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Galiblatta Hebard, 1926 is a genus of the Poroblattini (Blaberidae: Epilamprinae) comprising so far G. cribosa Hebard, 1926 (type species) and G. williamsi Roth, 1968, respectively from Guiana and Brazil. The latter species was described from the state of Amazonas, Manaus. We are describing the cryptic Galiblatta pipo sp. nov. that occurs in sympatry with G. williamsi, with a map with genus records. Furthermore, we provide images and redescribe G. williamsi.

A new species of Melanorivulus, belonging to the Melanorivulus zygonectes species group, is described from the rio Galera, a tributary of the right bank of the upper rio Guaporé, Amazon basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. It is diagnosed from congeners by the following combination of characters: absence of pelvic fins; presence of a black band along the entire caudal-fin margin in males, typically more conspicuous on dorsal and ventral portions; presence of a wide oblique bars anteriorly and wide chevron-like marks posteriorly to middle of flank. This is the first record of the genus Melanorivulus for the rio Madeira basin.

Anastrepha cruzi was described in 1934, from a specimen without an abdomen. The holotype is the only known record for this species, collected in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest (location unknown). However, during fruit fly surveys with McPhail-type traps on the campus of the Federal University of Amazonas in Manaus (state of Amazonas), two females were identified as A. cruzi, based on thoracic and wing patterns. These females are described in detail here, including the aculeus tip, to clarify the identity and facilitate recognition of A. cruzi. A single female of A. caballeroi Norrbom was also collected in these surveys, and this species is recorded here for the first time in Brazil.

A new species of the genus Philothalpus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylinini: Philothalpina), Philothalpus precious Klemann-Junior, Barroso, Pereira & Asenjo, sp. nov., is described from Amazonas state, northern Brazil. Major diagnostic features are illustrated and the species is included in the key to Philothalpus species.

A new species of Jeremia Redtenbacher (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Cladomorphinae) is described based on both male and female specimens from the northern Brazilian Amazon Basin and named Jeremia megaplax sp. nov. The new species can be differentiated from other species of this genus by the length of the female subgenital plate, which is two times longer than the length of tergites 810. Photos and description from subadult male and not fully developed eggs are also provided. The studied material is deposited at the Invertebrate Collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA).

Proscopiidae (Orthoptera: Caelifera) are grasshoppers found in Central and South America, often mistaken for true stick insects (Phasmatodea) due to their stick-like appearance. The family comprises three subfamilies: Hybusinae, Proscopiinae, and Xeniinae, with Hybusinae as the smallest subfamily, housing the genus Hybusa Erichson, which contains four species endemic to Chile. Considering that the most recent comprehensive taxonomic assessment of this genus was conducted approximately three decades ago, herein we redescribe the type species of Hybusa, H. occidentalis (Westwood), based on males and females. The study includes new images of H. occidentalis body and male genitalia, along with a comprehensive pictorial key for all Hybusa species using available type material. Additionally, a morphological comparison between Hybusa and other Proscopiidae taxa is presented.

The puparium of Hermetia teevani Curran is described, based on 173 specimens reared from cassava roots (Manihot esculenta), in laboratory under controlled conditions until the emergence of the adults. Hermetia teevani is the ninth species with immature stage known for Hermetia, in addition to being recorded for the first time for the Distrito Federal and State of Gois.

A new species of Moenkhausia is described from the rio Brao Norte, a tributary of Rio Teles Pires draining the Serra do Cachimbo, rio Tapajs basin, Par, Brazil. The new species is diagnosed from all congeners, except M. moisae and M. pirauba, by having a high number of scales in the longitudinal series (4346 vs. 2341 in other Moenkhausia species). It can also be distinguished from the aforementioned species based on the combination of the following characters: a single humeral blotch, 2125 branched anal-fin rays, and a round and symmetrical caudal blotch not continuous anteriorly with the dark midlateral stripe. The new tetra herein described represents an additional, possibly endemic, taxon from the headwaters draining from Serra do Cachimbo, in the Brazilian Shield.

