schockaerti Noldt, 1989, which is transferred to the taxon Gallorhynchus, and four new species, G. elegans n. sp., G. faroensis n. sp., G. genista n. sp. and G. bidaformis n. sp.. G. schockaerti occurs in the North Sea; all other species were found in the western Mediterranean and in south Portugal. Collecting trips of ERS and BST to the Algarve were possible thanks to the EU FP7 ASSEMBLE grant agreement no. 227799. We also thank the Centro de Ciencias do Mar (Centre of Marine Sciences) of the University of the Algarve, Portugal, for providing excellent working and sampling facilities, in particular Dr. Ana Amaral for the kind and efficient logistic support and Dr. Jorge Goncalves for collecting the samples at the islands near Sagres. Special thanks also go to the skipper of the Zodiac for his help with sampling in the Ria Formosa. We thank Dr. Paul Martens for the material from Calvi and from Livorno. We thank Dr. Nikki Watson for correcting the language of the manuscript and Mrs. Natascha Steffanie for preparing the sectioned specimen.

Ten species of Macrostomorpha were found in marine environments of the Algarve (Portugal). Six of them were found in the Ria Formosa, a vast intertidal euryhaline lagoon system that dominates the most Eastern coast of the Algarve: two unidentified species of Microstomum Schmidt, 1848, Macrostomum cf. rubrocinctum Ax, 1951 and two unidentified species of Macrostomum Schmidt, 1848 , Paromalostomum dubium (de Beauchamps, 1927), Paromalostomum minutum Rieger, 1971 and Cylindromacrostomum faroensis n.sp.. Comparison of this species with C. mediterraneum (Ax, 1955) and the species from Venice, considered to be C. mediterraneum by Rieger (1977), leads to the conclusion that the individuals studied by Rieger are in fact representatives of a separate species, C. riegeri n.sp.. Acanthomacrostomum spiculiferum Papi & Swedmark, 1959 was found in the Atlantic, 10–15 m deep, near the western coast of the Algarve. Haplopharynx papii n. sp . occurs on the beach exposed to the Atlantic as well as in the Ria Formosa. All identified and previously known (marine) species found in the Algarve had been found before, either in the Atlantic or in the Mediterranean basin.

Five new species of the new taxon Brunetorhynchus n. gen. are described: B. deconincki n. sp., B. microstylis n. sp. and B. complicatus n. sp. are from the Mediterranean, B. canariensis n. sp. is from the Canary Island Lanzarote, B. cannoni n. sp. is from the Australian East coast and one species from the Galapagos, formerly described as Limipolycystis spec., is transferred to the new genus as B. dubius n. sp.. As in Limipolycystis , these species have a single stylet, (accessory stylet type II), an accessory secretion vesicle (type II) and a prostate vesicle (type III) in the male atrium, although the latter vesicle is absent in some species. Unlike the species of Limipolycystis, where the seminal receptacle is a sclerotized tubule, the species of the new taxon have a pear-shaped seminal receptacle on the oviduct.

We herewith propose that the genus Brachyrhynchus Artois & Schockaert, 2013, be renamed Brachyrhynchoides nom. nov. Artois & Schockaert, 2013. Immediately after publication of Brachyrhynchus Artois & Schockaert, 2013 (Rhabdocoela), we were kindly notified by a colleague that the name is preoccupied, being a junior synonym of Brachyrhynchus Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera). Although we did check in the Index to Organism Names (ION; Thomson Reuters 2009) and the Global Names Index (http://gni.globalnames.org/) before submitting the manuscript, Brachyrhynchus did not gave any results, possibly because of an unfortunate writing mistake in the search string. Apart from Brachyrhynchus Artois & Schockaert, 2013, there are four other junior synonyms of Brachyrhynchus Dejean, 1821: Brachyrhynchus Laporte, 1833 (Hemiptera), Brachyrhynchus Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia), Brachyrhynchus Selys, 1842 (Aves) and Brachyrhynchus Van Beneden, 1871 (Teleostei). There seems to be an ambiguity about the publication date of Brachyrhynchus Laporte, which is given as 1832 by ION and GNI, but apparently should be 1833 according to Cassis & Gross (2002), who follow Direction 63/1956 of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (see Cassis & Gross, 2002: p.48). We therefore propose to replace the name Brachyrhynchus Artois & Schockaert, 2013 by Brachyrhynchoides nom. nov.

Five new species of Limipolycystis Schilke, 1970 are described and their morphology is compared to that of the only spe-cies known, L. curvitubo Schilke, 1970. L. sicilicula n. sp., L. falx n. sp., L friedae n. sp., L. libra n. sp. and L. wallbergi n. sp. all largely resemble L. curvitubo as to the internal anatomy. They all have a caudally-situated testis and, at least inthose species for which good material is available, a seminal receptacle could be seen. This seminal receptacle is tubiform,connecting the bursa with the most proximal part of the oviduct, which is filled with sperm. All these species are mainlydistinguishable from each other by details in the shape of the stylet. Diagnoses are provided for all new species and the diagnosis of the genus is emended to reflect the new finds.

Three new species of Calviriidae are described, belonging to two new genera: Diskeria gigantea n.g. n.sp., D. tasmanica n.sp. and Paracalviria islandica n.g. n.sp. The species of Diskeria have a copulatory organ with two rings of needles of which the internal ring forms a structure resembling a stylet. The accessory organ has a large glandular reservoir connected by a muscular duct to a “true” stylet surrounded by needles. The two species can be discerned by the number and size of the needles in the copulatory organ and in the accessory organ. In the female system there is a large terminal bursa. Paracalviria islandica has a copulatory organ with one circle of ±60 needles and an unarmed, sucker-like accessory organ in the male atrium. The female system is very simple without a bursa. Contrary to the other members of the Calviriidae, P. islandica has an epidermis with insunk nuclei, no septum in front of the pharynx and no sphincter around the gut above the pharynx. The relationships of and within the Calviriidae are discussed and compared with the recent results based on DNA analyses. Morphological arguments are given for the monophyly of the taxon Calviriidae. Amended diagnoses for the family and the four genera within the family are provided.