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Two new species of Mooreonuphis, a genus best known from the coasts of the Americas, are described from Australia, bringing the number of recognized Mooreonuphis species to 23. Mooreonuphis ariasi n. sp. was collected from off Sydney to Wollongong, New South Wales in sandy sediments, in depths of 25-50 m and M. wilsoni n. sp. in the Bass Strait and Tasmania, in 89-130 m. The two new Australian species are among the smallest and the only known abranchiate species in the genus. The summer collections of M. ariasi n. sp. contained a large number of brooders with their young undergoing asynchronous direct development in the parental tube. Nothing is known about the development of M. wilsoni n. sp.

The genus Aponuphis, previously known from the eastern North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, is newly reported from Australia. Three new species are described from off Sydney to Wollongong, New South Wales in sandy sediments, in depths of 25-70 m, bringing the number of recognized Aponuphis species to ten. Aponuphis annae n. sp. and A. bellani n. sp. are abranchiate, whilst A. danicae n. sp. has branchiae over a short region of its body. The tubes of A. annae and A. danicae have a fragile mucous consistency with attached sand grains and that of A. bellani is transparent, tight-fitting and smooth. Two specimens of A. annae were collected with developing juveniles in their tubes demonstrating their direct development but the reproductive mode of the other two species is not known. The distinguishing characteristics of all recognized species are tabled and a key to the three Australian species is presented.

Examination of the holotype of Paradiopatra bihanica (Intes & LeLoeuff, 1975) indicated that the identity of this species had been incorrectly represented in recent papers and that the ensuing synonymisation of P. calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997 was unwarranted. This led us to researching the history of the holotype and its representation in the literature to reinstate P. calliopae as the correct name for this very common Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic species (Martínez & Adarraga 2001; Arias & Paxton 2015; Santelli et al. 2015).

This work recognises five species of Paradiopatra from southwestern Europe, represented in the Bay of Biscay, the Atlantic coasts of Iberia and the western Mediterranean Sea. One species, Paradiopatra florencioi sp. nov., is newly described from the Cantabrian slope, northern Spain. We are presenting detailed diagnoses of all species and report ontogenetic changes of P. bihanica and P. hispanica. Scanning electron microscopy elucidated previously known Methylene Blue or Green staining patterns of the ventral glandular pads as cuticular pores. A dichotomous key to all species is included.

This study describes a new subgenus of miniature, progenetic Rhamphobrachium species from eastern Australia. Minibrachium, n. subg. is characterised by such paedomorphic features as lack of peristomial cirri and branchiae, possession of only two pairs of modified parapodia with spiny recurved hooks and very early onset of subacicular hooks. Three new species are described, of which at least R. (Minibrachium) nutrix n. sp., the type species (from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef), is a fully grown adult, brooding several 16- to 20-chaetiger juveniles in the parental tubes. Rhamphobrachium (M.) talboti n. sp. (from off Sydney) and R. (M.) fractum n. sp. (from Bass Strait), although twice as large as the type species, have only partially developed frontal lips, indicating either incomplete growth or presenting an additional paedomorphic character. We discuss the position of the new subgenus in the Rhamphobrachium complex and present a key to the subgenera of Rhamphobrachium and species of R. (Minibrachium).

This study recognises five species of Onuphis and four species of Aponuphis from southwestern Europe, represented in the Bay of Biscay, the Atlantic coasts of Iberia and the western Mediterranean Sea. One species, Onuphis anadonae sp. nov., is newly described and another species, Aponuphis willsiei Cantone & Bellan, 1996 is a new record for the Iberian Peninsula waters. Aponuphis ornata (Fauvel, 1928) and A. willsiei are shown to be tube brooders and the development of the juveniles is described. The usefulness of some Onuphis characters, as well as the size-dependent distribution of branchiae and chaetae, complicating Aponuphis species identification, are discussed. We are presenting descriptions and photographs of the distinctive Aponuphis colour pattern which we recommend as an identificatory tool instead. A dichotomous key to all species is included.

Onuphis eremita, type species of the genus, and Onuphis pancerii, originally from La Rochelle (France) and Gulf of Naples (Italy) respectively, are two of the earliest described species of the family Onuphidae. Yet, the definition of the former was extremely confused, the latter was considered its synonym for nearly a century, and types do not exist. We have examined a large amount of material, old museum collections and newly collected specimens from the European Atlantic and Mediterranean and conclude that both, O. eremita and O. pancerii, are valid species. The most obvious differences are that O. eremita is a slender species with only tridentate pseudocompound hooks while O. pancerii is much more robust and has pseudocompound hooks with bi- and tridentate (or even multidentate) tips. Neotypes have been designated for both species and the two taxa are redescribed and illustrated. We regard O. eremita sensu stricto, as redefined on the neotype here, to be restricted to the European Atlantic and western and central Mediterranean; other records need to be re-evaluated. Some specimens of both species were collected with eggs (~ 200 µm diameter) protruding through openings in the body wall, and some O. eremita had ect-aquasperm, suggesting that reproduction is by broadcast spawning and indirect development.

A new species of the genus Mooreonuphis Fauchald, 1982 collected from the Cantabrian shelf (Bay of Biscay) is described. Mooreonuphis vespa sp. nov. constitutes the first record of this genus in European waters and is characterised by: conspicuous dark brown transverse segmental pigment bands; antennae and palps with 3-5 basal ceratophoral rings and a very long distal ring; unusually long and slender peristomial and dorsal cirri; simple branchiae from chaetiger 17-19. We present observations on its reproductive biology (including brooding behaviour) and remark on the biogeography of the genus.

This study recognises eight species of Paradiopatra from eastern Australian waters, of which only one, Paradiopatra ehlersi, had been previously recorded. Six species are newly described: P. acirrata n. sp., P. imajimai n. sp., P. longicappa n. sp., P. piccola n. sp., P. spinosa n. sp., P. variabilis n. sp., and one species is reported as P. cf. papillata. Descriptions of all species (with the exception of P. ehlersi) are given, accompanied by detailed illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs and drawings. A key to all 32 species of the genus is included plus a table summarising specific diagnostic characters of the Australian representatives.