Amazonian lowland rainforests epitomize, as few other biomes, the terrestrial and freshwater biological diversity of our planet. We provide here a comprehensive description of the larval anurans of Central Amazonia, and their natural history. We base our analyses on fieldwork conducted in six terra-firme rainforest and two várzea floodplain sites during ~60 months between 1990 and 2013, complemented with an examination of museum specimens and a review of published literature. Ninety-nine species of anurans are known to occur in Central Amazonia. Of these, 84 species (85%) have a free-swimming exotrophic larva, six species (6%) have a terrestrial endotrophic larva, one species has a terrestrial exotrophic larva (1%) and another seven species (7%) have direct development of eggs into froglets. The life cycle of one species (1%) remains unknown. We formally describe and illustrate the larval stage of 68 species (i.e., 75% of the species with a known larval stage), five of them previously unkown and nineteen never described for Central Amazonia. We compile, review and update information on species natural history including reproductive modes, habitat use, phenology, and species interactions including diet, predators, competitors and parasites. Finally, we assessed the ecomorphological diversity in the region by the application of a system inspired in Altig & Johnston (1989), later updated by Altig & McDiarmid (1999), which recognizes tadpole guilds based on a combination of morphological and natural history data. Basic scientific information presented in this monograph provide the essential background for further studies on the ecological and evolutionary forces shaping anuran Amazonian assemblages, and their conservation.

We describe two new species of Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the department of Loreto, Peru. We integrate morphological and phylogenetic analyses to provide evidence of new species. R. angeli sp. nov. is diagnosable from all congeners by its pronounced fleshy proboscis and R. unapensis sp. nov. by the small size (mean snout-vent length=37.7 4.1 mm) of adult males, snout pointed in dorsal view, nearly acute in lateral view, and small bony protrusion at the angle of jaws among other characters. The two species are allopatric, where the first species is known to be associated inhabits upland (=terra firme) forests, while the second white sand forests (=varillales) around Iquitos city. The two new species represent the 20th and 21st species of the Rhinella margaritifera species group.

A survey of tarsonemid mites associated with plants of the family Myrtaceae was conducted in seven areas of the Atlantic Forest biome. Fourteen known species were registered; other 21 morphospecies was identified up to genus level. Additionally, a new species, Tarsonemus conduru Lofego Cavalcante sp. nov. is described based on specimens collected in the Atlantic Forest of Bahia state.

The Ja National Park, located in the Amazon, is the largest National Park of Brazil and still its insect fauna is barely known. Herein we describe two new species of Psychodinae, Alepia iy sp. nov. and Parasetomima timmirima sp. nov., and report 19 other species of Psychodidae, subfamilies Phlebotominae, Psychodinae and Trichomyiinae collected from this Conservation Unit. Micrommatos Quate Brown, represented by M. stephaniae Quate Brown, and Platyplastinx culmosus Quate Brown are recorded for the first time for Brazil. Among the collected phlebotomine sand fly species, three species have previously been implicated in transmission of Leishmania: Nyssomyia anduzei (Rozeboom), Psychodopygus ayrozai (Barretto Coutinho) and Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira).

Boana hobbsi is a poorly known hylid frog currently placed within the Boana punctata group. Yet, morphological, ecological and bioacoustic traits do not support this placement, with no molecular data being available to date to test this hypothesis. Based on newly collected mitochondrial DNA sequences, morphological data review and field observations, we provide new insight into the phylogenetic relationships, morphological variations and geographic distribution of B. hobbsi. Our findings reveal that B. hobbsi is nested (with strong support) within the Boana benitezi group, recovering once more a polyphyletic Boana punctata group. Supported by this new genetic, morphological and ecological evidence, we propose a new taxonomic arrangement which includes B. hobbsi as a member of the Boana benitezi group. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of conducting biological inventories in remote Amazonian areas, where many taxonomic and geographic knowledge gaps persist with regards to Amphibian diversity.

The genus Amazophrynella Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, is represented by 12 nominal species and distributed in the Amazon region of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, French Guiana, Peru, and Venezuela (Frost 2020). In the last eight years, ten species from this genus have been described. However, despite the wide distribution and diversity of these species, only the tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, and Hrbek from the Brazilian Amazon (Menin et al. 2014) and A. siona Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek from Ecuador have been formally described (Duellman Lynch 1969; Rojas et al. 2018). Literature about tadpole morphology, reproduction, and bioacoustics of Amazophrynella is scarce and necessary to a comprehensive taxonomic classification (Kaefer et al. 2019). Herein, we describe the tadpole of the recently described species Amazophrynella teko Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, found in the northeastern Amazon, in the State of Amapá, Brazil, and in French Guiana.

The genus Dendropsophus Fitzinger contains 108 recognized species (Frost 2020) distributed in nine species groups according to Faivovich et al. (2005). However, recent phylogenetic analysis recognized the presence of nonmonophyletic groups (e.g., Wiens et al. 2010; Fouquet et al. 2011; Motta et al. 2012; Jansen et al. 2019) suggesting that the relationships among species of Dendropsophus require careful revision. Species of this genus are distributed in the tropical and subtropical South America, including Trinidad, southward to northern Argentina and Uruguay and northward to Central America and tropical southern Mexico (Duellman et al. 2016; Frost 2020). Dendropsophus haraldschultzi (Bokermann) was described in the area of Santa Rita do Weill, municipality of São Paulo de Olivença, Amazonas State, Brazil. Adult individuals of D. haraldschultzi are small sized frogs (males 18-22 mm and females 22-25 mm; Rodríguez Duellman 1994) with tuberculate skin on dorsal surfaces, denser on the head. They are found near open ponds and permanent large streams or in floating meadows along the Amazon river (Bokermann 1962; Rodríguez Duellman 1994; Böning et al. 2017) and have been also found along the Amazon River Valley in the Brazilian states of Pará and Amapá (Missassi et al. 2017), and in Peru and Colombia. Bokermann (1962) and later authors (e.g., Lutz 1973) considered this species without evident taxonomic affinities. Currently, D. haraldschulzi is not assigned to any species group within the genus (Faivovich et al. 2005).

Here we describe a new species of the toad genus Amazophrynella (Bufonidae) from the south margin of the Amazon River in Santarém, state of Pará, Brazilian Amazonia. The new species can be diagnosed by (1) medium body size for the genus: adult females 19.5-20.4 mm SVL, adult males 13.0-14.5 mm SVL; (2) snout acuminate in lateral view; (3) Finger I larger and robust; (4) Finger I nearly equal in size than Finger II; (5) palmar tubercle rounded, covering ¼ of hand; (6) pigmented callus in Finger I in males; in life: (7) brown stain on throat and chest; (8) black dots on venter. Males emit two distinct advertisement calls: the call type 1 consists of a relatively long note (mean 0.248 s) with a mean dominant frequency of 3526 Hz. The call type 2 is arranged in bouts of 6 to 22 notes with mean dominant frequency of 3450 Hz and much shorter note durations (mean 0.034 s). In this study we also redescribe the advertisement call of A. minuta, which also emits a second call type.

Gastrotheca Fitzinger, 1843 (Hemiphractidae) is composed of 70 species classified into four species groups, among which Gastrotheca fissipes (Boulenger, 1882) and G. microdiscus (Andersson, 1910) species groups are distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Castroviejo-Fisher et al. 2015; Duellman Venegas 2016). The Gastrotheca fissipes group comprises six species: G. fissipes, G. flamma Juncá Nunes, 2008, G. megacephala Izecksohn, Carvalho-e-Silva Peixoto, 2009, G. prasina Teixeira Jr. et al. 2012, G. pulchra Caramaschi Rodrigues, 2007, and G. recava Teixeira Jr. et al. 2012, and most of these species are distributed in the northern Atlantic Forest, the most threatened region of the Atlantic Forest Domain (Ribeiro et al. 2009).

The description of Amazophrynella minuta was published in 1941 by the Swedish naturalist Douglas Melin based on material from Taracuá (Amazonas state, Brazil). This description was very brief and based on the morphology of few specimens with diagnostic characters and color variation not well defined. Moreover, the type series is currently in poor state of conservation. Consequently, taxonomic ambiguity surrounds the nominal taxon A. minuta, which hampers the description of many unnamed congeneric species. Herein, we redescribe A. minuta based on recently collected specimens from the type locality, designate a lectotype, formulate a new diagnosis, provide patterns of morphological variation, measurements and body proportions.

Amazophrynella comprises 11 small bufonid species with a pan-Amazonian distribution (Fouquet et al. 2012a, b; Rojas et al. 2016, Rojas et al. 2018). All species inhabit the forest leaf litter, breed in seasonal puddles and are diurnally and nocturnally active (Fouquet et al. 2012b; Rojas et al. 2014; 2015; 2016). Until now only one nominal species, A. javierbustamantei, and two putative lineages-A. moisesii (Rio Yuyapichis, Peru) and A. siona (Santa Cecilia, Ecuador)-had their advertisement calls formally described (Duellman 1978; Schlüter 1981; Rojas et al. 2016). Herein, we described for the first time the advertisement calls from additional four species of Amazophrynella.

Until now, Honduriella Denmark Evans has been known only from the holotype of its type species, Honduriella maxima Denmark Evans. In recent surveys conducted in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, a second species of this genus was found. It is here described as Honduriella mcmurtryi Demite n. sp., based on morphological characteristics of adult females and males. Honduriella maxima is redescribed based on an examination of the holotype. In order to accommodate the new species, a modified characterisation of Honduriella is given.

The number of species of anurans in the Amazon is highly underestimated with new studies reporting the discovery of a large number of species every year. This advance in the discovery of biodiversity is due to the use of molecular tools, especially 16S rRNA gene barcoding, which is used to identify species and discover cryptic lineages. Few anurans of the central Amazon have molecular sequence data available in public databases, which contrasts with the considerable species richness of this biome. The aim of the present study was to test for the presence of cryptic species using the mPTP delimitation algorism. We morphologically identified 26 species, of which 23 were confirmed molecularly with the remaining three species identified as other congeneric species, since sequences with the same epithet do not exist in GenBank. Of these 23 species, nine contained one lineage restricted to central Amazon. This represents an underestimate of 39% in the taxonomic diversity in our sample. This is particularly surprising given that our sampling sites are among the best-studied regions of the central Amazon.

A new species of Moenkhausia is described from tributaries of the lower Amazon basin, Pará State, Brazil. The new species is morphologically similar to Moenkhausia collettii, M. copei, and M. venerei by the presence of a dark horizontal stripe across the middle portion of the eye, a conspicuous slightly rounded humeral blotch, a dark longitudinal midlateral stripe and a dark stripe along the anal-fin base. However, the new species can be distinguished from M. collettii, M. copei, and M. venerei mainly by the number of cusps on the inner row of the premaxillary, maxillary and dentary teeth, and by the number of scales in transversal series above and below the lateral line.

The taxonomy of Ruptitermes Mathews 1977 is revised. Nine new species are described: R. araujoi, sp. n. (from Brazil), R. atyra, sp. n. (from Brazil, Peru, and Panama), R. bandeirai, sp. n. (from Brazil), R. cangua, sp. n. (from Brazil), R. kaapora, sp. n. (from Paraguay and Brazil), R. krishnai, sp. n. (from Trinidad), R. maraca, sp. n. (from Brazil), R. piliceps, sp. n. (from Brazil), and R. pitan, sp. n. (from Brazil). Ruptitermes franciscoi (Snyder 1959), new combination, is transferred from Anoplotermes Fr. Müller to Ruptitermes. Ruptitermes proratus Emerson 1949 is placed under the synonymy of R. reconditus (Silvestri, 1901). The genus is redescribed to accommodate all the species included. Ruptitermes arboreus, R. reconditus and R. xanthochiton are redescribed based on the examination of large series. A key to the 13 species of the genus based on the external morphology of workers is provided. The enteric valve armature is described and illustrated for all species except R. kaapora. Distribution maps are presented for all species.

We describe the fourth species of nurse-frog genus Allobates occurring in the southeastern Brazilian Amazonia. The new species is sympatric with Allobates femoralis, Allobates masniger and Allobates magnussoni, and inhabits the margins of streams in forested areas within Parque Nacional da Amazônia, on the western bank of the Tapajós River. Snout-to-vent length ranges between 14.9-16.1 mm among males and 15.6-16.5 mm among females. The species is distinguished by the light brown background color of dorsum, with irregular dark brown blotches appearing from eye level to the urostyle region. In life, ventral surfaces of males are golden yellow on throat and chest, and white to yellow on abdomen. Ventral surfaces of females are predominantly white, except for light yellow on chin. The dark brown lateral band has a diffuse lower edge ventrolaterally. Dorsal surface of thigh is cream, with a longitudinal dark brown band extending dorsally from vent to knee. Tail musculature of tadpoles is robust, bifurcating dorsally over the body and reaching about two-thirds of the body length. Advertisement calls consist predominantly of continuous pairs of notes, but other note arrangements are also emitted. Notes have ascending frequency modulation and average peak frequency ranging between 5.3-5.9 kHz. First and second notes of the same note pair are similar in amplitude, duration and frequency spectrum. Successive note pairs are split by approximately regular silent intervals (0.30-0.49 s). The species lays its eggs inside rolled or folded dead leaves on the leaf litter. Egg capsules and jelly nests are opaque.

Since its original description from the Amazonian region, the tick species Amblyomma goeldii Neumann, 1899 has been misidentified with Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844 in different countries of the Neotropical region. Because of this, some authors have considered that the only confirmed records of A. goeldii were from French Guyana. Herein, we reviewed all specimens of A. goeldii that have been deposited at two tick collections in Brazil. In addition, we describe the nymphal stage of A. goeldii for the first time. A total of 10 unpublished records of the adult stage of A. goeldii are recorded from the Amazonian region of Brazil, confirming the occurrence of A. goeldii in this country. Except for one record on the snake Boa constrictor Linnaeus, all records of A. goeldii reported in the present study were from anteaters (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae). Our results, in conjunction with previous literature records, indicate that anteaters and large snakes are important hosts for the adult stage of A. goeldii. The nymph of A. goeldii is morphologically similar to the nymphs of Amblyomma romitii Tonelli-Rondelli, 1939, Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844, and A. rotundatum. We present a modification of a previously published taxonomic key of Amblyomma nymphs from Brazil, in order to perform taxonomic identification of the nymph of A. goeldii based on external morphology. The geographical distribution of A. goeldii appears to be restricted to the Amazonian region. There were no previous host records for the immature stages of A. goeldii, thus it is expected that the present nymphal description will facilitate further works on the ecology of this poorly studied tick species.

Amazophrynella is a taxonomically poorly known bufonid genus with a pan-Amazonian distribution. A large part of this ambiguity comes from taxonomic uncertainties regarding the type species A. minuta. In this study we compare morphological and molecular data of topotypic specimens of A. minuta with all other nomical congeneric species. Based on these comparisons, we describe two new species. The first species, A. amazonicola sp. nov., differs from other recognized congeners by having a tip of snout with a small triangular protrusion (in dorsal and lateral view), spiculated body and basal webbing on fingers I and II. The second species, A. matses sp. nov., differs from congeners by the smallest snout to vent length of the genus, edges of nasal protrusion dilated and elliptical shape palmar tubercles. The two species are allopatric, where the first species is known to be associated with white sand forests (=campinaranas), while the second inhabits upland (=terra firme) forests. Both species are diagnosable by a series of substitutions in the 16S rDNA, and both species are highly divergent from their sister taxa (p-distances range from 7-14%).

We describe a new species of Allobates from the south of eastern Amazonia, Brazil. This species inhabits fluvial springs and the banks of small streams in terra-firme forests along the Tapajós River basin. Average snout-to-vent length is 17.78 mm (range 16.09-19.59 mm) among males and 19.50 mm (range 17.97-20.84 mm) among females. Surface of dorsum is marked by a distinct dark color pattern, with three convex areas, triangle and diamond-shaped. The species has a diffuse pale dorsolateral line (absent in some specimens), while the oblique lateral bar is defined. Dark-brown transversal stripes are present on femoral and tibial dorsal surfaces, which align with each other in live specimens when at rest. Tadpoles have short papillae on anterior (8-10 papillae on each side) and posterior labium (>30 papillae). Posterior labium is projected to the front, hiding posterior tooth rows. Eggs are deposited in nests on rolled or cranked dead leaves on the forest floor. Egg membranes and jelly-nests are transparent. Advertisement calls are mainly characterized by the continuous emission of single notes that might shift sporadically to note-pairs, emitted during short periods. Notes are split by regular silent intervals, with peak frequency ranging between 4273-4867 Hz.

We describe Dendropsophus ozzyi sp. nov., a new species of treefrog, tentatively included in the Dendropsophus microcephalus Group and most notably diagnosed by the presence of pointed fingers and an advertisement call with a very high dominant frequency. The new species is known from three localities in the Brazilian Amazon forest, two on western State of Pará and one (the type locality) in eastern State of Amazonas (03°56'50"S and 58°26'36"W, 45 m a.s.l.).

Amazophrynella is a genus of the family Bufonidae, currently represented by three species. The type species of the genus, Amazophrynella minuta, however, is a complex of species occurring throughout the Amazonian biome. This group remains problematic taxonomically; the difficulty lays principally in the lack of diagnostic characters in the original description of A. minuta, the lack of molecular data and refined taxonomic comparison of individuals through its wide distribution. We describe a new species of the genus Amazophrynella, distributed in the southwestern part of the Guiana Shield of Brazil based on a series of morphological and molecular characters. The new species differs from others of the genus by presenting a slightly truncated triangular snout, ventral texture covered by many fine granules, white belly covered with black spots and by fifteen molecular autapomorphies in the 16S rDNA fragment. Uncorrected p-distances of a fragment of the 16S mitochondrial rDNA gene revealed high divergence among other Amazophrynella species (9%-14%). Additionally we provide a new diagnosis of topotypic material of Amazophrynella minuta including molecular data. Our results show the existence of a subestimated diversity in the genus Amazophrynella.

We describe the advertisement calls and color in life of Allobates sumtuosus (Morales 2002) based on specimens recorded and collected at its type locality in Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas, Brazilian Amazonia. We also improve the species diagnosis by adding information on states of characters frequently used in current Allobates taxonomy. Finally, we analyze genetic distances and the evolutionary relationships between typical A. sumtuosus and other Allobates species distributed in Brazil and along the Guiana Shield region using a fragment of the 16S rDNA mitochondrial gene. Based on this integrative analysis, we propose the synonym of Allobates spumaponens Kok & Ernst 2007 with A. sumtuosus and provide an updated geographic distribution of the species.